Week # 03

 Analysis of Signals (Previous concept)

 Concept of Harmonics
 Time Domain versus Frequency Domain
 Fourier Analysis
 Fourier Analysis and Dirichlet Conditions
 Fourier Transform
 Parseval’s Theorem
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 Analysis of Signals
 The mathematical analysis of the modulation and multiplexing
methods used in communication systems assumes sine wave carriers
and information signals. This simplifies the analysis and makes
operation predictable
 However, in the real world, not all information signals are sinusoidal.
Information signals can take on an infinite number of shapes,
including rectangular waves, triangular waves and other non-
sinusoidal forms. Shafqat Hussain shafqat.sapal@gmail.com 2
 Analysis of Signals (2)
 Such signals require that a non–sine wave approach be taken to

determine the characteristics and performance of any communication

circuit or system.

 One of the methods used to do this is Fourier analysis, which

provides a means of accurately analyzing the content of most complex

non-sinusoidal signals shapes.

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 Concept of Harmonics

 Harmonic of Sine wave

A harmonic is a sine wave whose frequency is some integer multiple of

a fundamental sine wave.

For example, the third harmonic of a 2-kHz sine wave is a sine wave

of 6 kHz.

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 Concept of Harmonics (2)
First four harmonics of a fundamental sine wave.

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 What Fourier Tell ?
 What the Fourier theory tells us ??

 We can take a non-sinusoidal waveform and break it down into

individual harmonically related sine wave or cosine wave

components.

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 What Fourier tell ? (2)
Example

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What Fourier Tell? (3)

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 Time Domain Versus Frequency Domain

Time Domain
 Most of the signals and waveforms that we discuss and analyze are
expressed in the time domain. That is, they are variations of voltage,
current, or power with respect to time.
 Their mathematical expressions contain the variable time t, indicating
that they are a time-variant quantity.
 You are already familiar with the oscilloscope, which displays the
volt-age amplitude of a signal with respect to a horizontal time axis.
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 Time Domain Versus Frequency Domain (2)

Frequency Domain
 Frequency domain is a term used to describe the domain for analysis of
signals with respect to frequency, rather than time.
 Frequency-domain graph shows how much of the signal lies within
each given frequency band over a range of frequencies
 The test instrument for producing a frequency-domain display is the
spectrum analyzer. the horizontal sweep axis is calibrated in hertz and
the vertical axis is calibrated in volts or power units or decibels.
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 Time Domain Versus Frequency Domain (3)

The frequency-domain plots of Square Wave

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 Time Domain Versus Frequency Domain (4)

The frequency-domain plots of Sawtooth Wave

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 Time Domain Versus Frequency Domain (5)

The frequency-domain plots of Triangle Wave

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 Time Domain Versus Frequency Domain (6)

The frequency-domain plots of Half cosine Wave

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 Fourier Analysis
 A given function or signal can be converted between the time and
frequency domains with a pair of mathematical operators called a
transform.

 An example is the Fourier transform, which decomposes a function

into the sum of a (potentially infinite) number of sine wave
frequency components.

 The 'spectrum' of frequency components is the frequency domain

representation of the signal. The inverse Fourier transform converts
the frequency domain function back to a time function
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 Fourier Analysis (2)

 Fourier analysis provides us a way to view time domain signal in

frequency domain.

 Fourier series and Fourier Transform are part of it.

 Fourier series deal with periodic signal

 Fourier Transform is related with non-periodic signals.

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 Fourier Analysis (3)

Fourier series

Fourier series convert the periodic functions or periodic signals into

the sum of a (possibly infinite) set of simple oscillating functions,

namely sines and cosines (or complex exponentials). As we seen

previously

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 Fourier Analysis (4)
We can express a signal g(t) by a trigonometric Fourier series over any
interval of duration T0 Sec as

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Fourier Analysis (5)

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 Fourier Analysis (6)
 The trigonometric Fourier series contains sine and cosine of the same
frequency. We can combine the two terms in a single term of the same
frequency using the trigonometric identity:-

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 Fourier Analysis and Dirichlet Conditions

Existence of Fourier Series

1)Weak Dirichlet Condition
Coefficients must be finite(a0,an,bn), The existence of such a coefficient
is guaranteed if he function is absolutely integrate-able over one period

2) Strong Dirichlet Condition

The signal g(t) contains a finite number of maxima and minima in one
period and the signal g(t) has a finite number of discontinuities in one
period. Shafqat Hussain shafqat.sapal@gmail.com 21
 Fourier Transform
 The Fourier Transform is used for non-periodic or Aperiodic signals

 The non-periodic signals can be expressed as a continuous sum of

everlasting exponentials by limiting process

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 Fourier Transform
• New periodic signal gT0 (t)consisting of signal g(t) repeating itself every
T0 sec. This period is made long enough so that there is no overlap
between the repeating pulses.
• This new signal gT0(t) is a periodic signal and can be represented by
Fourier series.

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 Fourier Transform
 The Fourier transform and its inverse of Aperiodic signal in terms of

eternal exponential function is given below respectively:-



G ( )   g (t )e  jwt
d



1
g (t )   G ( )e dt
jwt

2 Shafqat Hussain shafqat.sapal@gmail.com 24

 Fourier Transform
 The Fourier transform and its inverse of Aperiodic signal in terms of

eternal exponential function is given below respectively:-



G ( )   g (t )e  jwt
d



1
g (t )   G ( )e dt
jwt

2 Shafqat Hussain shafqat.sapal@gmail.com 25

 Assignment

 All related examples and end problems where derivation is

simple

 Properties of Fourier transform given in book

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 Parseval’s Theorem

 Signal Energy in frequency domain can be determined from Parseval’s

theorem

 
1
Eg   g (t )d t   | G( ) | d
2 2

 2 
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