Comparison of various single phase rectifiers,methods to

improved regulation using Pspice

A rectifier is an electrical device that converts alternating current (AC), which

periodically reverses direction, to direct current (DC), which flows in only one
direction. The process is known as rectification.

Types

(A)Single phase rectifier

1.Half wave rectifier
2.Full wave bridge rectifier
3.Full wave center tapped

(B)Three phase rectifiers

There are many applications for rectifiers. Some of them are:

Variable speed DC drives
Battery chargers
DC power supplies and Power supply

The following sections explain and analyze these rectifiers

1-Single-Phase Half Wave Diode Rectifier With Resistive Load

This circuit consist of a diode which is connected to a supply source. and resistor
is connected across which the output is measured.during positive cycle the diode
is forward biased and it will conduct during negative half cycle the diode is
reverse biased and it will not conduct the load voltage and current have high
ripples. For this reason, single-phase half-wave diode rectifier has little practical
significance

Advantage
1-Less cost
2-Half wave rectifier need less number of diodes than full wave
rectifiers

Disadvantages
1- High ripple factor,
2- Low rectification efficiency,
3- Low transformer utilization factor, and,
4- DC saturation of transformer secondary winding
2-Center-Tap Diode Rectifier With Resistive Load
In the center tap full wave rectifier, current flows through the load in the
same direction for both half cycles of input AC voltage. The circuit shown in Fig.
has two diodes D1 and D2 and a center tapped transformer. The diode D1 is
forward bias “ON” and diode D2 is reverse bias “OFF” in the positive half cycle of
input voltage and current flows from point a to point b. Whereas in the negative
half cycle the diode D1 is reverse bias “OFF” and diode D2 is forward bias “ON”
and again current flows from point a to point b. Hence DC output is obtained
across the load.

3-Single-Phase Full Bridge Diode Rectifier With Resistive Load

Another alternative in single-phase full wave rectifier is by using four diodes
as shown in Fig which known as a single-phase full bridge diode rectifier. It is
easy to see the operation of these four diodes. The current flows through diodes
D1 and D2 during the positive half cycle of input voltage (D3 and D4 are “OFF”).
During the negative one, diodes D3 and D4 conduct (D1 and D2 are “OFF”).
during positive half cycle diodes D1 and D2 conduct.
Mean while the diodes D3 and D4 do not conduct during this cycle. So, the
current moves from positive point of the supply voltage across D1 to the point a
of the load then from point b to the negative marked point of the supply voltage
through diode D2. In the negative voltage half cycle, the supply voltage forces
the diodes D1 and D2 to be "OFF". In same time it forces diodes D3 and D4 to be
"ON". So, the current moves from negative marked point of the supply voltage
across D3 to the point a of the load then from point b to the positive marked
point of the supply voltage through diode D4. So, it is clear that the load currents
moves from point a to point b in both positive and negative half cycles of supply
voltage. So, a DC output current can be obtained at the load in both positive and
negative halves cycles of the supply voltage. The complete waveforms for this
rectifier
Advantages
1-The need for center-tapped transformer is eliminated,
2-The output is twice that of the center tapped circuit for the same secondary
voltage.
3-The peak inverse voltage is one half of the center-tap circuit.
Disadvantages
1-It requires four diodes instead of two, in full wave circuit, and,
2- There are always two diodes in series are conducting. Therefore,total voltage
drop in the internal resistance of the diodes and losses are increased.

We are going to deal only with resistive load in this and the factors on the basis
of which we are going to compare the performance of these rectifiers are defined
respectively
Parameters for the evaluation of performance
rms value of output voltage=​V​rms
rms value of output current=I rms
average value of output load current =​I​dc
average value of output load voltage=​V​dc
P​dc/​P​ac
TUF =​Pd ​ c/Vs.Is
FF =​V​rms /​Vd​ c
Vs= voltage across transformer secondary
Is =current across transformer secondary
Ripple factor:It is the measure of ripple content
RF=​V​ac/​V​dc

parameters Half–Wave Full – Wave Full – Wave

(Center–tapped) (Bridge)
Rectified Voltage 0.318 ·Vs 0.636 ·V s 0.636 ·V s
rms Output Voltage 0.318 ·Vs 0.707 ·Vs 0.707 ·Vs

Form Factor – FF 1.57 1.11 1.11

Rectification Ratio 0.41 0.81 0.81
–η
Ripple Factor – RF 1.21 0.48 0.48

Devices used for smoothing and regulating the output obtained from rectifiers
1-Filters
2-Regulators

1-Filters
To eliminate ripple content from output supply we need filters as the output
contains ripple.
Different type of filter use to overcome the problem
1-Inductor Filter

2-Capacitor Filter

3-LC (or) L-Section Filter

4-CLC (or) ∏-section Filter

Regulators

The output obtained from these rectifiers are pulsating dc so we need some
device to overcome this We use voltage regulators.voltage regulators maintains
constant dc output when the input or load fluctuate within limit

Broadly regulators are classified in two types

(A)Linear regulators
further classified as
1-Series​ (control element is in series with the load)
2-Shunt​ (control element is in parallel with the load)

it has innate current limiting capability

less efficient than series

(B)switching regulators

These have three configurations

1-step up configuration
2-step down configuration
3-voltage inverter configuration

The two types of linear regulators are always conducting so result in greater
dissipation of power .
Greater efficiency can be achieved using switching regulators as compared to
linear regulators because control elements (transistor ) operate as switch
Therefore switching regulators provide greater load current at low voltage and
also its power dissipation is much less as compared to linear regulators

IC REGULATORS
Are three terminal device that provide positive or negative output voltage output
may be fixed or adjustable
IC regulators contains three pin
pin1 Input
pin2 Ground
pin 3 Output
heat sink is connected to ground pin no 2

Type no Output voltage

7805 +5V
7812 +12V
7815 +15V
7818 +18V
7824 +24V

Type no Output voltage

7905 -5V
7912 -12V
7915 -15V
7918 -18V
7924 -24V