Solutions

SOLUTIONS
Solutions
 are homogeneous mixtures
 composition and properties are uniform

 Components:
1. Solvent
▪ present in the greatest quantity
▪ determines the phase of solution
▪ if water is a component, it is usually the solvent.
2. Solute
▪ component dissolved in the solvent
 The SOLUTION Process
SOLUTE SOLVENT

SOLUTE-
SOLVENT
interaction
> SOLUTE-SOLUTE interaction
SOLVENT-SOLVENT interaction
Solutions
Solubility
▪ maximum amount of solute that dissolves in a given
amount of solution or solvent at a given temperature
▪ unit = grams of solute per mL of solvent

E.g. Solubility of NaCl = 35.7 g/100 mL at 20oC

Types of Solutions
Based on solubility at a given temperature:

1. Unsaturated
▪ less solute < solubility; can still dissolve more

2. Saturated
▪ contain maximum solute that can be dissolved

3. Supersaturated
▪ contain more solute than what a solution can
normally accommodate
▪ very unstable
Types of Solutions
 E.g. Solubility of NaCl = 35.7 g/100 mL at 20oC

+ -
- +
- + - +
+
- + - + -
10 g 35.7 g 40.0 g
- + - +
+ -
+
- + - + -

100 mL @ 20oC 100 mL @ 20oC 100 mL @ 20oC

Types of Solutions

solubility of
glucose at 25oC:
91 g / 100 mL
Solutions
Sample Problem:
1. AgCl can be dissolved in water only to the extent of
0.0021 g per 100 mL of water at 100 oC. What is the
solubility of AgCl at 100 oC?
2. If 0.0005 g of AgCl was dissolved in 50 mL dH2O,
what type of solution was prepared?
 Expressions of Concentration
 Concentration are expressed as ratios: amount
of solute per volume or mass of solution or
solvent

 g/mL, mol/L, mol/kg

Expressions of Concentration

1. Molar concentration
 Molarity, M

 M = mole of solute

L of solution

 Note:1 L solution includes volume of solute

and solvent!

 E.g.

1.0 M NaCl = 1 mol of NaCl in 1L of sol’n

 Expressions of Concentration

A. If 30.0 g of NaCl crystals are dissolved in

water to make 250 mL solution, what is the
molarity of solution?
Given: mass = 30.0 g NaCl (58.44g/mol); V = 250 mL
Find: M
mol NaCl = 30.0 g x 1mol = 0.5133 mol
58.44 g
L of solution = 250 mL x ( 1L / 1000 mL) = 0.250 L

M = mol NaCl = 0.5133 mol = 2.05 M

L sol’n 0.250 L
 Expressions of Concentration

B. How many grams of NaCl must be dissolved

in water to make 500 mL of 0.50 M solution?
Given: M = 0.50 M; Vsol’n = 500 mL = 0.50 L
MMNaCl = 58.44 g/mol
Find: mass, g NaCl
M = moles solute mol solute = M (L sol’n)
L sol’n
mol solute = (M) (L sol’n) = (0.50 mol/L) (0.50 L)
= 0.25 mol
mass NaCl = 0.25 mol x 58.44 g/mol = 14.6 g
 Expressions of Concentration

M = mol solute
L sol’n

Other derived formulae for determining:

1. amount of solute present in a given amount of

solution:
mol solute = (M) (L sol’n)
2. volume of solution containing a given amount of
solute:
L sol’n = mol solute
M
 Expressions of Concentration

C. How much NaCl in grams is present in 40.0 mL

0.500 M NaCl?

Given: 40.0 mL 0.500 M NaCl

Find: g NaCl

mol NaCl=M (L)

mol NaCl = (0.500 M) (0.0400L) = 0.0200 mol

mass NaCl = 0.0200 mol x 58.44 g/mol

= 1.17 g NaCl
 Expressions of Concentration

D. How much 0.500 M NaCl solution must be obtained

if you need 2.50 g NaCl?

Given: M = 0.500 M; mass NaCl needed = 2.50g

Find: L sol’n

L sol’n = mol solute / M

mol NaCl = (2.50g) (1mol/58.44g) = 0.04278 mol NaCl

L sol’n = 0.04278 mol = 0.0856 L = 85.6 mL

0.500 M
Expressions of Concentration

2. Molal concentration
▪ molality, m
▪ m = mole of solute
kg solvent

▪ E.g.
1 m NaCl = 1 mol of NaCl per kg of water
Expressions of Concentration
Determine the concentration in molality if:

A. 0.50 mol NaCl pellets is dissolved in 250 g

water.

B. 0.50 mol NaCl crystals dissolved in 100 g water

 Expressions of Concentration
3. Percent Concentration
 %(w/w) = mass of solute in g × 100
mass of solution in g

 equivalent to g solute per 100 g sol’n

 E.g.
10 % NaCl (w/w) = 10 g NaCl in 100 g sol’n
 Expressions of Concentration
4. Percent Concentration
 %(w/v) = mass of solute in g × 100
volume of solution in mL
 E.g.
10 % NaCl (w/v) = 10 g NaCl in 100 mL sol’n

 In dilute aqueous solution: density is approx. equal to

density of H2O
 Expressions of Concentration

A new vinegar has 6.02% (w/w) acetic acid

(HC2H3O2). How many grams of acetic
acid are contained in a 500-mL bottle of
vinegar? Assume density of 1.01 g/mL.

Ans: 30.4 g
 Expressions of Concentration
5. Parts per million, ppm;
Parts per billion, ppb

 ppm = mg solute / kg sol’n

= mg solute / L sol’n

 ppb = g solute / kg sol’n

= g solute/ L sol’n
Expressions of Concentration

A water sample is contaminated with 100

ppm lead. How much lead in grams is
present in 250 mL water sample?

Mass Pb = 100 mg x 0.250 L = 25.0 mg Pb

1.00 L

Ans: 0.0250 g
 Expressions of Concentration
6. Mole fraction
𝒎𝒐𝒍 𝒐𝒇 𝒊
χ𝒊 =
𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒎𝒐𝒍

𝒎𝒐𝒍 𝒐𝒇 𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒆
χ𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒆 =
𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒎𝒐𝒍

𝒎𝒐𝒍 𝒐𝒇 𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒆
χ𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒆 =
𝒎𝒐𝒍 𝒐𝒇 𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒆 + 𝒎𝒐𝒍 𝒐𝒇 𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒗𝒆𝒏𝒕
Interconversion of Concentration Units

 the different concentration units, being

quantitative in nature, can be related with
each other

 Molarity to Molality

mol solute mol solute

L sol’n kg solvent

i. convert to g sol’n ii. Determine mass solvent (kg)

using density msolvent = msol’n – msolute
 Interconversion of Concentration Units

Calculate the molality of a 2.50 M NaCl solution

whose density is 1.08 g/mL.

Given: M = 2.5 mol NaCl Find: m = mol NaCl

1 L sol’n kg solvent

i. mass 1 L sol’n = 1000 mL x 1.08 g/mL = 1080 g sol’n

mass solute in 1 L sol’n = 2.50 mol x (58.44 g/mol) = 146.1 g

ii. mass solvent = 1080 g – 146.1 g = 933.9 g

Ans: 2.68 m
Interconversion of Concentration Units

 An aqueous solution containing 50.0 g of

glucose (C6H12O6; 180.0 g/mol) per liter, has a
density of 1.02 g/mL. Calculate:

1. molarity of the solution

2. % concentration by mass
3. molality of the solution
 Dilution
-addition of solvent to a concentrated sol’n (sol’n 1)
to obtain desired diluted concentration (sol’n 2)

Concentrated solution (1) Diluted solution (2)

+ water
 Dilution
Concentrated solution (1) Diluted solution (2)

+ water

Mol solute = M1V1 Mol solute = sol’n 1

Mol solute = M1V1
-amount of solute in concentrated sol’n is the same as
the amount of solute in diluted sol’n
 Dilution

Molarity of the Mol solute .

diluted sol’n = Vol of the diluted sol’n

Vol of
= V1 + added solvent = V2
diluted sol’n

Molarity of diluted M1V1

=
sol’n (M2) V2

M1V1 = M2V2
 Dilution
E.g.
1. Two hundred mL of water was added to a 500
mL 0.25 M HCl. What is the final concentration
of the new solution?

Given: V1 = 500 mL; M1 = 0.25 M; Vadded = 200 mL

Find: M2

Sol’n: V2= 500 mL + 200 mL

M2 = M1V1 = (0.25 M) (500 mL) = 0.18 M

V2 700 mL
 Dilution
2. How much 0.800 M NaOH must be diluted to
100.0 mL to obtain a concentration of 0.150 M?

Given: M1 = 0.800 M; M2 = 0.150 M; V2 = 100.0 mL

Find: V1
Sol’n: V1 = M2 V2 = (0.150 M) (100 mL) = 18.8 mL
M1 0.800 M