BHARATHIDASAN UNIVERSITY, TIRUCHIRAPPALLI – 620 024.

B.Sc. Bioinformatics – Course Structure under CBCS

(For the candidates to be admitted from the academic year 2005-2006 onwards)

Seme Course Title Instru. Credit Exam Marks Total

ster Hours / Hours
Week Int. Extn.
Language Course – I (LC) 6 4 3 25 75 100
English Language Course - I (ELC) 6 4 3 25 75 100
Core Course – I (CC) 6 4 3 25 75 100
Fundamentals of Biological Systems
I Core Course – II (CC) 3 - * - - -
Practical I – Basic Techniques in Cell
Biology and Computer Applications
First Allied Course –I (AC) - Discrete 5 3 3 25 75 100
Structures – I
First Allied Course –II (AC) – Operation 2 - * - - -
Research
General Interest Course (GIC) 2 2 3 25 75 100

Language Course – II (LC) 6 4 3 25 75 100

English Language Course – II (ELC) 6 4 3 25 75 100
Core Course – II (CC) 3 4 3 25 75 100
Practical I – Basic Techniques in Cell
II Biology and Computer Applications
Core Course – III (CC) 6 4 3 25 75 100
Cell Biology
First Allied Course – II (AC) – Operation 3 3 3 25 75 100
Research
First Allied Course – III (AC) – Discrete 5 3 3 25 75 100
Structure - II

Language Course – III (LC) 6 4 3 25 75 100

English Language Course – III (ELC) 6 4 3 25 75 100
III Core Course – IV (CC) – Physiology and 6 4 3 25 75 100
Biochemistry
Core Course V- Practical II: Physiology & 4 - * - - -
Biochemistry
Second Allied Course – I (AC) – Physical 5 3 3 25 75 100
and Inorganic chemistry
Second Allied Course – II (AC) – Organic 3 - * - - -
chemistry

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 Language Course – IV (LC) 6 4 3 25 75 100
English Language Course – IV (ELC) 6 4 3 25 75 100
Core Course V- Practical II: Physiology & 2 4 3 25 75 100
Biochemistry
IV Core Course – VI (CC): Plant and Animal 6 4 3 25 75 100
Biotechnology
Core Course VII (CC): Bio statistics 3 - ** - - -
Second Allied Course – II (AC) – Organic 2 3 3 25 75 100
chemistry
Second Allied Course I & II- Practical – 5 3 3 25 75 100
Inorganic and Organic chemistry

Core Course VII (CC): Bio statistics 3 4 3 25 75 100

Core Course VIII (CC): Microbiology & 6 4 3 25 75 100
Immunology
V
Core Course – IX(CC): Basic Bioinformatics 6 4 3 25 75 100
Core Course X (CC): Introduction to 3 - * - - -
Programming in ‘C’
Elective Course – I (EC) 4 3 3 25 75 100
Elective Course – II (EC) 4 3 3 25 75 100
Elective Course – III (EC) 4 3 3 25 75 100

Core Course X (CC): Introduction to 3 4 3 25 75 100

Programming in ‘C’
Core Course XI (CC): DBMS in Biology 6 4 3 25 75 100
Core Course XII (CC): Molecular modelling 6 4 3 25 75 100
VI and Drug designing
Core Course XIII (CC): Practical III: 6 4 3 25 75 100
Biotechnology, Microbiology, Immunology, &
Molecular modelling and Drug designing.
Core Course XIV (CC): Practical IV: 6 4 3 25 75 100
MS Office, Internet, Programming in ‘C’ &
DBMS
Elective Course – IV (EC) 4 3 3 25 75 100

The Department of Bioinformatics will offer the following Elective Courses (ECs)
Elective Course I. Biotechniques For B.Sc. Bioinformatics
Elective Course II. Genetics and Evolution students
Elective Course III. Biophysical Sciences For other Department
Elective Course IV. Computer and its Application in Biology students
* Examination at the end of even semester
** Examination at the end of fifth semester

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 SEMESTERS - I & II

CC - I FUNDAMENTALS OF BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS

Unit – I : Universal cell concepts : Cell as unit of life – Structure of prokaryotic and
eukaryotic cells – Differences and Similarities in plant and animal cells. Cell
transport across Plasma membrane – Mechanism of transport in vascular plants
and animals. Cell reproduction, Cell Cycle, Mitosis and Meiosis.

Unit – II : Plant taxonomy concepts : Introduction Classification (Bentham & Hooker’s) –

Cytotaxonomy- Chaemotaxonomy - Numerical Taxonomy - Nomenclature.

Unit – III : Plant physiology : Cell energetics and respiration - Energy capture-
Photosynthesis - Role of ATP in energy cycle - Utilization of glucose and
glycolysis- Mitochondrial respiration –Phosphorylation.

Unit – IV : Fundamentals of Genetics - Principles of reproduction - Human

reproduction - Animal development.

Unit – V : Evolutionary concepts : Theories on evolution ( origin of life)-Prokaryotes and

virus- Fungi- Mold- Lichens - Plant diversity- Animal diversity, Origin of species
and Macro evolution, Variation, Speciation, Molecular evolution,
Duplication, Haemoglobin, Cytochrome C – Mimicry and Colouration – Adaptive
radiation.

Unit – VI : Ecological concepts : Basic ecological principles - Population and Community

ecology- Principles of animal behaviour- Social behaviour – Food chain- Food
web in ecosystem – Human impact on world ecosystem.

Reference Books

1. De Roberties and De Roberties, Cell and Molecular Biology, Saunders college,

Philadelphia.
2. E.J.Ambrose and Dorothy M.Easty, Cell Biology II Edn. The English Language Book
Society and Nelson.
3. Mukherji, S. and Ghash A.K. 1996, Plant Physiology, Tata MC Graw Hill Publishing
Company Limited, New Delhi.
4. Sharma P.D. 1989, Elements of Ecology, Rastogi Publications, Meerut.
5. Stebbin. G, 1971 Chromosome evolution in higher plants, Addison – Wesley,
London.
6. Jha, A.P. Genes and Evolution, Macmillan India Ltd.
7. Priti Shukla, Shital P Misra – An introduction to Taxonomy of Angiosperm – Vikas
Publishing House Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.
8. Lyman Benson, Plant Classification, Oxford & IBH Publishing Company, New
Delhi.
9. T. Subramanian (2000) - Developmental Biology

3
 CC – II Practical – I Basic Techniques in Cell Biology and Computer Applications

1. Preparation of squash for Mitosis and Meiosis Identification of stages.

2. Cross section of plant stem and root and identification different tissues
3. Pedigree analysis – Human karyotyping
4. Qualitative tests for carbohydrates, lipids and proteins.
5. Isolation of DNA, RNA and Protein
6. Estimation of chlorophyll pigments
7. Blood grouping, Rh typing .
8. Isolation of chloroplasts from leaves.
9. Total and differential counts of blood cells.
10. MS Office – MS Word, MS Excel, MS Access and MS Power Point
11. Searching of online databases – example PUBMED.

CC - III CELL BIOLOGY

Unit - I Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cell – Plasma membrane – Structure and

function – Transport across the Plasma membrane.

Unit - II Nucleus and Nucleolus – Structure of Chromatin - Cell division.

Unit - III Structure and function of Mitochondria – Respiration – Structure and

function of chloroplast – Carbon dioxide fixation pathways.

Unit - IV Endoplasmic reticulum - Golgi apparatus - Lysosomes

Unit - V Ribosomes - Protein synthesis – RNA types - Post Translational

modification of Proteins.

Unit - VI DNA as the genetic material – Gene concept – Gene regulation.

Suggested Readings

1. Cell Biology – Rastogi (2002)

2. Cell and Molecular Biology – De Roberties (2000)
3. Molecular Biology of the Cell – B. Alberts et al (2000)

FIRST ALLIED COURSE I - Mathematics – I : Discrete Structures – I

Unit – I Sets – Set operations – Union Intersection – Complementation – Symmetric

Difference – Power sets -Cartesian Product – Relations – Functions – Inverse
functions and composition of functions – Matrices – Types of Matrices –
Addition, Multiplication of Matrices – Inverse of Matrix – Solving system of
equations in three Unknowns by CRAMERS RULE.

Unit - II Groups – Types – simple properties of groups – cyclic Groups and subgroups.

4
Unit - III Measures of central tendency of a set of observations – Purpose of statistical
investigations – The arithmetic mean – The mean of grouped data – The median –
The mode – The measurement of Variability, range, mean deviation, Variance and
Standard deviation.

Unit - IV Correlation and Regression – Scatter diagram – Correlation between two

random variables – Rank Correlation – Linear regression – Principles of
least squares.

Unit - V Basic concepts of Probability – sample space and events – The use of
counting methods in Probability Addition law – Conditional Probability –
Simple problems involving the estimation of probabilities – Normal
distribution and Binomial distribution with their application and biology.

Text Books :

1. For Unit I :
“ Discrete Maths”, by B.S.Vatssa; Wishwa Prakashan (A Division of Wilcy
Eastern Limited) 1993.
2. For Unit II :
“Algebra, by Arugam Issac. New Gamma Publishing – House –
Palayamkkottai 1997
3. For Unit III, IV, V :
Relevant portion in Gupta S.P. Statistical Methods, Sultan Chand and sons
guarantee 1996

Reference Books :

1. “Theory of computing” by John C- martin MC – Graw – Hill – International Editions

– 1993.
2. “Modern Algebra”, by K.S.Narayanan – Manicka Vachagam Pillai (S.Viswanathan –
Printers and Publishers (Pvt) Ltd., Madras – 1993.
3. Pillai R.S.N.& Bagavathi P. 1999, Statistics, S.Chand & Co., Ltd.

FIRST ALLIED COUSRE – II Mathematics – II : Operation Research

Unit : I Definition of the term Operation Research – Different Phases of O.R.

Advantages and Limitations of O.R. Standard Linear Programming –
Formulation of a Linear Programming Solving L.P.P. by Graphical
Method Problem.

Unit : II Simplex Method – Transportation Model Problems – Assignment

Problem.

Unit : III PERT/CPM – Networks – Duration Schedule – Probabilistic Decisions.

Unit : IV Inventory – Models – Wilson’s Model – Purchasing Model with shortage

and without shortage – (Problems only)

5
Unit : V Sequencing Problems – Processing ‘n’ jobs through two machines –
Travelling Salesman Problems as an application of Sequencing.

Text Books

“Operation Research”, by Kanthiswarup, Gupta, Manmohan – Sultan chand and sons,

Educational Publishers, New Delhi, 1996.

Reference Books

1. “Operation Research”, by s.Daranivenkatakrishnan Keerthi Publishing House 1997.

2. “Operation Research”, by H.A.Taha Prentice Hall of India Ltd 1998.
3. “Operation Research”, by S.D.Sharma Kedar nath Ramnath and co (Publishers) 1997

FIRST ALLIED COURSE – III - Mathematics – III : Discrete Structure – II

Unit : I Geometric Transformation – Plane Linear Transformation properties –

Rotation – reflection – Translation – Successive and Inverse
Transformation – (through Matrix Theory).
Unit : II Cosets and Lagrange’s Theorem – Normal sub groups and quotient
Groups – Different types of Morphisms of Groups Fundamental Theorem
of Homomorphism.
Unit : III Graph Theory – Basic concepts – Finite and infinite Graphs – Incidence
and Degree ideas on vertices – Isomorphism, Subgraph, walks - paths and
circuits.
Unit : IV Connected Graphs and Disconnected Graphs and components – Euler
Graphs – Hamiltonian paths and circuits.

Unit : V Trees – properties of Trees – Pendent vertices – Distance and centres in a

Tree – rooted and Binary Trees.

Text Books

1. For Unit I : “ Discrete Maths” , by B.S.Vatssa- wishwa Prakashan (A Division of

wiley Eastern ltd -1993, - Chennai.
2. For Unit II : “Modern Algebra”, by Dr.S.Ariumugam and Mr.S.Thanga pandi
Issac – (section 3.8, 3.9 of Chapter 3 New Gamma Publicating House – Palayam
Kottai, 1997.
3. For Unit III , IV & V : Graph – Theory by Narshing – Deo - Prentice Hall of
India Private Limited., 1997.

Reference Books
1. Transformation geometry
2. Modern Algebra by Sri S.Narayanan and Sri T.K.Manickavachagam
(S.Viswanathan Printers and Publishers Pvt.Ltd, 1993)
3. Theory of Computing by John – C Martin – MC Graw – Hill series -1993.
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 SEMESTER – III

CORE COURSE – IV PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY

UNIT I
Scope of physiology – Body organization - Homeostatic mechanisms: Temperature and pH
regulations in animals – Physiology of digestion – Composition and Functions of Blood –
Respiratory pigments (Hb, Mb) – Transport of Gases.

UNIT II
Mechanism of Urine Formation – Mechanism of Muscle Contraction – Nerve Impulse
Transmission – Hormones– Mechanism of hormone action.

UNIT III
Scope of Biochemistry – physical and chemical processes of living systems – water and its uses
– dissolved gases and their properties – pH and buffers - Classification, Structure and Functions
of Bio molecules (Carbohydrate, Protein, Lipid & Nucleic acid) – Vitamins.

UNIT IV

Enzymes: Definition, Nomenclature, Classification, Properties and Functions of Enzymes –

Mechanism of an enzyme action – Enzyme kinetics: Michaelis –Menton equation – Regulation
of Enzyme activity.

UNIT - V

Metabolism of Bio molecules: Carbohydrate - Glycogenesis, Gluconeogenesis, Glycolysis and

Krebs cycle; Proteins - Precursors of non essential amino acids synthesis, Deamination,
Transamination and Urea cycle; Lipid - Synthesis of fatty acid and β oxidation; Nucleic acid -
Purine & Pyrimidine synthesis – Intermediary Metabolism

Text Books:

1. P.S. Verma, and V.K. Agarwal, Animal physiology, S.Chand & co., 1992.
2. R.S. Nagabushnam, Animal physiology, S. Chand & co., 1991.
3. Ambika Shanmugam, Fundamentals of Biochemistry for medical students, 2001.
4. J.L. Jain, Fundamentals of Biochemistry, S. Chand & Company LTD, 1999.

Reference Books

1. W.S. Hoar, General & Comparative Physiology, Prentice Hall of India, 1983.
2. C.L. Prosser, and F.A. Brown, Comparative Animal physiology, W.B. Suanders, 1985.
3. S.C. Rastogi, Biochemistry, Tata McGraw Hill publishing limited, 1996.
4. R.K.Murray, D.K.Granner, P.A.Mayes and V.W.Rodwell, Harper’s Biochemistry,
McGraw hill companies, 2000.
5. L. Stryer, Biochemistry, Freeman company, New York, 1995.
6. Lehninger,Biochemistry, Worth Publications inc., CBS Publication, New Delhi, 2000.

7
 CORE COURSE V- PRACTICAL II – PHYSIOLOGY, BIOCHEMISTRY AND
BIOTECHNOLOGY

PHYSIOLOGY:

1. Estimation of Hb in Human blood.

2. Quantitative estimation of amylase activity.
3. Quantitative estimation of ammonia and urea.
4. Blood cell count (RBC & WBC).
5. Blood grouping (ABO & Rh ).
6. Spotters: Physiological and Biochemical instruments.

BIOCHEMISTRY:

1. Calculation of Moles, Millimoles, Micromoles and Nanomoles.

2. Estimation of Free amino acids.
3. Estimation of Protein.
4. Estimation of blood sugar.
5. Estimation of Glycogen.
6. Estimation of Lipid.
7. Estimation of Nucleic acid.
8. Qualitative tests for Carbohydrate, Protein and Lipid.
9. Effects of substrate concentration, pH, Temperature on the activity of any enzyme.

PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY

1. Plant Tissue culture: Micropropagation, Protoplast isolation, Protoplast culture,

Transformation using agrobacterium.
2. Plant DNA isolation
3. Protein isolation form leaf.
4. Chromatography: Paper and Thin layer
5. Protein resolution by SDS page.

ANIMAL BIOTECHNOLOGY

1. DNA isolation form animal cells

2. Restriction Digestion of DNA
3. DNA ligation
4. Animal cell culture
5. Electroporator mediated gene transfer
6. Primary cell line production
7. Cryo preservation of cultured cells
8. Microscopic observation of cultured cells using fluorescent stain

8
SECOND ALLIED COURSE-I (AC) - PHYSICAL AND INORGANIC CHEMISTRY

UNIT – I
Physical Chemistry :
Introduction to physical chemistry: The nature of gaseous state: States of matter gas, liquid,
solid. Gas laws – Boyle’s law, Charles law, Gay – Lussac’s law, Avagadro’s hypothesis.
Dalton’s law of Partial pressures, Graham’s law – Combined gas law – ideal gas – kinetic theory
of gases – Deviations from the ideal gas law – Van der Wal’s equation – real gases.

UNIT – II

Colloids: Definition, classification, formation and properties of colloids - Dialysis and

Ultrafiltration; Chemical energy: Heat of reaction – Definition, endothermic and exothermic
reactions – Hess’law. First law of thermodynamics; Chemical equilibra: Arrhenius theory,
ionization of water, ionic product of water , pH, pOH, Pk - Bronsted–Lowry theory of acids and
bases, acid-bases indicators.

UNIT III
Inorganic Chemistry :
Atomic structure - Discovery of the sub-atomic particles: electrons, protons, neutrons;
Radioactivity – Bequerel and Curies, types of radiation. Determination of nucleus of atom,
isotopes, Bohr theory; quantum numbers-n,l,m and s; electronic configurations – orbital
designations – s, p, d, f orbitals. Shapes of s and p orbitals.

UNIT IV
3 2
Types of chemical bonds: lonic bonding - Covalent bonding – Orbital hyrbidisation (Sp , Sp ,
1
Sp only) - Multiple valency - electronegativitives and electron affinities - Geometry of simple
covalent compounds - oordinate covalent bonds.

UNIT V

Crystallography: Solids (Crystalline & Amorphous) – Unit cell - Characteristic parameters –

Body centered cubic structure (eg. Cscl) – Face centered cubic structure (eg. Nacl)
Reference Books:

1. B.R..Puri, L.R.Sharma and Madan S.Pathania, Principles of PhysicalChemistry, Shoban Lal

Nagin Chand and Co., Delhi.
2. P.L.Soni & Mohankatyal, Text Book of Inorganic Chemistry, 20th revised edition, Sultan
Chand, 1992.
3. R.B.Puri & L.R.Sharma, Principles of Inorganic Chemistry, Sultan Chand, 1989.
4. Vogel’s Text Book of Quantitative Chemical Analysis, E.L.B.S.
5. R.D.Madan, Modern Inorganic Chemistry, S. Chand and Company (Private) Ltd., 1987.
6. G. S. Manku, Theoretical Principles of Inorganic Chemistry, Tata McGraw Hill, New Delhi.
7. J.D.Lee , Concise Inorganic Chemistry, 5 th Edition., Blackwell Science Ltd, Oxford, 2002.
8. J.E Spice, Chemical bonding and structure, 1964.
9. M.J. Winter, Chemical bonding, 1996.

9
 SECOND ALLIED COURSE-II (AC) - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY

UNIT I

Introduction to organic chemistry: – The nature of organic compounds - Classes of organic

compounds – Isomerism - Homologus series and Functional groups - Shapes of organic
3 2 1
molecules – Sp , Sp, Sp hybridization.

UNIT II

Aliphatic hydrocarbons: Classification and Nomenclature – chemical properties of alkanes,

alkenes and alkynes. Aldehydes and Ketones: Nomenclature. Important aldehydes and ketones.
Biological importance of aldehydes and ketones.

UNIT III

Alcohols and ethers: Classification and Nomenclature - Reactions of alcohols – Important

alcohols - Commercial production of Ethanol - Di and tri hydric alcohols – Nomenclature of
ethers - General methods of preparation - Reaction of ethers - Uses and hazards of ether - Thiols.

UNIT IV

Stereochemistry: Stereoisomerism: Polarised light and Optical activity – Geometrical

isomerism – Conformational analysis – Tautomerism.

UNIT V

Natural products: Terpenes: Classification-isoprene rule-isolation, structural formulas of

geraniol, menthol and terpenol. Alkaloids: General methods of isolation-structural formulas of
cocaine, piperine, nicotine-applications. Vitamins: Classification – occurance

and biological importance of fat soluble and water soluble vitamins. Antibiotics: Chemotherapy
– Structures of chloromycetin, penicillin and streptomycin.

Reference books:

1. P.L.Soni & H.M.Chawla, Textbook of Organic Chemistry, Sultan Chand &Sons, 1994, Delhi.
2. K.S.Tewari, S.N.Mehrotra and N.K.Vishnoi, A Text Book of Organic Chemistry.
3. M.K.Jain, Organic Chemistry, Shoban Lal Nagin Chand and Co.,
4. Spice, J.E., Chemical bonding and structure, 1964.
5. Winter, M.J., Chemical bonding, 1996.
6. Ernest Eliel, Stereochemistry of carbon compounds, 1996.
7. Paula Yurkanis Bruice- Organic Chemistry, Prentice Hall
8. B.S. Bahl and Arun Bahl, Advanced Organic Chemistry, S. Chand and Co New Delhi.
9. Chatwall - Organic chemistry of Natural Products.

10
 SEMESTER IV
CORE COURSE – VI PLANT AND ANIMAL BIOTECHNOLOGY

UNIT I

Concept of gene cloning – Cloning vectors: Plasmids, Phages, Cosmids, Phasmids, YAC – DNA
manipulative enzymes: Restriction endonuclease and Ligase.

UNIT II

Principles and techniques of Nucleic acid hybridisation – Proteins and Nucleic acids –Southern,
Northern and Western blotting techniques – PCR – RFLP – RAPD.

UNIT III

Recombinant DNA Technology: Principles and methods of genetic engineering and gene
targeting – Applications in agriculture, health and industry.

UNIT IV

Plant Tissue Culture: Culture media – Primary culture – Cell line – Cell clones – Callus culture –
Somoclonal variation – Micro propagation – Somatic embryogenesis – Protoplast fusion –
Cybrids –Artificial seeds – Gene transfer methods in plants – Transgenic plants.

UNIT V

Animal Tissue Culture: Culture media – Embryonic stem cell culture – Tissue culture methods –
Production of Transgenic animals - Biochip Technology – Monoclonal antibody production.

Reference books

1. Dubey, R.C., Textbook of Biotechnology, S.chand & co., 1995.

2. Gupta, P.K., Elements of Biotechnology, Rastogi Publications, Meerut, 1997.
3. Kumar, H.D., A textbook on Biotechnology, East West Affiliated Press Ltd., 1993.
4. Balasubramania, D., Concepts in Biotechnology, Unversity Press (India)
5. ltd., Hyderabad, 1996.
6. Dharmarajan, M., Genetic Engineering, S.Viswanathan & co., 1989.
7. Glick, B.R. J.J. and Pastermak, Molecular Biotechnology, SSM Press, Washington, 1998.
8. Jogdand, S.N., Advances in Biotechnology, Himalaya Publishing, New Delhi, 1999.
9. Primrose, S.M., Modern Biotechnology, Blackwell scientific publishers, Oxford, 1990.

11
 CORE COURSE – VII BIOSTATISTICS

UNIT I

Classification, Tabulation, representation and Analysis of Biological data – Applications of

statistics in biology - Measures of Central tendency: Mean, Median & Mode.

UNIT II

Measures of dispersion Variability: Range, Quartile deviation, Mean deviation, Standard

deviation and Coefficient of variation.

UNIT III

Basic concepts of Probability – Sample space and events – Addition and Multiplication theorem
– Theoretical distribution: Binomial, Normal and Poison.

UNIT IV

Correlation analysis: Types of correlation- Methods of studying correlation: Karl Pearson’s

coefficient of correlation and Rank correlation coefficient; Regression analysis: Regression line
and equations – Simple problems based on biological data.

UNIT V

Tests of Significance: Small sample tests – Students‘t’ test for mean, difference of two means
and test for Correlation – Chi Square test for goodness of fit – F test for equality of variance.

Reference Books

1. Palanichamy, S. and Manoharan, M., Statistical methods for biologist, Paramount

publications.
2. Arora P.N and Malhon.P.K., Biostatistics, Himalaya publishing house, Mumbai, 1996.
3. Ramakrishnan, P., Bio statistics, Saras Publications, Nagercoil, 1996.
4. Sokal R.J. and Roflf. S.J., Introduction to Biostatistics, W.H.Freeman
London, 1981.
5. Zar, J.H., Biostatistical analysis, McGraw Hill, London,1983.
6. S.C. Gupta, and V.K.Kapoor, Fundamentals of mathematical Statistics, S. Chand and Sons,
New Delhi, 2002.

12
 SECOND ALLIED COURSE - I AND II PRACTICAL
(INORGANIC AND ORGANIC CHEMISTRY)

1. VOLUMETRIC ANALYSIS

1. Acidimetry and alkalimetry

a) Strong acid vs strong base
b) Weak acid vs strong base
c) Determination of hardness of water

2. Permanganimetry
a) Estimation of ferrous sulphate
b) Estimation of oxalic acid

3. Iodometry
a) Estimation of copper
b) Estimation of potassium dichromate
c) Estimation of potassium permanganate

II ORGANIC ANALYSIS

A study of the reactions of the following organic compounds

1. Carbohydrate 2. Amide 3.Aldehyde 4.Ketone 5.Acid 6.Amine 7. Phenol

The students may be trained to perform the specific reactions like tests for elements (nitrogen 39
only), aliphatic or aromatic, saturated or unsaturated and functional group present and record
their observations.

SEMESTER V

CORE COUSE – VIII MICROBIOLOGY AND IMMUNOLOGY

UNIT I
Diversity of Microorganisms – Salient features of Bacteria, Virus, Phages, Algae, Fungi and
Protozoan. Industrial applications of microorganisms in various fields.

UNIT II
Structure, Life history and Genomic Biology of E.coli, Helicobacter, Salmonella, Influenza,
Polio, Poxvirus, Diatoms, Chlorella, Spirulina, Aspergillus, Penicillum, Plasmodium,
Entamoeba.

UNIT III

Biological control of microorganisms – Antimicrobial agents in therapy – Mode of action and

side effects – Mechanism of drug resistance - Symbiotic and Asymbiotic N2 fixation – Bio
fertilizer.
13
UNIT IV

Types of Immunity – Lymphoid organs – Lymphocytes –Cell maturation and differentiation –

Immune Response - Structure and Biological properties of Immunoglobulin.

UNIT V

Immunological techniques: Precipitation test – Immunodiffusion – Immunoelectrophoresis –

Immunofluorescence – HLA typing – ELISA – RIA.

Text Books

1. Power C.B. and H.F. Daginawala., General Microbiology, Himalaya

Publishing House, 1987.
2. M.J. Pelczar, Jr., E.C.S. Chang and N.R. Krieg, Microbiology, McGraw Hill
Company, Newyork, 1995.
3. Schlegel, H.G., General Microbiology, Cambridge Univ. Press, 1993.
4. Dulsy Fatima, and N.Arumugam, Immunology, Saras publications, 1998.
5. Joshi, K.R. and Osamo, N.O., Immunology, Agro Botanical publishers, India, 1994.

Reference Books

1. M.J. Pelczar, Jr., E.C.S. Chang and N.R. Krieg, Microbiology-concepts and applications,
McGraw Hill Company, 1993.
2. Tauro, P.K.K.Kapoor and K.S.Yadav, An Introduction to Microbiology,
Wiley Eastern ltd., 1993.
3. Basic and Practical Microbiology – Ronald M. Atlas, Mac.Milleen Company,
Newyork, 1986.
4. Shetty, N., Immunology, Wiley Eastern Ltd., 1997.
5. Janis Kubey, Immunology ,W.H.Freeman and Co.,New York, 2002.
6. I.M. Roitt, J. Brostoff and D.K. Male, Immunology, Gower medical publishing, London,
1993.

CORE COURSE –IX BASIC BIOINFORMATICS

UNIT – I

Bioinformatics – An overview, Definition & History; Information Networks – Internet in

Bioinformatics – Bioinformatics databases & tools on the Internet.

UNIT – II

Proteins – Amino acids – Peptide bond –– Levels of protein structure - α-helix, β-sheet and β-
turns – Ramachandran Map - Super secondary structures – Domains - quaternary structure -
DNA and RNA structure - Watson and Crick model - A, B and Z forms of DNA - RNA
secondary structure.

14
UNIT – III

Biological Sequence analysis – Pairwise sequence comparison – Sequence queries against

biological databases – BLAST and FASTA - Multiple sequence alignments - Phylogenetic
alignment.

UNIT - IV

Protein structure visualization tools – RasMol, Swiss PDB Viewer - Structure – Classification,
alignment and analysis – SCOP, CATH, FSSP.

UNIT - V

Genomics and Proteomics – Sequencing genomes– Genome databases on the web.

Reference Books

1. C.S.V Murthy, Bioinformatics, Himalaya publishing house, 2003

2. S.C.Rastogi, N.Mendiratta and P.Rastogi, Bioinformatics – Concepts, Skills & Applications,
CBS Publishers & Distributors, 2003.
3. T.K. Attwood and D.J. Parry-Smith, Introduction to Bioinformatics, Pearson Education Ltd.,
New Delhi (2004).
4. D.R. Westhead, J.H. Paris and R.M. Twyman, Instant Notes: Bioinformatics – Viva Books
Private Ltd, New Delhi (2003).
5. Arthur M. Lesk, Introduction to Bioinformatics, Oxford University Press, New Delhi (2003).
6. D. Higgins and W. Taylor (Eds), Bioinformatics- Sequence, structure and databanks, Oxford
University Press, New Delhi (2000).

CORE COURSE – X INTRODUCTION TO PROGRAMMING IN C

UNIT – I

Evolution and Applications of C - structure of a C program – Data types – Declarations –

operators – Expressions – Type conversions – Built-in functions.

UNIT – II

Data Input and Output – Control statements: if-else, switch, while, do-while, for, goto, break,
continue, exit and abort.

UNIT – III

Functions: Defining and Accessing Arguments – recursive functions – storage classes – Arrays:
Defining and processing Arrays – Multidimensional arrays – passing arrays to functions – Arrays
and strings – String functions – String Manipulations.

15
UNIT – IV

Pointers – Pointer Declarations – Operations on pointers – pointers to functions – Pointer and

strings – pointers and arrays – array of pointers – structures – structures and pointers – unions.

UNIT – V

Data files – Opening, closing and processing files – files with structures and unions – register
variables – Bitwise Operations – Macros – Preprocessing.

Text Book:

1. Byron S.Gottfried – Schaum’s outline series, Programming with C, Tata McGraw Hill
Publications, 1998.
2. Yashavant P.Kanetkar, Let us C Solutions, BPB Publications, 2005.
3. Yashavant P.Kanetkar, Understanding Pointers in C, BPB Publications, 2001.

Reference Books :

1. E.Balagurusamy, Programming in C, Tata McGraw Hill Publications.

2. Mullish cooper – Schaum’s Outline Series, The Sprit of C, Tata McGraw Hill Publications.
3. T.Jeyapoovan, A first course in programming with C, Vikas Publishing House Pvt. Ltd., New
Delhi.

SEMESTER VI

CORE COURSE – XI DBMS IN BIOLOGY

UNIT I

Purpose of database systems – View of data: Data abstraction –Instances and Schemas – Data
independence.

UNIT II

Data models:
ER Model: Entity and entity sets – Relations and relationship sets – ER diagrams – Reducing ER
diagrams to tables - Network data model: Basic concepts.
Hierarchical data model: Basic concepts.

UNIT III

Relational database design: Normalization (first three forms).

PL / SQL: Approach and advantages – PL/SQL blocks – variables – Manipulating data –
Procedural constructs – Exception handling – Program units in Oracle forms –PL/SQL editor.

UNIT IV

Databases in Biology – Abstracting Databases – Biological Abstracts, NCBI-PUBMED,

16
UNIT V

Databases in Molecular Biology - Nucleic acid sequence databases: NCBI- GenBank, EMBL,
DDBJ – Protein sequence databases: SWISSPROT, NBRF-PIR – Structure Databases – PDB,
NDB and Cambridge Crystallographic Database

Reference Books

1. Ramez Elmasin- Shamkant B. Navathe, Fundamentals of database systems, third edition,

2001.
2. Alexis Leon & Mathew Leon, Database Management Systems.
3. Silberschatz,Korth and Sudarshan, Database System Concepts, McGraw Hill International
edition,2002.
4. A. Baxevanis and B.F. Ouellette, Bioinformatics: A practical Guide to the Analysis of Genes
and Proteins, Wiley-Interscience, Hoboken, NJ (1998).
5. T.K. Attwood and D.J. Parry-Smith, Introduction to Bioinformatics, Pearson Education Ltd.,
New Delhi, 2004.
6. Sillince, JA and Sillince Springer verlag, Molecular database for protein sequence and
structure studies, 1991.

CORE COURSE – XII MOLECULAR MODELLING AND DRUG DESIGNING

UNIT I

Concepts of molecular modelling – coordinate systems, molecular graphics and visualization

tools - RASMOL, CHIME, MOLMOL.

UNIT II

Molecular mechanics - Newton’s laws of motion, Introduction to force fields, Components and
characteristics of force fields. Integration algorithms

UNIT III

Quantum Mechanics - Introduction and concepts - Semi empirical approaches - Bsis sets and
Quantum mechanical force fields.

UNIT IV

Introduction to drugs - Classification of drugs - Drug receptor interactions – Study on different

kinds of receptors- Applications of molecular modelling in drug discovery.

UNIT V

Quantitative structure activity relationships - Applications in drug discovery - Software tools for
QSAR - An overview of common descriptors- Interpretation of results.

17
Reference books:

1.Molecular modelling - Principles and applications by Andrews R Leech, Academic press,

2001.
2.Molecular mechanics, Comba and Hambly, Wiley VCH publishers, 1998

CORE COURSE XIII - PRACTICAL III

MICROBIOLOGY,IMMUNOLOGY, MOLECULAR MODELING AND DRUG

DESIGNING

MICROBIOLOGY

1. Preparation of Media: Basal, Selective, Differential and Enriched media.

2. Staining Methods: Simple, Gram and Acid –fast and Lactophenol cotton blue, staining.
Flagella staining.
3. Isolation of pure culture: Pour plate, spread plate and streak plate.
4. Biochemical tests: imvic test, catalase test, chemolysis – alpha, beta and gamma.
5. Isolation of microbes from soil, water and air.
6. Preservation of cultures.
7. Motility test for bacteria: hanging drop and STAB culture.
8. MBRT for milk analysis
9. MPN test for Water analysis
10. Antibiotic sensitivity test- disc diffusion.

IMMUNOLOGY

1. Isolation of Antigens : O and H antigens form Salmonella typhi.

2. Preparation of Plasma and Serum.
3. Blood grouping and rh typing.
4. Precipitation reaction- single immuno diffusion, double immuno diffusion
5. Passive agglutination test.

MOLECULAR MODELLING AND DRUG DESIGNING

1. Generation of co ordinates for small molecules.

2. Viewing structures using Rasmol, Chime, MOLMOL etc.
3. Execution of scripts in rasmol and swiss pdb viewer.
4. Semi empirical method based tools.
5. Working knowledge in some force fields.( AMBER/ GROMOS’96)

18
 CORE COURSE XIV - PRACTICAL IV

MS OFFICE, INTERNET, PROGRAMMING IN C AND DBMS

MS Office and Internet:

1. MS office – managing document files, customizing the office 2000 programmes

2. Sharing information on WWW through email, chat, online publications.
Creating graphs, charts and tables through MS Excel
Making power point presentations.

Programming in C :

1. Sum of the digits of a given number.

2. Fibonacci number generations.
3. Factorial of a given number.
4. Sorting numbers.
5. Reversing a given string.
6. Checking for palindrome.

DBMS :

1. Retrieval of sequences and structures from the studied databases.

2. Sequence format conversion.
3. Restriction site analysis in sequences.
4. Prediction of ORFs in sequences.
5. Genome annotation tools.
6. Gene prediction tools.

19
 ELECTIVE COURSE I - BIOTECHNIQUES

UNIT I

Principles and applications of Microscopy – light and electron microscope – sample preparation
for microscopy – Fixatives and Fixation – Microtome and Sectioning – Stains and Staining –
Mounting and Labelling.

UNIT II

Principle and Applications of Centrifuge – Ultracentrifuge -Principle and Applications of

Chromatography - Paper, Thin layer, Gas, Ion exchange and HPLC.

UNIT III

Principle, Working mechanism and Applications of Electrophoresis - PAGE & SDS-PAGE -

Principle, Working mechanism and Applications of radioactivity - Auto radiography, Geiger
Muller counter and Scintillation Counter.

UNIT IV

Principle, Working mechanism and Applications of Colorimeter and UV-visible spectroscopy –

Principle and Applications of calorimeter.

UNIT V

Principle - Working mechanism and Applications of X ray diffraction, Mass, NMR and ESR
Spectroscopy.

Reference Books:

1. Vasantha pattabhi and N. Gautham, Biophysics, Narosa publishing house, 2002.

2. Upadhyay., Upadhyay and K.Nath, Biophysical Chemistry. Himalaya
Publishing House, 1993.
3. Daniel M., Basic Biophysics for Biologists. Wiley International, New Delhi, 1992.
4. Ackerman E., Biophysical science, Prentice Hall, New Delhi, 1962.
5. Das D., Biophysics and Biological chemistry, Academic Publishers, Calcutta, 1996
6. Sahay, K.B. and Saxena. R.K., Biomechanics, Wiley Eastern, New Delhi, 1971.

20
 ELECTIVE COURSE II - GENETICS AND EVOLUTION

UNIT 1

Principle and laws of Mendelian inheritance – Genetic interactions – Multiple alleles – Sex
determination – Sex limited and sex-linked inheritance – Non disjunction.

UNIT II

Modern concepts of Pro and Eukaryotic genes – Regulation of gene expression – Lac and Trp
Operon - Chromosome mapping: Linkage and Genetic mapping – Estimation of map distance.

UNIT III

Human Genetics: Gene (point) mutation – Mutagens – Teratogens & Induced birth defects – In
born errors of metabolism – Human Karyotype, Chromosomal variations and syndromes in man.

UNIT IV

Origin of life: Molecular evolution – Concepts and theories of Organic evolution – Mechanisms
producing genetic diversity – Phylogenetics using Morphometric, biochemical and molecular
tools.

UNIT V

Genes in Population – Hardy Weinberg equilibrium – Genetic drift – Evolutionary forces –

Isolating mechanism and speciation – Adaptive radiation.

Text Books

1. Veer Bala Rostogi -A textbook of Genetics, Kedar Nath Ram Nath, Meerut, 1992.
2. P.S. Verma and V.K. Agarwal, Genetics, S.Chand and co.Ltd. New delhi, 2001.
3. P.S. Verma and V.K. Agarwal, Concept of evolution, S.Chand & Company Ltd., 1998.
4. Veer Bala Rostogi, Evolution.

Reference Books

1. Robert H.Tamarin, Principle of Genetics, The McGraw Hill companies, Inc., 1999.
2. P.K. Gupta, Genetics, Rostogi publications, 1997.
2. Strickberger Manroe, W., Genetics, Jones & Barlett Publishers, 1996.
3. Karvita B. Ahluwalia, Genetics, New age International (P) Ltd., 1996.
4. Strickberger, M.W, Evolution, Jones & Barlett Publishers, 1996.
5. Edwin H Colbert, Evolution of the Vertebrates.
6. R.A. Raff, T.C. Kaufman, Embryos, Genes, and Evolution, Macmillan Publishing Co., Inc.,
1983.

21
 B.Sc. Informatics
ELECTIVE COURSE III - BIOPHYSICAL SCIENCES

UNIT I

Laws of physics and chemistry - Thermodynamics – Entropy – Enthalpy – Free energy of a

system – Chemical potential – Oxidation-reduction potential; Physico-Chemical Techniques to
study Biomolecules– Hydration of macromolecules – Role of friction – Diffusion –
Sedimentation – Rotational diffusion – Light scattering – Small angle X-ray Scattering.

UNIT II

Macromolecular structure: Nucleic acid structure: The chemical structure – Conformational

possibilities – Double helical structure - Polymorphism – DNA super coiling and unusual DNA
structures - structure of tRNA - Protein structure: Amino acids and Peptide bond – Primary,
secondary, Tertiary, Super secondary, domain and Quaternary structure – Virus structure.

UNIT III

Energy pathways in Biology: – Free energy – Coupled reactions – Group transfer potential –
Role of pyrimidine Nucleotides – Photosynthesis – Energy conversion pathways – Membrane
transport.

UNIT IV

Biomechanics: Striated muscles – Mechanical properties of muscles – Biomechanics of the

cardiovascular system.

UNIT V

Neurobiophysics : The Nervous system – Physics of membrane potentials – Sensory

mechanisms : Physical aspects of Vision and Hearing – Signal transduction.

Textbook:

1. Vasantha pattabhi and N. Gautham, Biophysics, Narosa publishing house, 2002. (For all
units)

Reference book:

1. Rodney Cotterill, Biophysics An Introduction, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., 2002.
2. Daniel M., Basic Biophysics for Biologists. Wiley International, New Delhi, 1992.
3. Ackerman E., Biophysical science, Prentice Hall, New Delhi, 1962.
4. Das D., Biophysics and Biological chemistry, Academic Publishers,
Calcutta, 1996

22
 ELECTIVE COURSE – IV COMPUTER AND ITS APPLICATION IN BIOLOGY

UNIT I

Introduction to computers: Classification of digital computer systems – Anatomy of a digital

computer – Computer architecture.

UNIT II

Number system – Operating system - Memory organization: Basic memory cell, RAM, ROM,
DRAM, main memory, auxiliary memory, associative memory, cache memory, virtual memory –
Input Output devices.

UNIT III

Computer software: Languages – Source and Object program – Translators – Utilities and
Packages – Applications of BASIC, FORTRAN, COBAL, PASCAL, C.PROLOG, LOGO and
PL/1.

UNIT IV

Uses of Computers in Biology - Structural and functional analysis of Biological macromolecules

(Proteins, DNA and RNA) - Transfer of Information in biological systems - Digital nature of
biological information - representation of biological molecules as strings of symbols.

UNIT V

Information Retrieval: Information systems, Internet basics, Information access, LAN, WAN,
WWW, NICNET, ERNET, VSNL, ISDN.

Reference Books:

1. M.M. Mano, Computer Systems Architecture, PHI, 1994

2. Leon A., and Leon M. Fundamentals of Information Technology, Leon Tech world 1999.
3. Dennis P.Curting, Kin Foley, Knal Sen, Cathleon Movin, Information Technology – The
Breaking wave – Tata McGraw Hill Pub. 1999
4. Pierre Baldi and Soren Brunak, Bioinformatics: The machine learning approach, MIT press
1998.
5. Henry Korth Abraham and Silberschay – Database Systems concepts, Tata McGraw Hill
Publication.
6. Hwang K., Briggs E. Computer Architecture and parallel processing, McGraw Hill, 1987.
7. C.J.Date , Introduction to Data base systems, Addison Wesley.

*****

23
 *******
I Language Course – III (LC) 6 4 3 100
II English Language Course – III (ELC) 6 4 3 100
III Core Course – IV (CC) – Physiology and 6 4 3 100
Biochemistry
Core Course V- Practical II: Physiology & 4 - - -
Biochemistry
III Second Allied Course – I (AC) – Physical 5 3 3 100
and Inorganic chemistry
Second Allied Course – II (AC) – Organic 3 - - -
chemistry
Total 30 15

I Language Course – IV (LC) 6 4 3 100

II English Language Course – IV (ELC) 6 4 3 100
Core Course V- Practical II: Physiology & 2 4 3 100
IV Biochemistry
Core Course – VI (CC): Plant and Animal 6 4 3 100
Biotechnology
Core Course VII (CC): Bio statistics 3 - - -
Second Allied Course – II (AC) – Organic 2 3 3 100
chemistry
Second Allied Course I & II- Practical – 5 3 3 100
Inorganic and Organic chemistry
Total 30 22

24
 III YEAR (V & VI SEMESTER)

III Core Course VII (CC): Bio statistics 3 4 3 100

Core Course VIII (CC): Microbiology & 6 4 3 100
Immunology
Core Course – IX(CC): Basic Bioinformatics 6 4 3 100
Core Course X (CC): Introduction to 3 - - -
Programming in ‘C’
V Elective Course – I (EC) – Biotechniques 4 3 3 100
Elective Course – II (EC) – Genetics and 4 3 3 100
Evolution
Elective Course – III (EC): Biophysical 4 3 3 100
Sciences
Total 30 21
III Core Course X (CC): Introduction to 3 4 3 100
Programming in ‘C’
Core Course XI (CC): DBMS in Biology 6 4 3 100
Core Course XII (CC): Molecular modelling 6 4 3 100
and Drug designing
VI Core Course XIII (CC): Practical III: 6 4 3 100
Biotechnology, Microbiology, Immunology, &
Molecular modelling and Drug designing.
Core Course XIV (CC): Practical IV: 6 4 3 100
MS Office, Internet, Programming in ‘C’ &
DBMS
Elective Course – IV (EC): Computer and its 4 3 3 100
Application in Biology
Total 31 20

TOTAL 180 120

25