Professional Documents
Culture Documents
CHE
Chapter 8
FM
Chapter 4.8
Gene regulation
Cancer;
“something wrong with the genes”...
can be reparied!
Repairing genes
in principle perfect…
Repairing genes
"error prone"
Reactions with Adenin Guanin
electrophiles
Important
Cytosin
Dominant
Uracil
....sulfated metabolites
...nitrite
Cross-linking of DNA
DNA-bases are easily destabilised
Intercalation
Intercalation
Mutations classes
1. Point mutations:
-base pair substitutions
-frame shift mutations
2. Chromosome mutations
Base pair substitution
a limited damage
Frame shift mutation
more
serious
Frame shift mutation
A possible
mechanism
Chromoso
me
mutations
Loss of DNA
Move of DNA
➡Serious for
the cell
Chromoso
me
mutations
Loss of DNA
Move of DNA
➡Serious for
the cell
Extra chromosome 21:
Down’s syndrom
Effects of different mutations
50% of all
pregnancies?
Carcinogenic compounds
Chemical carcinogenesis
Carcinogenic:
transforms cell into cancer cell
Carcinogenic compounds
Chemical carcinogenesis
Tumors
Carcinogenesis causes/agents:
• spontaneous (evolution!)
• chemicals
• physical (electromagnetic radiation)
• viruses
• (bacteria)
Does chemicals cause cancer?
Animal experiments
Epidemiological investigations, compare
exposed populations with control populations
Comparison between
countries Emigrant studies
Tobacco 30 %
Alcoholic beverages 3
Food 35
Workplace environment 4
Env. pollutants 2
Pharmaceuticals 1
Geophysical factors 3
Infections 10 ?
Cancer causing
external factors
Latency time...
Cancer causing external factors in food
...and nitrite.
Chemical carcinogenes
Reactive compounds (before or after metabolism) that cause mutations: Genotoxic carcinogenes
Natural — Synthetic?
Protein kinases,
Enzymes that phosphorylates other proteins (e.g.
tyrosin), which strongly affect the proteins’ functions.
Growth factors,
Proteins stimulating cell division (normally expressed
e.g. platelets in injured tissue)
From protooncogen to oncogen