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CHAPTER 3
3.1 INTRODUCTION
bus location minimizes both the losses and the costs simultaneously which helps
in maximizing the potential benefits.
But in real time study the implementation of above methods in the real
Distribution network is very difficult .So a new emerging approach called
analytical approach the Gauss -Seidel algorithm is used to calculate optimal DG
unit’s size and proper location. So that the real power losses, reactive power
losses were minimized and the corresponding voltage profile values were
improved. The proposed approach has been tested on IEEE 70 bus radial
distribution systems. The effectiveness of the proposed technique is tested and
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extent estimated, is over 30% of total consumption in the state. The Tamilnadu
Electricity Regulatory Commissions(TNERC) in this state have attempted to
rectify these tariff imbalances by increasing the agricultural tariff, only to have
the governments reverse these steps due to strong opposition from farmers. The
farmers also complain that the electricity supplied to the rural areas is
intermittent and of poor quality leading to high implicit costs because of damage
to their motors and equipments. (MOP; 2014)
For reducing losses the TNEB implementing various methods with the
fund of Rural Electric corporation (REC) and Power Finance Corporation(PFC)
like network reconfiguration, link lines, Strengthening of conductor, Capacitor
installation, increase the HT:LT Ratio, Erection of Distribution Transformer at
load centre, Load Balancing, Adoption of HVDS, Energy Conservation &
Energy Efficiency, Rural load management system, But duet to some more
reasons the line losses not yet reduced as per the standard (below 10%).(TNERC;
2015)
close to the rural load centers using renewable sources appears to have the
potential to address at least some of the problems including reduction of line
losses in rural electrification described in the earlier section.
emerging economies in the states in India, viz., large distributed (rural) load,
high T&D losses (including theft), limited capacity availability, and dramatically
poor supply conditions. In such cases, a thorough analysis should be made for
the policies, technical specifications, and economic analysis behind use of DG.
(L.Ramesh et al; 2007)
Figure 3.1 a) HT layout of existing 11kV Kattakudi feeder in 110kV substation Mannargudi
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Figure 3.1 b) MATLAB simulink layout of 11kV Kattakudi feeder in 110 kV substation Mannargudi
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The utilities policy for DG units appears to be one-sided and overlooks the
possible benefits of decentralized power generation in remote rural feeders. In this
thesis I examine the opportunities with decentralized power generation in rural
areas and attempt a more rational basis for framing utilities policies towards the
DG units. In particular, I address the following issues.
Figure 3.3 b) MATLAB simulink HT Layout of proposed 11kV Kattakudy feeder in 110 kV substation
Mannargudi
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The real time proposed system location is shown in the figure 3.4 a) and
real time proposed connection is shown in the figure 3.4 b). The bi directional
static relay required for the proposed system is shown in the figure 3.5. The
existing 3 MW DG Gas power station at Nallur(India) is shown in the figure 3.6.
3.4 METHODOLOGY
3.4.1 Introduction
often the best data available on rural power distribution networks. The lack of
reliable power data is a handicap in planning for rural electricity supply.
The feeder begins with a 110/11 kV sub-station Mannargudi. There are 115
buses out of which there are 70 load buses, each roughly supplying a village or
hamlets. Each load bus has a step-down transformer for 415V/240V and
the transformer ratings are 25 kVA, 63 kVA, or 100 kVA. The distance between
the sub-station and the tail end bus is about 17 km and the peak demand is 3 MW
(TABLE 3.1). The feeder’s load is predominantly agriculture pumps and motors
that are inductive and often operate at power factor as low as 0.70.
The Figure 3.7 shows the current and proposed system of study. Figure 3.8
shows Standard IEEE 70 bus system.
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Since Agriculture pumps are not metered, there is no data available on their
annual power consumption and it is estimated by computed consumption.
The table 3.2 shows the connected load of the studying feeder category
wise.
Figure 3.9 a) and b) shows real time and simulated voltage profiles (per unit
basis, or pu) simultaneously under heavy load conditions (75%) with a theft of
13%, with the power factor varying between 0.7 and 0.9. The horizontal line is the
acceptable voltage level i.e. within 6% of the specified voltage level. Under heavy
load conditions and when the power factor is 0.7, the voltage at far-off buses drops
to as low as 0.75 pu, which is severely damaging to the equipment. Even when the
power factor is 0.9, the voltage at far off buses is still below the acceptable norm.
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The Table 3.4 shows the result of voltages after connecting various sized
DGs.
Table 3.4 Result of voltage (pu) after connecting various sized DGs in the 115
bus system in various power factors
Figure 3.9 a) Real time measurement of voltages (pu) basis at different buses
in the 115 bus under heavy load
The real time actual measurement and simulated graphs shows that the
voltage(pu) is within the limit when the power factor is 0.9. The actual power
factor measurement is shown in the Figure 3.10
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The table 3.5 shows the real data of power factor and corresponding
percentage of losses. It is simulated with MATLAB and compared.
Table 3.5 Technical distribution losses (I2R) in the feeder under moderate
loading
a) Current system
b) Proposed system
The figure 3.12 a) shows the current system power factor measurement
and Fig 3.12 b) shows the power factor measurement after connecting the DG
at the middle of the feeder. The power factor is improved to 0.901 from 0.777
after connecting the DG.
The Table 3.6 shows the voltage of various buses after connecting the
various sized DG.
Table 3.6 Result of voltage (pu) after connecting various sized DGs in the 115
bus system
Bus Number at
Which DG
Connected No DG 2 MW 3 MW
a) Actual graph
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b) Simulated graph
When electrical current flows through a wire, some of that energy is lost in
the form of heat. (Approximately 5% to 8% of the energy produced by power
plants is lost before it reaches the customer .This is especially important at peak
load times, when the greater current flow generates greater heat and the wire
temperature (which is also affected by air temperature and wind speed) reaches its
greatest value.
The total current flow in a conductor is the sum of the current flows
associated with the real and reactive power components. Reducing either the real
or reactive power flow on a transmission line will therefore reduce the losses
associated with that current. Reducing the current requires decreasing the load,
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real and/or reactive, or serving some of the load locally with a DG system. Line
losses occur not only in the wires, or conductors, but also in transformers and
other transmission and distribution system devices. (Anshu Bharadwaj ; 2002)
A detailed real time study was made analysis of a rural distribution feeder
(Kattakudy feeder) in TNEB in Tiruvarur district of Tamilnadu, a rural network of
115 buses serving the 7 villages. Both the transmission and distribution system
components were included in the study, using measured historical load data from
an existing SCADA system at the feeder bus level. Based on that model and
information regarding individual customer peak loads, many possible DG
installations were evaluated, resulting in a selection of projects that optimized the
network performance.
The optimal locations were found out by practical (AC Load flow analysis)
generally at the middle of the feeders, where adding DG benefits the feeder and
the entire system. Generally speaking, the more remote the DG positioning, the
greater the grid benefit. There are significant loss reductions in the feeder by
optimum locating the DG.
The table 3.7 shows the real power loss when the DG is connected in
various locations. The real power loss is minimum when the DG is connected at
57th bus.
The Figure 3.16 a) shows the actual real power loss and 3.16 b) shows the
simulated power loss. The loss is very low when the DG is connected at the 57th
bus. The loss reduced to 27 KW from 35 KW (12%)
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a) Actual
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b) Simulated
The table 3.8 shows the reactive power loss when the DG is connected at
various locations. Figure 3.17 a) and b) shows the actual and simulated reactive
power loss. The loss reduced from 25 kW to 15 kW after connecting DG at 57th
bus. The percentage of reactive power loss reduction is 40%
a) Actual
b) Simulated
The table 3.9 shows the bus voltages at various buses. The Figure 3.18 a)
shows the bus voltage improvement when the DG is connected at 57th bus and
3.18 b) shows the simulated graph of the bus voltage improvement from 0.84 to
0.94 pu.
Voltage (kv)
Bus No DG at 57th DG at No DG
bus substation
1 11.1 11.1 10.9
16 11.0 11.0 10.8
31 10.9 10.9 10.7
46 11.0 10.8 10.7
61 11.3 10.8 10.7
76 11.3 10.9 10.8
91 11.4 10.8 10.7
106 11.4 10.9 10.8
115 11.3 10.9 10.8
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The table 3.10 shows the total real power loss with and without DG. Table 3.11 shows
the reactive power loss with and without DG. Figure 3.19 shows the comparison of real and
reactive power loss.
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57 3 35 30 28
57 3 25 18 15
3.7 FINDINGS
The result shows the voltage of the system increased 5% and line loss
reduced from 12% to 8% and significant improvement in power factor and voltage
stability.
3.8 SUMMARY
The Power quality problems tend to be localized phenomena and are not
often system wide concerns. With the increasing use of electronic components for
appliances and equipment in homes, offices, and factories, customers are
increasingly concerned about power quality, and potential damages to equipment
and business operations. In certain instances, DG can be used to address power
quality problems, particularly when the systems involve the use of energy storage,
power electronics, and power conditioning equipment. However, there are also
examples where the use of DG has actually led to power quality problems.
The results obtained show that power a loss of the system is considerably
reduced by finding optimum location of a decentralized power generator. There is
a significant improvement in the voltage profiles,power factor and reduction of
technical distribution losses. This creates a possibility of setting up rural micro-
grids or rural electricity cooperatives with Gas based and non conventional power
generators. From the experimental and practical implemented proposed system,
the percentage reduction in line loss and voltage improvements was achieved and
hence the power quality enhanced.