EARTHQUAKES TYPES OF EARTHQUAKES

EARTHQUAKE - TECTONIC EARTHQUAKES - occur

- sudden movement/shaking or trembling of the
ground caused by the abrupt release of energy in
the earth’s crust
SEISMOLOGY
- it comes from the Greek word “seismos”
which means earthquake.
when rocks in the earth’s crust break due to
geological forces created by the movement of
tectonic plates.
- VOLCANIC EARTHQUAKES - occurs due
to volcanic activity; they are weaker than
tectonic earthquakes.
SEISMIC WAVES

- is the field of science that study earthquakes - are energy released as vibrations generated by
and seismic waves that move through the earth sudden impulse in the earth such as earthquakes.

4 MAJOR LAYERS OF THE EARTH TYPES OF SEISMIC WAVES

- CRUST - SURFACE WAVES - originate from

- MANTLE
- OUTER CORE
- INNER CORE
LITHOSPHERE IS BROKEN INTO
SEGMENTS CALLED TECTONIC PLATES.
FORESHOCKS are light shaking of ground
that happens in the same site where a stronger
earthquake follows.
MAINSHOCKS are the stronger earthquake.
AFTERSHOCKS happen after the mainshock
and occur at the same site of the mainshock.
2 IMPORTANT FEATURES OF
EARTHQUAKES
epicenter and travel through the earth’s crust and
have lower frequency or travel slowly than body
waves; only happen after body waves; type of
wave which causes most of the destruction.
TYPES OF SURFACE WAVES
- RAYLEIGH WAVES - the movement
of this wave is vertical through rolling up the
ground like waves of oceans.
- LOVE WAVES faster than Rayleigh
wave and can only be felt in the earth’s crust
and shakes the ground in horizontal manner or
sideways.
- BODY WAVES - travel through the earth’s
interior and carry some of the energy from the
focus to the surface; these waves have higher
frequency and precursor of surface waves.

FOCUS OR HYPOCENTER - The

location below the earth’s surface where
earthquake starts.

EPICENTER – The location directly

above the hypocenter.
 TYPES OF BODY WAVES FAULT PLANE surface that the movement
has taken place within the fault.
- P-WAVES (PRIMARY WAVES) -
fastest kind of seismic waves; Also called as HANGING WALL is the rock mass resting
compressional wave because of its pushing and on the fault plane.
pulling motion through the rock; They vibrate or
material movement is parallel to the travel FOOTWALL is the rock mass beneath the
direction fault plane.
-S-WAVES (SECONDARY WAVES) - is MOST DANGEROUS FAULT LINES
the next wave we feel after the first shaking of
the ground; also called shear waves; they vibrate -SAN ANDREAS FAULT, SOUTHERN
with material movement perpendicular to the CALIFORNIA (STRIKE-SLIP FAULT)
travel direction.
- CARRIBEAN PLATE
MEASUREMENT OF EARTHQUAKES
- WEST VALLEY FAULT (DEXTRAL SLIP
- MAGNITUDE (RICHTER SCALE) – FAULT SYSTEM)
measures the energy released from the
TYPES OF DAMAGE CAUSED BY
source of the earthquakes.
EARTHQUAKES
- INTENSITY (MERCALLI SCALE) –
- PHYSICAL DAMAGE
measures the strength of shaking produced
by the earthquake. - LANDSLIDES

SEISMOLOGISTS records the behavior - TSUNAMIS

of these waves
- FIRES
SEISMOMETER is used to detect the - MUDSLIDES
waves.
- LIQUEFACTION
SEISMOGRAPH is a special device that
measures the seismic waves. -STRUCTURAL DAMAGE

SEISMOGRAM is a recording made by the -BUILDINGS COLLAPSE

seismographs or seismometers. - ROADWAYS COLLAPSE
PACIFIC RING OF FIRE or PACIFIC - EMOTIONAL DAMAGE
RIM is the haven of the most volcanic and
earthquake-prone places on earth; it is the - DEATHS
place where tectonic plates come together;
horseshoe shaped belt.