1 ‫األنظمة المتعددة االطوار‬

2 Multiphase Systems
3

4 Duration: Five Lectures (2 Hours/ Week)

5 Instructor: Dr. AMJED AHMED
6

7 Module Outline
8 First Lecture ...................................................................................................... 2
9 6.1 THE GIBBS PHASE RULE ....................................................................................... 2
10 6.2 SINGLE-COMPONENT PHASE EQUILIBRIUM ................................................... 4
11 6.2a Phase Diagrams of H2O ...................................................................................... 4
12 6.2b Estimation of Vapor Pressures (p*) ................................................................... 5

13 Second Lecture .................................................................................................. 7

14 6.3 SINGLE MULTICOMPONENT GAS–LIQUID SYSTEMS .................................... 7
15 Several important points. .......................................................................................... 8

16 Third Lecture................................................................................................... 13
17 6.4 MULTICOMPONENT GAS–LIQUID SYSTEMS ............................................... 13
18 6.4a Vapor–Liquid Equilibrium Data ........................................................................ 13
19 6.4b Raoult’s Law and Henry’s Law ......................................................................... 15

20 Fourth Lecture................................................................................................. 17
21 6.4c Vapor–Liquid Equilibrium of Ideal Solutions .................................................... 17
22 6.4d Graphical Representations of Vapor–Liquid Equilibrium ................................ 21

23 Fifth Lecture .................................................................................................... 23

24 6.7 ADSORPTION ON SOLID SURFACES ................................................................. 23
25
26 Reference
27 Richard M. Felder. Elementary Principles of Chemical Processes, 3rd edition 2005.
 Multiphase Systems 2 / 25

1 First Lecture
2 Multiphase Systems ‫األنظمة المتعددة االطوار‬
3
4
5 6.1 THE GIBBS PHASE RULE
6 When two phases are brought into contact with each other, a redistribution of the
7 components of each phase normally takes place-species evaporate, condense, dissolve, or
8 precipitate until a state of equilibrium is reached in which the temperatures and pressures of
9 both phases are the same and the composition of each phase no longer changes with time.
10
11 The variables that describe the condition of a process system fall into two categories:
12 Extensive variables ‫متغيات شاملة‬
‫ر‬ , which depend on the size of the system, Mass and volume
13 Intensive variables ‫ متغرات مركزة‬, which do not depend on the size of the system. temperature,
14 pressure, density and specific volume.
15
16 The number of intensive variables that can be specified independently for a system at
17 equilibrium is called the degrees of freedom of the system. If no reactions occur among the
18 system components, the Gibbs phase rule is
19 DF = 2 + C – ∏
20 DF: degrees of freedom
21 C: number of chemical species
22 ∏: number of phases in a system at equilibrium
23 ‫والت يمكن حسابها‬ ‫المتغيات المركزة الت ر ن‬
‫تعيي للنظام عند االتزان ي‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ر‬ ‫عدد‬
24
 Multiphase Systems 3 / 25

1 EXAMPLE 6.2-1: Determine the degrees of freedom for each of the following systems at
2 equilibrium. Specify a set of independent variables for each system.
3 Solution:
4 1. Pure liquid water

5
6 Two intensive variables must be specified to fix the state of the system, for example, T and P.
7 Once these variables have been specified, other intensive variables such as density and
8 viscosity may be determined.
9 2. A mixture of liquid, solid, and vapor water

10
11 No further information about the system may be specified and all intensive variables are fixed.
12 Note from Figure 6.1-1a that three phases coexist at equilibrium at only one temperature and
13 pressure.
14 3. A vapor–liquid mixture of acetone and methyl ethyl ketone (MEK)

15
16 Two variables must be specified to fix the state of the system. For example,
17 setting T and P fixes the acetone and MEK mole fractions in both the vapor and liquid phases.
18 Alternatively, T and the acetone mole fraction in the vapor may be specified, and P and the
19 acetone mole fraction in the liquid are then fixed.
20
 Multiphase Systems 4 / 25

1 6.2 SINGLE-COMPONENT PHASE EQUILIBRIUM

2 6.2a Phase Diagrams of H2O
3 The boundaries between the single-phase
4 regions represent the pressures and
5 temperatures. (Figure 6.1-1)
6
7 point A: the system contains only water
8 vapor at 20 °C and 3 mm Hg.
9 point B the phase transitions condensation.
10 point D the phase transitions evaporation;
11
12 suppose the force on the piston is slowly
13 increased with the system temperature held
14 constant at 20 °C until the pressure in the
15 cylinder reaches 760 mm Hg, and thereafter
16 heat is added to the system with the
17 pressure remaining constant until the
18 temperature reaches 130 °C.
19 The water state followed path
20 ABCDE.
21

22 Notes:
23 • On the vapor–liquid equilibrium (VLE) curve, P is the vapor pressure of the substance at
24 boiling point temperature.
25 • On the solid–vapor equilibrium curve, P is the vapor pressure of the solid at sublimation
26 point temperature‫ نقطة التسامي‬.
27 • On the solid–liquid equilibrium curve, then T is the melting point or freezing point at
28 pressure P.
29 • The pressure at normal boiling point of substance is 1 atm.
30 • Solid, liquid, and vapor phases can all coexist is called the triple point of the substance.
31 At approximately 0.0098 °C and 4.58 mm Hg
32 • A system cannot move off these boundaries until the transitions are complete.
33 • The VLE curve terminates at the critical temperature and critical pressure (Tc and Pc).,
34 two separate phases never coexist ‫يتواجد معا‬.
 Multiphase Systems 5 / 25

1 6.2b Estimation of Vapor Pressures (p*)

2 A volatility of a species is the degree to which the species tends to transfer from the liquid (or
3 solid) state to the vapor state. a highly volatile substance (‫ )اخف‬low volatility )‫(اثقل‬
4 A relationship between the vapor pressure of a pure substance, p*, and, the absolute
5 temperature T, by:
6 i) Clausius–Clapeyron equation

7
8 𝑉̂𝑔 and 𝑉̂𝑙 are the specific molar volumes (m3/mole) of gas (vapor) and liquid, respectively;
9 ̂𝑣 : The latent heat of vaporization.
∆𝐻
10 Unless the pressure is extremely high, the specific volume of the liquid is negligible relative
11 to that of the vapor (𝑉̂𝑔 − 𝑉̂𝑙 = 𝑉̂𝑔 ).
12 Apply the ideal gas equation of state, 𝑉̂𝑔 = 𝑃/𝑅𝑇, then

13
14 Then be integrated to yield

15
16 ̂𝑣 /𝑅 and
A plot of ln 𝑝∗ (or a semilog of 𝑝∗ ) versus 1/T should be a straight line with slope ∆𝐻
17 intercept B which is constant.
18
19 ii) Empirical Antoine equation:

20
21 A, B , and C are constants listed in Table B.4. the units of p and T (mm Hg and C).
 Multiphase Systems 6 / 25

1 EXAMPLE 6.1-1: The vapor pressure of benzene

2 is measured at two temperatures:
3 Calculate the latent heat of vaporization and the
4 parameter B in the Clausius–Clapeyron equation
5 and estimate pressure at 42.2 C.
6 Solution

9
10
11 Figure 6.1-2:
12
 Multiphase Systems 7 / 25

1 Second Lecture
2
3 6.3 SINGLE MULTICOMPONENT GAS–LIQUID SYSTEMS
4 Raoult’s Law is used in the equilibrated gas–liquid systems containing one condensable
5 component.
6 𝒑∗𝒊 (𝑻) = 𝒚𝒊 𝑷 (6.3-1)
7 A chamber contains liquid water with dry air at 75 °C and 760 mm Hg. Initially the gas phase
8 contains without water (PH2O = 0), and water molecules consequently begin to evaporate. The
9 mole fraction of water in the gas phase, yH2O, increases, and hence so does the partial pressure
10 of water, PH2O = yH2O P.
11
12 Finally, the amount of water molecules enters the gas phase approaches zero. The gas phase
13 is said to be saturated with water (saturated vapor).
14 Apply the Gibbs phase rule to this equilibrium system. There are two phases and two
15 components, DF = 2 + C – ∏ = 2
16 Two out of the three intensive variables T, P, and yH2O can be specified, and that some
17 relationship must exist that uniquely determines the value of the third variable once the first
18 two have been specified.
19 If a gas at T and P contains a saturated vapor whose mole fraction is yi, and if this vapor is the
20 only species that would condense if the temperature were slightly lowered, then the partial
21 pressure of the vapor in the gas equals the pure-component vapor pressure p (T) at the system
22 temperature
23 EXAMPLE 6.3-1 Air and liquid water are contained at equilibrium in a closed chamber at 75 °C
24 and 760 mm Hg. Calculate the molar composition of the gas phase.
25 SOLUTION
26 the air must be saturated with water vapor (if it were not, more water would evaporate),
27 so that Raoult’s law may be applied:

28

29
 Multiphase Systems 8 / 25

1 Several important points.

2 1. A term “saturation” refers to any gas–vapor combination, while “humidity” refers to
3 an air–water system only.
4 2. A gas in equilibrium with a liquid must be saturated with the volatile components of
5 that liquid.
6 3. A partial pressure of a vapor at equilibrium in a gas mixture containing a single
7 condensable component cannot exceed ‫ ال يتجاوز‬the vapor pressure of the pure
8 component. If 𝒑∗𝒊 = 𝒑𝒊 , the vapor is saturated; any attempt to increase pi —either
9 by adding more vapor to the gas phase or by increasing the total pressure at constant
10 temperature must instead lead to condensation.
11 .‫الضغط البخاري ال يتجاوز الضغط الكلي‬
12 ‫عند ثبوت درجة الحرارة فالزيادة في الضغط الجزئي بسبب اما زيادة في كمية البخار في الطور الغازي او‬
13 .‫زيادة في الضغط الكلي وبالتالي يؤدي لتكثيف البخار‬
14 4. A vapor present in a gas in less than its saturation amount is referred to as a
15 superheated vapor,

16
17 Since only a saturated vapor can condense (why?), to achieve condensation in a system
18 containing a superheated vapor one or more of the variables of Equation 6.3-2 must
19 be changed so that the inequality becomes the equality of Raoult’s law.
20 This can be done in several ways, such as
21 • By increasing the pressure at constant temperature (the left side increases,
22 while the right side stays constant)
23 • By decreasing the temperature at constant pressure (the left side remains
24 constant, and the right-side decreases).
25 5. If a gas containing a single superheated vapor is cooled at constant pressure,
26 the temperature at which the vapor becomes saturated is referred to as the dew point
27 temperature of the gas,

28
 Multiphase Systems 9 / 25

1 EXAMPLE 6.3-2: A stream of air at 100 °C and 5260 mm Hg contains 10.0% water by volume.
2 1. Calculate the dew point temperature and degrees of superheat of the air.
3 2. Calculate the percentage of the vapor that condenses and the final composition of the
4 gas phase if the air is cooled to 80 °C at constant pressure.
5 3. Calculate the percentage condensation and the final gas-phase composition if, instead
6 of being cooled, the air is compressed isothermally to 8500 mm Hg.
7 SOLUTION

8
9 2. Since the air becomes saturated at 90 C, further cooling must lead to condensation. Since
10 the products are liquid water in equilibrium with a gas phase, the water vapor in the gas must
11 remain saturated.
12 On the following flowchart, the symbol BDA stands for bone-dry air, a term used to signify the
13 water-free component of an air–water vapor mixture.
14 Basis: 100 mol Feed Gas

15
16 Let us first do the degree-of-freedom analysis. Three unknown variables n1, n2, and y.
17 1) determine y by apply Raoult’s law
18 2) determine n2 use a dry air balance
19 3) determine n1 use a water balance.
 Multiphase Systems 10 / 25

3
4 Any increase in P above 7600 mm Hg must cause condensation, so that the products from the
5 compression to 8500 mm Hg must include a liquid stream.
6 Basis: 100 mol Feed Gas

9
10 Molal Saturation (Molal Humidity)
 Multiphase Systems 11 / 25

1
2 Absolute Saturation (Absolute Humidity)

3
4 Mi is the molecular weight of the vapor
5 Mdry is the average molecular weight of the dry (vapor-free) gas.
6
7 Percentage Saturation (Percentage Humidity)

8
9
 Multiphase Systems 12 / 25

1 EXAMPLE 6.3-3
2 Humid air at 75 °C, 1.1 bar, and 30% relative humidity is fed into a process unit at a rate of
3 1000 m3/h. Determine
4 (1) The molar flow rates of water, dry air, and oxygen entering the process unit,
5 (2) The molal humidity, absolute humidity, and percentage humidity of the air,
6 (3) The dew point temperature.
7 SOLUTION

10

11
 Multiphase Systems 13 / 25

1 Third Lecture
2
3 6.4 MULTICOMPONENT GAS–LIQUID SYSTEMS
4 6.4a Vapor–Liquid Equilibrium Data
5 EXAMPLE 6.4-1 A gas stream consisting of 100 lbmole/h of an SO2 air mixture containing 45
6 mole% SO2 is contacted with liquid water in a continuous absorber at 30 °C. The liquid leaving
7 the absorber is analyzed and found to contain 2.0 g of SO2 per 100 g of H2O. Assuming that
8 the gas and liquid streams leaving the absorber are in equilibrium at 30 °C and 1 atm, calculate
9 the fraction of the entering SO2 absorbed in the water and the required water feed rate.

10
11 SOLUTION: Basis: Given Feed Rate of Gas

12
13 the composition of the exit gas stream is

14
15 Three unknown process variables remain since a total of three
16 independent balances can be written, the system is determinate.
17 Air Balance

18
 Multiphase Systems 14 / 25

1 To write the remaining two balances, it is necessary to determine the mass fractions of SO2
2 and H2O in the liquid effluent.

3
4 SO2 Balance

5
6 H2O Balance

7
8 Fraction SO2 Absorbed

9
 Multiphase Systems 15 / 25

1 6.4b Raoult’s Law and Henry’s Law

2 Relationships governing ‫الت تتحكم‬
‫ العالقة ي‬the distribution of a substance between gas and liquid
3 phases are the subject matter of phase-equilibrium thermodynamics.
4 Raoult’s law and Henry’s law provide relationships between the partial pressure in the gas
5 phase (pA) and the mole fraction in the liquid phase (xA).
6
7 𝐑𝐚𝐨𝐮𝐥𝐭’𝐬 𝐋𝐚𝐰: 𝒑𝑨 = 𝒚𝑨 𝑷 = 𝒙𝑨 𝒑∗𝑨 (𝑻) (𝟔. 𝟒 − 𝟏)
8
9 Henry’s Law: 𝑝𝐴 = 𝑥𝐴 ℋ𝐴 (𝑇) (6.4 − 2)
10
11 𝒑𝑨∗ is the vapor pressure of pure liquid A.
12 yA is the mole fraction of A in the gas phase.
13 𝓗A (T) is the Henry’s law constant for A in a specific solvent.
14 when the liquid is pure A (xA = 1) Raoult’s law reduces to 𝑝𝐴 = 𝑝𝐴∗ with only one condensable
15 component.
16 Table 10.1: henry’s constant for gases dissolved in water at 25 C.
17
18 Henry’s law is generally valid for solutions in which
19 xA is close to 0 (dilute solutions) provided that A does
20 not dissociate, ionize, or react in the liquid phase.
21 The law is often applied to solutions of non-
22 condensable gases.
23 For the air/water system at equilibrium, then the air is
24 saturated with water. The mole fraction of water
25 vapor in the air is usually found from Raoult's Law
26 applied to the water with the assumption that no air
27 dissolves in the liquid phase. To calculate the mole
28 fraction of air dissolved in the water, then Raoult's
29 law cannot be applied, because the critical temperature of air is much lower than 25°C. This
30 problem can be solved by Henry's Law, applied here for pressures low enough that the vapor
31 phase may be assumed an ideal gas.
32
33 Note: ideal solution as vapor–liquid equilibrium relationship for every volatile species behavior
34 either Raoult’s law or Henry’s law.
 Multiphase Systems 16 / 25

1 EXAMPLE 6.4-2 Use either Raoult’s law or Henry’s law to solve the following problems.
2 1. A gas containing 1.0 mole% ethane is in contact with water at 20.0 °C and 20.0 atm. Estimate
3 the mole fraction of dissolved ethane.
4 2. An equimolar liquid mixture of benzene (B) and toluene (T) is in equilibrium with its vapor
5 at 30.0 °C. What is the system pressure and the composition of the vapor?
6
7 Henry’s law constant for ethane in water at 20 °C is 2.63 × 104 atm/mole fraction.
8
9 SOLUTION
10 1. From Equation 6.4-2

11
12 2. by apply Raoult’s law. From Table B.4,

13
14 Using Equation 6.4-1,

15
16
17
 Multiphase Systems 17 / 25

1 Fourth Lecture
2
3 6.4c Vapor–Liquid Equilibrium of Ideal Solutions
4 A bubble-point temperature of the liquid is the first vapor bubble forms When a liquid is
5 heated slowly at constant pressure.
6
7 A dew-point temperature of the gas is the first liquid droplet forms When a gas (vapor) is
8 cooled slowly at constant pressure.
9
10 Suppose an ideal liquid solution follows Raoult’s law. If the mixture is heated at a constant
11 pressure P to its bubble-point temperature Tbp,
12 by Raoult’s law, Equation 6.4-1.
13 𝒑𝒊 = 𝒙𝒊 𝒑∗𝒊 (𝑻𝒃𝒑 ) 𝐢 = 𝐀, 𝐁, … (𝟔. 𝟒 − 𝟑)
14
15 xA , xB , xC are mole fractions of species A, B, C, , ...
16 𝑝𝐴∗ is the vapor pressure of component i at the bubble-point temperature.
17 the sum of the partial pressures must be the total system pressure, P,

18
19 There are four classes for calculations as:

Class Calculations (Known)‫المعطيات‬ (Unknown) ‫المطلوب‬

Bubble-point at Const P* xi and P yi and T
Bubble-point at Const T xi and T yi and P
Dew-point at Const P* yi and P xi and T
Dew-point at Const T yi and T xi and P
20 * trial and error
21 The bubble-point temperature of the liquid at constant pressure.
22 The bubble-point temperature may be calculated by trial and error
23 1. Assume a temperature.
24 2. Evaluate 𝑝𝑖∗ from the Antoine equation from Table B.4,
25 3. Evaluate f(Tbp) from the Equation 6.4-4,
 Multiphase Systems 18 / 25

1
2 4. Repeat the calculations until a temperature is found for which f(Tbp ) is close to 0.
3 5. Determine the mole fractions in the vapor by

4
5
6 The bubble-point pressure of the liquid at constant temperature.
7 1. Determine a pressure for an ideal liquid solution by Equation 6.4-4
8 The dew-point temperature of a gas mixture at constant pressure
9 suppose a gas phase contains the condensable components A, B, C, ... and a noncondensable
10 component G at a constant pressure P.
11
12 Tdp can be found by trial and error once expressions for pi (T) have been substituted.
13 1. the mole fractions of the liquid components (those that are condensable) must sum to

14
15 2. determine the mole fractions in the liquid-phase by

16
17 The dew-point pressure of a gas at constant temperature,
18 1. determine P by Equation 6.4-7:

19
20 2. determine the mole fractions in the liquid-phase by Equation 6.4-6 with Tdp replaced
21 by the system temperature, T.
22
 Multiphase Systems 19 / 25

1 EXAMPLE 6.4-3
2 1. Calculate the temperature and composition of a vapor in equilibrium with a liquid that is
3 40.0 mole% benzene (B) 60.0 mole% toluene (T) at 1 atm.
4 2. Calculate the temperature and composition of a liquid in equilibrium with a gas mixture
5 containing 10.0 mole% benzene, 10.0 mole% toluene, and the balance nitrogen (which
6 may be considered noncondensable) at 1 atm.
7 3. A gas mixture consisting of 15.0 mole% benzene, 10.0 mole% toluene, and 75.0 mole%
8 nitrogen is compressed isothermally at 80 °C until condensation occurs. At what pressure
9 will condensation begin? What will be the composition of the initial condensate?
10 SOLUTION
11 1. Assume a temperature, 80 °C.
12 2. Evaluate 𝑝𝐵∗ and 𝑝𝑇∗ for that temperature from the Antoine equation from Table B.4,
13 3. Evaluate f(Tbp) from the Equation 6.4-4,

14
15 4. Repeat the calculations until a temperature is found for which f(Tbp ) is close to 0.

16

17

18
 Multiphase Systems 20 / 25

2
3
4 3. The vapor pressures of benzene and toluene at 80 °C are determined from the Antoine
5 equation to be 757.7 mmHg and 291.2 mmHg, respectively.
6 Assuming that nitrogen is insoluble in the condensate, Equation 6.4-8 gives

7
 Multiphase Systems 21 / 25

1 6.4d Graphical Representations of Vapor–Liquid Equilibrium

2 A Txy diagram is a plot of the equilibrium temperature versus the mole fraction of one of the
3 components usually the more volatile one with curves being drawn for both the liquid phase
4 (T vs xA ) and the vapor phase (T vs yA). benzene–toluene system at P = 1 atm is shown in Figure
5 6.4-1a. suppose heat is added to a 55 mole% benzene and 45 mole% toluene liquid mixture at
6 a fixed pressure of 1 atm. the mixture will begin to boil at 90 °C, and the vapor generated will
7 contain 77% benzene. However, once a small amount of liquid has been vaporized, the
8 remainder no longer contains 55% benzene; it contains less, since the vapor produced is
9 relatively rich in this component. Consequently, the temperature of the system steadily rises
10 as more and more liquid is vaporized, and the compositions of both phases. equilibrium
11 pressure can be plotted against a mole fraction for a fixed temperature (Figure 6.4-1b).

12
13
14 Figure 6.4-1: Txy and Pxy diagrams for benzene–toluene system.
15
 Multiphase Systems 22 / 25

1 EXAMPLE 6.4-4 Using the Txy diagram for benzene–toluene system at P = 1 atm
2 1. Estimate the bubble-point temperature and the equilibrium vapor composition associated
3 with a 40 mole% benzene with toluene liquid mixture. If the mixture is steadily vaporized
4 until the remaining liquid contains 25% benzene, what is the final temperature?
5 2. Estimate the dew-point temperature and the equilibrium liquid composition associated
6 with a vapor mixture containing 40 mole% benzene. If condensation proceeds until the
7 remaining vapor contains 60% benzene, what is the final temperature?
8
9 SOLUTION

10
11
12 For an ideal liquid solution, the boiling point may therefore be determined approximately
13 from Equation 6.4-9.

14
15
16 EXAMPLE 6.4-5
17 A mixture that is 70 mole% benzene and 30 mole% toluene is to be distilled in a batch
18 distillation column. The column startup procedure calls for charging the reboiler at the base
19 of the column and slowly adding heat until boiling begins. Estimate the temperature at which
20 boiling begins and the initial composition of the vapor generated, assuming the system
21 pressure is 760 mm Hg.
22
23 SOLUTION
24 From the Txy diagram, the mixture will boil at approximately 87 °C. The initial vapor
25 composition is approximately 88 mole% benzene and 12 mole% toluene.
 Multiphase Systems 23 / 25

1 Fifth Lecture
2
3 6.7 ADSORPTION ON SOLID SURFACES
4 compressed air may be dried and purified by passing it through a bed of calcium chloride to
5 remove water vapor and then through a bed of activated carbon to separate hydrocarbons
6 taken up by the air during compression.
7 The solid is known as an adsorbent and the component attracted to the solid surface is an
8 adsorbate. Adsorbate equilibrium
9 data on a specific adsorbent are
10 often taken at a specific
11 temperature and are referred to as
12 adsorption isotherms.
13 Consider how an isotherm might
14 be determined for the system
15 carbon tetrachloride and activated
16 carbon. Data resulting are shown
17 in Figure 6.7-1.
18

19 Figure 6.7-1 Equilibrium Data for CCl4 Adsorbed on Activated Carbon at 34 ° C

20
21 At low adsorbate partial pressures, isotherms may be linear:

22
23 The Langmuir isotherm is valid for some systems.

24
25 In these equations, a, KL, and K’L are parameters determined by fitting the equations to
26 equilibrium data. Figure 6.7-1 shows the fit of the Langmuir isotherm (Equation 6.7-2) in Table
27 6.7-1. The fitted parameter values are a = 0.794 g CCl4 /g carbon and KL = 0.096 (mm Hg)-1.
28
 Multiphase Systems 24 / 25

1 EXAMPLE 6.7-1
2 A 50.0-liter tank contains an air carbon tetrachloride mixture at 1 atm absolute, 34 C, and
3 30.0% relative saturation. Activated carbon is placed in the tank to adsorb CCl 4. The
4 temperature of the tank contents is maintained at 34 °C, and clean air is continuously supplied
5 to the tank throughout the process to maintain the total pressure at 1.0 atm. The process may
6 be shown schematically as follows:

7
8 Calculate the minimum amount of activated carbon needed to reduce the CCl 4 mole fraction
9 in the gas to 0.001. Neglect the volume of the activated carbon and the adsorbed CCl4. Why
10 would the actual amount placed in the tank be larger than the calculated value?
11
12 SOLUTION
13 The minimum amount of activated carbon is required if adsorption equilibrium is achieved in
14 the final state, so that the adsorbent holds as much CCl4 as it can. The strategy will be to
15 determine
16 1. n from the ideal gas equation of state.
17 2. y0 from the specified initial relative saturation.

18
 Multiphase Systems 25 / 25

3
4