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acuicultura.
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Use of biological silage byproducts generated from aquaculture.
Abstract: Fish production worldwide by 2011 was 155.7 million tons, excluding
aquatic plants. (FAO, 2014), of which a generation of byproducts is estimated
approximately 50% of the raw material. (IVO ACHU, 2012; DOS SANTOS, 2015).
The use and disposal of these organic waste such as: guts, heads, scales, skin, fins
and eggs, discarding cause environmental impact, mainly in the water sources, the
viscera are removed in fishing and aquaculture animals being discharged into water,
this in order to avoid the rapid decomposition and slaughtered fish (M. WHITE,
2007). Substances in the waste, such as proteins and fats are potentially sources of
pollution in water resources, which can increase the organic load and reduced
oxygen in this (Martinez, 2003). The fish silage based fisheries products contain high
quality nutrients such as proteins, fatty acids, vitamins, minerals and pigments which
can be used in animal feed, as in cattle, sheep and swine, pisciculture (GBOGOURI,
2004; ABIMORAD, 2009) and poultry (DALE 2015). Therefore the aim of this
systematic literature review and revise context is the use of products generated in
aquaculture through biological silage. It has been shown that fish meal which has
limitations of use in terms of cost, it can be replaced by 20% to 100% by fish silage
without significantly altering power parameters and zootechnical in various animal
species. Its use will allow between 40 to 70% of the by-products of fisheries and
aquaculture to be used in animal feed and preserve the environment of these
species. It has been shown that fish meal, which is limiting the use as to their cost,
it can be replaced by 20% to 100% by fish silage without significantly altering
parameters zootechnical feeding and in various animal species.
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Introducción
Algunas de las características nutricionales del producto biológico son: Los altos
valores de proteína, con perfil adecuado de aminoácidos y ácidos grasos de
cadenas largas, altamente insaturados, ejemplo: (C22:1, C22:6 y C20:5 ácido graso
cetoleico, docosahexaenoico y eicosapentaenoico, respectivamente)
(ARVANITOYANNIS, 2008; BETTY, 2011; ZYNUDHEEN, 2008; VIDOTTI, 2003;
KJOS, 2000), micronutrientes como: vitamina A y D, riboflavina, niacina y minerales:
Como hierro, zinc, selenio y yodo (FA0, 2014). La producción de ensilaje biológico
de pescado puede ser una alternativa viable del aprovechamiento de los
subproductos de la acuicultura y pesca continental, de tal forma que mejore los
ingresos de los productores y pescadores, paralelamente a la disminución de
impacto ambiental que esta actividad pueda generar al ambiente.
Acuicultura
cintinental;
38,7
Pesca marina;
Acuicultura 82,6
marina; 23,3
Pesca
continental; 11,1
(Tomado y modificado del cuadro 1, del documento: El estado mundial de la pesca y la acuicultura 2014, página 4.)
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El continente asiático contribuye con 37,7 de 79,7 millones de Toneladas de la
producción mundial total, siendo China el principal productor. De igual forma
representa la mayor cantidad de pescadores ejerciendo esta actividad económica
(Grafico 2). Del continente americano, USA encabeza la producción con 5,1 millones
de Toneladas. En América Latina, Perú lidera la clasificación con 4.8 millones de
Toneladas. Por el continente europeo, Rusia genero 4 millones de Toneladas. A su
vez el continente Africano, representado con Marruecos, ocupa el puesto 18 de la
clasificación con 1,1 millones de Toneladas. Los principales países productores de
pesca de captura marina del 2012 generan en conjunto el 76,2 % de la producción
mundial total, es decir 60,7 de 79,7 millones de Toneladas, la cual es la producción
Mundial Total. (FAO, 2014)
49.040
323
647
5.885
América Latina y el
Caribe: 2.251
127
(Tomado y modificado del cuadro 10, del documento: El estado mundial de la pesca y la acuicultura 2014, página
30.)
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Gráfico 3. Producción de la Acuicultura en Latino América en Toneladas.
126.240
80.367
479.399
271.919
89.021
701.062
(Tomado y modificado de la Tabla 22, del documento. Diagnóstico del estado actual de la Acuicultura en Colombia
2013, página 48.)
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Gráfico 4 .Producción de la acuicultura Nacional por especie y Toneladas en 2011.
Camarón; Otras
8521 especies;
10,3% 4260
5,15%
Trucha; 5625
6,8%
Tilapia;
Cachama; 48398
15926 58,5%
19,25%
Fuente: (AUNAP,2013). Diagnóstico del estado actual de la Acuicultura en Colombia 2013, Tabla 23, página 51.)
Subproductos de la acuicultura
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al ser vertidos en el agua incrementan los compuestos orgánicos y disminuye la
disponibilidad de oxígeno de la misma. (MARTINEZ, 2003).
Ensilaje de pescado
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Tipos de ensilaje de pescado
Se almaceno en contenedores de
polietileno, el ensilado fue mezclado a
diario por siete días. La temperatura de
almacenado se mantuvo a 24°C y a un pH
de (4.0 ± 0.2). (DOS SANTOS, 2015)
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La mezcla del ácido y la pasta de
pescado, se almaceno a Homogenización
temperatura ambiente por 30 días, y almacenamiento
esta se mezclaba 2 veces
diariamente. (HAIDER, 2015)
La agitación periódica de la
mezcla a una temperatura
aproximada de 25°C favorece el
proceso de licuefacción proteica.
(SFT, 2010)
ENSILAJE FERMENTATIVO
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Inóculo de bacterias lácticas de yogurt
Suministro del
comercial y 20% de harina de yuca como
inoculo / sustrato
carbohidrato, generando entre 107 y 109
y homogenización
UFC/g. (PEREA, 2011).
ALMACEN
Contenedores de plástico herméticos en
una habitación con temperatura
controlada de 25 ° C durante 27 días.
(FERNÁNDEZ, 2015)
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Análisis y Discusión
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(2014), Reemplazo hasta en un 50 % la harina de pescado, pudo concluir que no
se afecta negativamente los parámetros de crecimiento y alimentación. De igual
forma Felix, 2014, encontró que incluyendo en un 100% ensilaje de calamar en la
nutrición de juveniles de Cobia, Rachycentron canadum, no se generar efectos
adversos en los parámetros de alimentación y crecimiento en los Cobia.
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