Brain Computer Interface-Noninvasive technologies

and challenges

Ardra P S
Roll No: 12
S7 Computer Science and Engineering

Government Engineering College

Sreekrishnapuram Palakkad

October 19, 2010

OVERVIEW
OVERVIEW
Introduction

Human Computer Interface(HCI): design,implement and use

interactive computer systems

hci.jpg

Brain Computer Interface(BCI) is the new effort under HCI

OVERVIEW
What is BCI?

Brain Computer Interface are devices that

process a user’s brain signals to allow
direct communication and interaction with
the environment. bci.jpg
An Electroencephalogram based
Brain-Computer Interface(BCI) provides a
new communication channel between the
human brain and the computer.
How BCI works?
BCIs read electrical signals or other manifestations of brain
activity and translate them into a digital form that computers
can understand, process, and convert into actions of some
kind, such as moving a cursor or turning on a TV.
Goal:
Enabling people (especially disabled) to communicate and
control devices by mere thinking.

bciwheel.jpg
BCI is a control system.

bcisystm.jpg
OVERVIEW
Why BCI?

BCI help us better understand how the human brain works in

terms of reorganization, learning, memory, attention, thinking,
social interaction, motivation, interconnectivity, and much
more.
To develop a new class of bioengineering control devices and
robots to provide daily life assistance to handicapped and
elderly people.
For rehabilitation and improving performance, such as treating
emotional disorders (for example, depression or anxiety),
easing chronic pain, and overcoming movement disabilities
due to stroke.
OVERVIEW
Different BCI approaches

1 Invasive: Cortical Neuronal Recording

2 Partial invasive: ECoG
3 Non-invasive:
EEG
MEG
MRI
comp-bcis.jpg
Invasive BCI

Implanted directly into the grey matter of

the brain during neurosurgery.
Invasive devices produce the highest
quality signals of BCI devices
Prone to scar-tissue build-up,causing the
inv-bci.png
signal to become weaker or even lost as
the body reacts to a foreign object in the
brain.
In vision science, direct brain implants
have been used to treat non-congenital
(acquired) blindness.
William Dobelle-first scientist to come up
with a working brain interface to restore
sight.
His first prototype was implanted into
”Jerry”, a man blinded in adulthood, in JensNaumann.png
1978.
A single-array BCI containing 68
electrodes was implanted onto Jerry’s
visual cortex and succeeded in producing
phosphenes, the sensation of seeing light.
Partially Invasive BCI

Implanted inside the skull but rest outside the brain rather
than within the grey matter.
Electrocorticography (ECoG) measures the electrical activity
of the brain taken from beneath the skull.
Electrodes are embedded in a thin plastic pad that is placed
above the cortex, beneath the dura mater.
Lower risk of forming scar-tissue in the brain than
fully-invasive BCIs.
Produce better resolution signals than non-invasive BCIs.
Non-invasive BCIs

Record brain signals through a neuroimaging procedure.

Three methods
Electroencephalography(EEG)
Magnetoencephalography(MEG)
Magnetic Resonance Imaging(MRI)
EEG
An electroencephalogram is a measure of the brain’s voltage
fluctuations as detected from scalp electrodes.
Two major types EEG signals used in BCI-
Evoked potentials(EPs) and Oscillatory activity pattern
MEG
Technique for mapping brain activity by recording
magnetic fields produced by electrical currents occurring
naturally in the brain, using arrays of SQUIDs
(superconducting quantum interference devices).
MRI
Technique used in radiology to visualize detailed
internal structure and limited function of the body.
Challenges in Non-invasive BCI

Major problems
Nonstationarity
Inherent variability
Users current mental state may impact the ability to focus and
generate specific mental events.
OVERVIEW
BCI using Evoked Potentials
EPs are electrical potential shifts that are phase-locked to
external perceptual events such as a rare visual stimulus.
EP used in BCI- P300
Support Vector Machine(SVM) discriminate between P300
and non-P300 responses.
bci-eps.png
OVERVIEW
BCI using Oscillatory activity pattern
Self-pased BCIs are based on detecting changes in oscillatory
activity.
Imagining movements can cause changes in oscillatory EEG
activity in the 8-30 Hz frequency range over sensorymotor
areas.

osci1.png
An example: Navigating in a Virtual Environment
Use left hand, right hand,and foot motor imagery to move
left,right, and forward respectively.
Linear discriminant analysis(LDA) classifiers discriminate
between the three types of motor imagery.

osci2.png
Recent advancement in BCI
In 2009 Emotiv released the EPOC, a 14 channel EEG device.
It uses a set of sensors to tune into electric signals produced
by the brain to detect player thoughts, feelings and
expressions and connects wirelessly to most PCs.

emotive.jpg
OVERVIEW
Conclusion

Movement related aspects of brain waves can easily be

identified and observed by EEG, hence can be classified
Non-invasive BCI is a potentially high-impact technology that
could greatly accelerate the development of a revolutionary
prosthetic limb.
BCI can expand possibilities for advanced human computer
interfaces (HCIs), making them more natural, flexible,
efficient, secure, and user-friendly by enhancing the
interaction between the brain, the eyes, the body, and a robot
or a computer.
Future Scope

Flexibility- multiple sensory inputs can be exploited for control

applications. For example,mu waves, a type of EEG signal
related to motor function, may be used for cursor control
while using the P300 component as a mouse click.
Wireless BCI- Paradigm shift from wired media to wireless in
order to make system more adaptive and user friendly
Direct control over the activities of all individual neurons by
means of nanorobots. Arbitrary read/write access to the
whole brain.
OVERVIEW
References
1 Rajesh P.N. Rao and Reinhold Scherer.(2010,July).Brain
Computer Interfacing. IEEE Signal Processing Magazine,July
2010.vol.27, no.4, pp.152-150.
2 Syed M. saddique and Laraib Hassan Siddiqui. EEG Based
Brain Computer Interface. Journal Of Software, vol. 4, no. 6,
August 2009.pp.550-554.
3 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain-computer-interface.
[visited on September 2010]
4 Ulrich Hoffmann, Jean-Marc Vesin, Touradj Ebrahimi. Recent
Advances in Brain-Computer Interfaces. Download:
http://bci.epfl.ch/publications/hoffmann-recent.pd.Cached.
5 V.Venkatasubramanian and R. Karthik Balaji. Non Invasive
Brain Computer Interface for Movement Control.Proceedings
of the World Congress on Engineering and Computer Science
2009 Vol I.WCECS 2009, October 20-22, 2009, San
Francisco, USA.
THANK YOU