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Knowledge of Smokers and its Effects among Arellano

Students in AU JAS campus: An Assessment

CHAPTER 1

THE PROBLEM AND ITS SETTINGS

INTRODUCTION:

The National Survey on Drug Use and Health estimates that

each day, over 4,000 people under the age of 18 try their first

cigarette. This amounts to more than 730,000 new smokers each

year. The Final Report of the National Commission on Drug-Free

Schools indicates that children and adolescents consume more than

one billion packs of cigarettes every year. According to economist

Kenneth Warner, Ph.D., the tobacco industry needs 5,000 new young

smokers every day in order to maintain the total number of smokers.

The US Department of Health and Human Services estimates that

90% of smokers begin their tobacco usage before age 20. Of these,

50% begin tobacco use by age 14 and 25% begin their use by age

12. Children are three times more sensitive to advertising as

concluded in the April 1996 Journal of Marketing study. The three


most heavily advertised cigarette brands are Marlboro, Newport, and

Camel. The 1994 Center for Disease Control (CDC) report concluded

that 86% of underage smokers prefer one of these three brands. As

the public became more educated on the effects of smoking, the

amount of smokers dropped and is currently about 20%. While

smoking among adults consistently declined over time, smoking rates

for high school students began to increase in the early 1990s. They

did not begin to decrease until the end of the decade. One study in

the Journal of the American Medical Association showed that,

“Seventy-two percent of students reported experimenting with,

formerly, or ever smoking cigarettes, and 32% reported smoking in

the past 30 days. Students who had participated in interscholastic

sports were less likely to be regular and heavy smokers. Smoking

initiation rates increased rapidly after age 10 and peaked at age 13 to

14. Students who began smoking at age 12 or younger were more

likely to be regular and heavy smokers than were students who

began smoking at older ages. (Escobedo LG, 2004)

Lifetime cigarette use among students in the Philippines was

common. In 2000 and 2003, about 4 in 10 students reported ever

smoking cigarettes. In 2000 and 2003, boys were significantly more


likely than girls to have ever smoked. About 1 in 7 students who had

smoked cigarettes reported smoking their first cigarette before age 10

in 2000 and 2003 with no significant difference by gender. Current

tobacco use and likely initiation of smoking among students have

significantly declined between 2000 and 2003. The percentage of

students who reported being a current cigarette smoker and currently

using other tobacco products fell dramatically. (Jones, 2003)

Smoking means a person has formed an uncontrollable

dependence on cigarettes to the point where stopping smoking would

cause severe emotional, mental, or physical reactions. Everyone

knows that smoking is harmful and addictive, but few people realize

just how risky and addictive it is. Chances are that about one in three

smokers who do not stop will eventually die because of their smoking.

Some will die in their 40s, others will die later. On average, they will

die 10 to 15 years earlier than they would have died from other

causes. Most smokers want to stop and do indeed try, but only one in

three succeeds in stopping permanently before age 60. (PN.

Kemboja, 2008)
According to the MMDA, minors who smoke in public cannot be

simply arrested. Smokers in public, once caught, are made to pay

a P500 fine, while those who cannot pay the penalty are made to

render eight hours of community service. MMDA Chairman Francis

Tolentino said the agency has formed a task force to closely monitor

establishments and street vendors for possible violation of the

Tobacco Regulations Act, especially those who are selling cigarettes

to minors, including students. (The Philippine Star, 2013)

Information about the harmful effects of cigarette smoking will

be integrated into the basic education curriculum, the Department of

Education has announced. DepEd Order 62 tasks the department to

include the environmental and economic implications of smoking in

the elementary and high school curricula. (DepEd, 2012)

Many Filipinos die due to smoking-related diseases. On a daily

basis, 240 Filipinos die because of these smoking-related diseases such

as heart failure, stroke, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease,

peripheral vascular disease and many cancers. This accounts for 87,600

deaths due to smoking-related diseases in the country every year.

(WHO, 2009b)
In connection with these dangers of smoking, there are increasing

numbers of Filipino smokers and an alarming number of youth smokers.

Republic Act of 9211(as cited in Department of Education [DepEd],

2011), or the Tobacco Regulation Act of 2003 specifies the smoking

prohibition in public places:

Section 5. Smoking in Public Places - Smoking shall be absolutely

prohibited in the following public places: a. Centers of youth activity such

as playschools, preparatory schools, elementary schools, high schools,

colleges and universities, youth hostels, and recreational facilities for

persons less than eighteen (18) years old (p.1).2

Thus, this law of the country protects specifically the youth from

being exposed to smoking.

Background of the study:

Smoking is a practice in which tobacco is burned and the smoke

is inhaled. Smoking that contains Tobacco in which tobacco is an

agricultural product that forms nicotine, and that nicotine affects our

health.

Smoking usually starts during the teenage years, and psychosocial

factors provide the primary forces that lead adolescents to begin.


Several aspects of the social environment are influential in shaping

teenagers’ attitude, beliefs, and intentions about smoking.

Parents, friends and cultural influences play major roles in whether

adolescents take up smoking at such a young age. Despite their

knowledge of the unhealthy consequences of smoking, young people

often fall victim to their surroundings. Adolescents need to be reminded

of the potential hazards of smoking to resist the temptations so many of

them face.

The researcher motivates to do this study, because it helps to

provide necessary information about the effects of cigarette smoking in

the students. By doing this, the researcher needs to be aware about this

existing problem and be better to know the early prevention in the

effects of cigarette smoking.

We the researchers realized that by doing this study will help will

help others by giving them additional information about the effects of

cigarette smoking in among students to minimize the incidence in

acquiring disease regarding on this problem.

Statement of the Study:


The researchers want to determine the Knowledge of Students

Smokers and its effect in terms of Physical, Social, and

Psychological.

1. Specifically to determine the demographic profile of the

respondents in terms of the following:

a. Age

b. Gender

c. Socio-economic Status

2. What is the level of Knowledge of the Student Smokers

regarding the effects of Smoking in terms of?

a. Physical

b. Social

c. Psychological
3. Is there a significant relationship between the demographic

profile of the respondents and the knowledge of the student

smokers regarding on its effects.

Hypothesis:

There is no significant relationship between the demographic

profile of the respondents and the level of knowledge of the student’s

smokers and its effects.

Significance of the study:

Students:

This research will guide the student smokers in different facts

about cigarette smoking that will help them to gain knowledge and

better understand the risk of smoking.

Family:

It will increase their awareness on the effects of cigarette

smoking. By this it will influenced their children in avoiding any

smoking practices.
Community:

This study will facilitate change by making them realize the dangers

of cigarette smoking. Through methods from this study, a

comprehensive community-based care could be utilized.

Health Provider:

This study will contribute to the growing concern against

cigarette smoking and provide them an additional data from

assessment, planning, implementation and evaluation of ongoing

measures, thus continuously improving current trends with regards to

smoking prevention.

School Administration

This research study will provide a rich background and

overview of student smokers in Arellano University. This is may also

serve a basis with the school in providing the students in terms of

Physical, Social, and Psychological effects of Cigarette Smoking.

Government

This study is significant endeavor in promoting proper law

implementation of among the youth today. This is also helpful to those


government agencies like DepEd and Non-Government organization who

are promoting anti-smoking among the Filipino youth today.

Future Researchers:

The future researchers can assess the data provided by this

study and will significant literature that can be used as a basis for

comparison of results with their related topics. Furthermore this may

serve as a guide for novice researchers who are eager to take the path

of continuing excellence in doing Research Studies.

Scope and Delimitations:

This study will focused in student smokers to determine

the knowledge of students regarding on the effects of cigarette

smoking. This was held at Arellano University Jose Abad Santos

Pasay Campus on 4th week of July 2013 was the target date to collect

data among the respondents by doing an interview.


Definition of Terms:

Knowledge: It is the level of understanding of student’s smokers

regarding on the effects of cigarette smoking.

Smoking: This is the practice in holding or puffing the smoke

cigarette or tobacco.

Smoker: A person who habitually smokes tobacco in 5-9 sticks a

day.

Cigarette: Manufacture product made of tobacco that is used for

smoking.

Effect: A change that is a result and is caused by some previous

phenomenon regarding smoking

Physical: Relating to the body changes result to the consequences

of cigarette smoking.

Social: It is how a person communicates with others with the use of

tobacco.

Psychological: Related to the mental and emotional state of a

person related to cigarette smoking.


CHAPTER 2

REVIEW RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

Local Review Related Literature

Cigarette smoking has become so prevalent in the country that

students have now become heavy consumers. Medical professionals

prove that cigarette smoking among the youth targets them differently

from adults. As all are aware, Nicotine makes it extremely hard for

addicted smokers to quit the bad habit. Indeed, the availability of

extremely affordable cigarettes makes it easier for the youth to start

smoking and develop addiction. (Health Justice Philippines 2011)

The use of tobacco continues to be a major cause of health

problems worldwide. There is currently an estimated 1.3 billion

smokers in the world, with 4.9 million people dying because of

tobacco use in a year. If this trend continues, the number of deaths

will increase to 10 million by the year 2020, 70% of which will be


coming from countries like the Philippines. (The Role of Health

Professionals in Tobacco Control, WHO, 2005)

The World Health Organization released a document in 2003

entitled Policy Recommendations for Smoking Cessation and

Treatment of Tobacco Dependence. This document very clearly

stated that as current statistics indicate, it will not be possible to

reduce tobacco related deaths over the next 30-50 years unless adult

smokers are encouraged to quit. Also, because of the addictiveness

of tobacco products, many tobacco users will need support in

quitting. Population survey reports showed that approximately one

third of smokers attempt to quit each year and that majority of these

attempts are undertaken without help. However, only a small

percentage of cigarette smokers (1-3%) achieve lasting abstinence,

which is at least 12 months of abstinence from smoking, using will

power alone (Fiore et al 2000) as cited by the above policy paper.

The policy paper also stated that support for smoking cessation

or “treatment of tobacco dependence” refers to a range of techniques

including motivation, advice and guidance, counselling, telephone

and internet support, and appropriate pharmaceutical aids all of which


aim to encourage and help tobacco users to stop using tobacco and

to avoid subsequent relapse. Evidence has shown that cessation is

the only intervention with the potential to reduce tobacco-related

mortality in the short and medium term and therefore should be part

of an overall comprehensive tobacco-control policy of any country.

The Philippine Global Adult Tobacco Survey conducted in 2009

(DOH, Philippines GATS Country Report, March 16, 2010) revealed

that 28.3% (17.3 million) of the population aged 15 years old and over

currently smoke tobacco, 47.7% (14.6 million) of whom are men,

while 9.0% (2.8 million) are women. Eighty percent of these current

smokers are daily smokers with men and women smoking an

average of 11.3 and 7 sticks of cigarettes per day respectively.

The survey also revealed that among ever daily smokers,

21.5% have quit smoking. Among those who smoked in the last 12

months, 47.8% made a quit attempt, 12.3% stated they used

counseling and or advise as their cessation method, but only 4.5%

successfully quit. Among current cigarette smokers, 60.6% stated

they are interested in quitting, translating to around 10 million

Filipinos needing help to quit smoking as of the moment. The above


scenario dictates the great need to build the capacity of health

workers to help smokers quit smoking, thus the need for the

Department of Health to set up a national infrastructure to help

smokers quit smoking.

The national smoking infrastructure is mandated by the

Tobacco Regulations Act which orders the Department of Health to

set up withdrawal clinics. As such DOH Administrative Order No. 122

s. 2003 titled The Smoking Cessation Program to support the

National Tobacco Control and Healthy Lifestyle Program allowed the

setting up of the National Smoking Cessation Program.

The young and the poor, who smoke and drink excessively, are

dying every day. Ten Filipinos die from tobacco use every hour,

resulting in 240 deaths every day and 87,600 deaths every year. This

is a health crisis. The main reason is low prices of cigarettes and

alcohol. The Philippines has one of the lowest prices of the two

products in Southeast Asia. Because cigarettes are so cheap, the

Philippines have one of the highest smoking rates in the Western

Pacific. A 2009 survey showed that 28.3 percent of Filipinos were

smokers. It is estimated that some 17.3 million Filipinos who are 15


years old engage in smoking. To discourage Filipinos from smoking,

we have to raise taxes. Raise the prices of cigarettes and alcohol,

and fewer people will buy them. You cannot argue with the math.

Raise the prices of tobacco by 70 percent and you prevent a quarter

of all smoking-related deaths worldwide. Both rich and poor smoke,

but it is the poor who get sick more often. That’s because the poorest

sector spends more for tobacco, than for education, clothing or

health. (Philippine Daily Inquirer 2013)

The Constitution is neutral on the use of cigarettes and

alcohol. If a Filipino citizen wants to smoke and if big companies

want to make big profits from the so-called “sins” of smoking and

drinking alcohol, they are free to do so. But unlike ordinary citizens,

Filipinos who are members of Congress are not free to ignore the

present disastrous chain of circumstances. Cigarette smoke contains

some 70 chemicals which cause cancer. Deaths from stroke and

heart attack are most commonly associated with smoking as a risk

factor. In its wisdom, the Constitution proclaims health as a

fundamental right, and accordingly imposes on the state the duty to

protect the people’s right to health and to in still health

consciousness. (Philippine Daily Inquirer 2013)


Tobacco use is one of the major preventable causes of premature

death and disease in the world. A disproportionate share of the global

tobacco burden falls on developing countries, where an estimated 84%

of the world's 1.3 billion current smokers live. The Global Youth Tobacco

Survey (GYTS), part of the Global Tobacco Surveillance System (GTSS)

initiated by the World Health Organization (WHO) and CDC, was

developed to monitor youth tobacco use, attitudes about tobacco, and

exposure to tobacco smoke, and has been completed by approximately

1.4 million students in 133 countries. A key goal of GTSS is for countries

to conduct the GYTS every 4 years. This report presents findings from

the GYTS conducted in the Philippines in 2000 and 2003, which

revealed substantial declines in the proportions of students aged 13--15

years who currently smoked cigarettes, currently used other tobacco

products, were likely to start smoking in the next year, or were exposed

to second-hand smoke in public place. The findings also indicated an

increase in the proportion of students who supported bans on smoking

in public places, had learned about the dangers of tobacco use in

school, and had seen anti-tobacco messages in media and advertising.

Public health authorities in the Philippines should evaluate their current


tobacco-control programs and enhance or expand them to further

reduce youth smoking (MMWR, 2005).

The latest surveys in the Philippines indicate that one of every three

adult Filipinos currently smoke, 33% of country’s adult population.

Another 13% count themselves as ex-smokers. Only four out of ten

Philippine households are smoke-free. With an average of 5.1 members

per household, there would be approximately 35 million passive

smokers in the country. Tobacco use in Filipino youth is alarming. About

30% of adolescents in the urban areas smoke, and of these, more than

70% started smoking between the ages 13-15. On a national level, the

study says that as much as 40% of boys and 19% of girls aged 10-14

are already daily smokers. The age 15-19, 38% of both male and female

Filipinos are already considered regular smokers (DOH, 2011).

Anti-tobacco mass media campaigns can be cost effective

compared with other interventions despite the expense required, and

can have a greater impact because they reach large populations quickly

and efficiently (DOH, 2011).

The Tobacco Regulation Act of 2003 (Republic Act No. 9211)

prohibits smoking in all public places, and prohibits tobacco sales within

100 m of schools, playgrounds, and other facilities frequented by youth.


It requires retailers to demand proof of age from cigarette buyers, and

display signs stating that it is an offence to sell cigarettes to persons less

than 18 years. All sponsorship shall be banned by 1 July 2008. Violators

of this new Act will be fined between 500 pesos (about US$10) to 400

000 pesos (about US$7,270) and can be imprisoned from 30 days to

three years.

Tobacco companies have prepared for these restrictions. For example,

a British American Tobacco brand manager stated in 2004 that future

marketing would be focused on one-to-one “permission marketing” in

order to counter restrictions placed on mass media strategies. Here,

consumers provide marketers with permission to send them promotional

messages thus improving targeting precision. “Permission marketing

allows us to talk to consumers on their level, on their turf”.

Further, the Republic Act No. 9211 mandated the creation of Inter-

agency Committee-Tobacco (IAC-Tobacco). Its tasks have included the

crafting of the implementing rules and regulations (IRR) of the said law

and the subsequent exclusive power of administration and

implementation. The IAC-Tobacco has nine members, including seven

representatives from government agencies, one from the tobacco

industry, and one from a non-government organization. The National


Tobacco Administration has a long history of pro-tobacco policy. The

Department of Trade and Industry, which heads the IAC-Tobacco, has

also been labeled as pro-tobacco by anti-tobacco activists. The World

Health Organization has concluded that “Continuing efforts to enact

comprehensive legislation have yet to achieve victory” in the Philippines.

SYNTHESIS

Tobacco smoking really hits the young ones around the age of

10-19 years old. Some of the factors that incurred young ones to

smoke are the following, separation of parents that are career

oriented, parents are working abroad, parent’s dives not have time for

their children sorted to find a group where they can hang out together

and from which they will feel secured. I would say that the peer group

really influence the young individual especially when they long for

their. Parents emotional attachment and if and only if the peer group

were all smoking, there is no way that young individual wont. It takes

a lot of courage to have a self –control but most of the time and sad

to say that they can easily be dragged to develop bad vices like

smoking. The good thing is the government got so involved and

alarmed with the high rates of young people smoking and they came

out to do a lot of studies and research on how they can help these
young ones that got involved in smoking and divert their attention into

more productive way and educate the parents so they will also be

involve in making it possible to at least change and decrease the rate

of smoking young individual. Most of the places they banned the

smoking in public places indoor restaurants and establishments and

hospitals, schools and even inside the apartment or houses because

of the hazardous effect towards individual. A global effect was being

done already about the bad effects it can give them like ailments that

will debilitate their health condition related to smoking.

Foreign Review Related Literature

Smoking is a practice in which tobacco is burned and the smoke

is inhaled. Smoking that contains Tobacco in which tobacco is an

agricultural product that forms nicotine, and that nicotine affects our

health. Smoking usually starts during the teenage years, and

psychosocial factors provide the primary forces that lead adolescents to

begin. Several aspects of the social environment are influential in

shaping teenagers’ attitude, beliefs, and intentions about smoking.

Tobacco is an herb that can be smoked or chewed, directly affects the

brain. While its primary active ingredient is nicotine, tobacco smoke

contains almost 400 other compounds and chemicals, including gases,


liquids, particles, tar, carbon monoxide, cadmium, pyridine, nitrogen

dioxide, ammonia, benzene, phenol, acrolein, hydrogen cyanide,

formaldehyde, and hydrogen sulfide. Nicotine is a colorless, oily

compound, and poisonous in concentrated amounts. If you inhale while

smoking, 90 percent of the nicotine in the smoke is absorbed in your

body. Even if you draw smoke only into your mouth and not in your

lungs, you still absorb 25 to 30 percent of the nicotine. The FDA has

concluded that nicotine is a dangerous, addictive drug that should be

regulated. Faster than an injection, smoking speeds nicotine to the brain

in seconds. Nicotine affects the brain in much the same way as cocaine,

opiates, and amphetamines, triggering the release of dopamine, a

neurotransmitter associated with pleasure and addiction, as well as

other messenger chemicals. Because nicotine acts on some of the same

brain regions stimulated by interactions with love ones, smokers come to

regard cigarettes as friends that they turn to when they’re stressed, sad,

or mad (Hales, 2006).

Smoking is one of the major death causes in the world. Since

the mid twentieth century more than 60 million people have died

worldwide due to tobacco use. (Engels, Den Exter Blokland, Kemp &
Scholte, 2004). In 2000, 49.7% of the deaths among Dutch adults

over 20 were caused by smoking (Stivoro, 2001). Adolescence is

clearly a sensitive period in the initiation of smoking, since most

smokers start their tobacco use during this period and continue to

being regular smokers into adulthood. In 2009, 21% of the Dutch

youth, between 10-19 years old, smoked at least one cigarette a

month and 14% smoked a cigarette daily. Since smoking can have

disastrous effects on health, it is important to prevent and reduce this

behaviour as soon as possible, in particular in adolescents, which is

why prevention programs on smoking among adolescents are

designed. (Stivoro, 2009).

According to Shaw (2010); parents, friends and cultural influences

play major roles in whether adolescents take up smoking at such a

young age. Despite their knowledge of the unhealthy consequences of

smoking, young people often fall victim to their surroundings.

Adolescents need to be reminded of the potential hazards of smoking to

resist the temptations so many of them face.

Adolescents become more likely to smoke when a parent smokes

and the risk increases with the number of smoking parents, according to

a study published in the February 2009 issue of Pediatrics, the journal of


the American Academy of Pediatrics. Researchers from several

universities, including the Harvard School of Public Health, Brown

University and Northwestern University, studied 564 adolescents, aged

12 to 17, along with their parents. The risk of smoking for adolescents

increased with the length of time they were exposed to their parents'

smoking. Children of parents who quit smoking were no more likely to

smoke than children of parents who never smoked, the researchers

found. There was an increased chance boys would smoke when their

fathers smoked.

Mayo Clinic states that many adolescents smoke as a form of

rebellion or to feel independent, the friends who smoke have the ability

to convince other teens to smoke. Adolescents may want to fit in with a

group of friends and take up smoking to feel cool. Teens may smoke

thinking it makes them look better to their peers. They also take up

smoking as a way to lose weight in some cases. Smoking at a young

age intensifies the risk of becoming addicted to nicotine, the U.S.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) says. They tend to

suffer the same kind of withdrawal symptoms as adults. A 2008 survey

of high school students who smoked found that half tried to quit smoking

cigarettes during the previous 12 months of the survey, the CDC reports.
A lot of research has been conducted in the field of risk factors

for smoking initiation and continuation among adolescents. Previous

research on smoking implied that the nearest environment of an

adolescent is one of the most important factors in the initiation

process, especially parents and best friends (Bothmer, Mattsson &

Fridlund, 2002). During adolescence there is an increase of the

amount of time spending with friends and a decrease of time spends

with parents (Darling & Cumsille, 2003). Parental influence remains

strong in adolescent’s decision making, and especially in areas

involving adolescent’s values and long-term goals, like career choice

(Bauman, Carver & Gleiter, 2001). However, since the time spend

with peer’s increases, peer influence, which is the mechanism in

which adolescents become more similar to their peers by interacting

with them, is crucial during adolescence and especially in day to day

activities. That is why this investigation will focus on the extent to

which the nearest environment, including peers and parents,

influences adolescent’s smoking behaviour. (Darling & Cumsille,

2003).

The Global Youth Tobacco Survey (GYTS) is a joint project of

WHO, the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the


Canadian Public Health Association and most WHO member states.

The GYTS is a schools-based survey of teenagers aged 13–15,

which has enabled consistent data collection from 395 sites

encompassing 131 countries, plus the Gaza Strip and the West

Bank. Overall, 10% of surveyed students had used some form of

tobacco product in the 30 days prior to the survey. Smoking rates

were highest in the European regions (19%) and lowest in the

Eastern Mediterranean regions (5%). The differences between boys'

and girls' smoking rates were statistically significant in the African,

Eastern Mediterranean, Southeast Asian and Western Pacific

regions, while no significant differences were reported by sex in the

Americas and European regions (Table 1.13.2). In many countries

the difference between boys' and girls' smoking rates was narrower

than expected, reflecting increased uptake of smoking in girls.

The GYTS also reported on susceptibility to taking up smoking,

by asking never-smokers whether they would smoke a cigarette if it

were offered by their best friend, and whether they thought they might

smoke a cigarette within the next year. By these measures, 19% of

respondents were susceptible to commencing smoking within the

next year. Teenagers in the European region had the highest


susceptibility (30%), and teenagers in the Western Pacific region the

lowest (13%). National data have also been reported for New

Zealand, Canada, Ireland, England and the US. These data are of

interest since these countries have adopted, to a greater or lesser

extent, tobacco control measures which are similar to those operating

in Australia. Key findings from some international surveys are

reported briefly here and interested readers should refer to the

primary sources for further information. Due to methodological

differences, it should be noted that these data are not directly

comparable with Australian data or with each other. In New Zealand

in 2010, a survey of Year 10 students (aged 14–15) found that 10%

of respondents were regular (daily, weekly or monthly) smokers.

Overall, 5.5% of respondents aged 14–15 were daily smokers in

2010. More than 64% of students had never smoked. Results from

the 2008–09 Canadian Youth Smoking Survey (YSS) indicate that

3% of youth in grades 6-9 reported that they were current smokers, a

figure unchanged from 2006–07 but up from 2% in 2004–05. For

youth in grades 10–12 however, the 13% of youth who reported that

they were current smokers was a statistically significant increase from

2006–07 when the rate was 11%. This was a reflection of an increase
in current daily smokers and a concurrent decrease in less frequent

smoking. The prevalence of youth who reported that they had never

tried smoking remained unchanged for both grades 6–9 (78%) and

grades 10–12 (52%). Ireland's Health Behaviour in School-aged

Children Survey 2006 reported that 15% of 10–17 year olds were

current smokers. A schools-based study in England showed that in

2010, 5% of 11–15 year olds smoked regularly (at least once a

week). The Monitoring the Future Study from the US reported that in

2009, 19.5% of high school students had smoked during the 30 days

before the survey including 13.5% of students in Grade 9, 18.3% of

students in Grade 10, 22.3% of students in Grade 11 and 25.2% of

students in Grade 12. Daily smoking was reported by 7.7% of Grade

9 students, 8.9% of Grade 10 students, 13% of Grade 11 students

and 16.3% of Grade 12 students. (The Cancer Council 2013)

As of 2008, there were 46 million adult smokers in the United

States, according to the Centers for Disease Control (CDC). That means

20.6 percent of people over 18 expose themselves to the disadvantages

of smoking cigarettes. Some are just inconveniences, while others are

serious health risks. Smokers face a host of disease and an increased

death risk (Nefer, 2010).According to WHO (2010), tobacco use is the


biggest contributor to the non-communicable diseases epidemic in the

world. And among its effects include heart attack, cancer, stroke and

emphysema.

Synthesis:

Smoking is a dangerous habit which was now being acquired

by the young ones as early as ages 10, 12 , and 18 years old ,if we

have to see the statistics of all smokers ,it is indeed very alarming

knowing that in the study that was mentioned earlier that the country

needs at least 5,000 young ones to start smoking to maintain their

numbers and so that means to maintain their income. It was said

clearly that when u start smoking at a very early age of 12 then that is

most likely be considered a heavy smokers. In my point of view

teenagers who tried smoking has a lot of rationale behind it ,just for

one example a young teenager that I've known and very close to me

has had his try to smoke and mainly because his mother is not

around and he missed his mother so much because his mother

worked as an OFW , but because his other siblings were also close to

each other and make him realized that smoking is not a good outlet

and that for me is one of the reason why young teenagers went to try.
A lot of things in their life just to get out of a messy world they have

even temporarily, others got worse because there was no parental

guidance, and that for me is very crucial and most of the young ones

do that because they are still vulnerable and come to think about it

when they smoke they thought they're matured enough . But it is. A

good thing that our Government is making use of all the

precautionary measures to prevent teenagers from smoking and by

incorporating it in the curriculum is the best way to achieve the goal of

decreasing the numbers of smoking teenagers, because they will

tend to know the importance /essence of life and treating our body

right .i totally agree that most of the out of school youth also got

easily affected of it and those that are active in sports tend not to

engage themselves to such vices because they're well educated to

know the consequences and the bad outcome of it for their health .i

don't see no reason of not incorporating it in the curriculum because it

will indeed enlighten a lot of our young teenagers to know how bad it

could cause to our body .i totally agree to all the measures that the

Government is trying to reach young people to at least decrease the

numbers of people smoking especially in young ones because it


means there will be less smokers in the future if that will be

appropriately implemented .
Conceptual Framework

Input Process Input


Profile of the  Knowledge
respondents in of student’s
An Assessment
terms of: smokers on
the cigarette
1. Age
smokThe
2. Gender
figure I
3. Socio-
presents
Economic
conceptual
status
paradigm of
the study

Program to enhance the


Knowledge of Student
Smokers and its Effects

The figure I presents conceptual paradigm of the study and its

framework presented in three variables: input, process and output.

The input identified in this study is the profile of the respondents

which is composed of their age, gender and socio-economic status.

The process will be the Knowledge of student’s smokers on the

cigarette smoking in terms of physical, social, and psychological.


The important information will be gathered through the use of

survey questionnaires made by the researchers. Through these

survey questionnaires, the respondents will be able to come up with

an outcome of an assessment to the knowledge of student’s smokers

on the cigarette smoking will serve as a basis for future researchers

in formulating their health promotion program among the call center

agents.

Theoretical Framework

The health promotion model describes the multi dimensional

nature of persons as they interact within their environment to pursue

health. (Pender, 1996)

The health promotion is not just about disease prevention.

Health promotion describes behaviors an individual can perform to

bring greater longevity and a high quality of life. Health promotion can

bring about a sense of wellbeing and harmony to the individual, can

increase energy, and can also decrease social problems including

violence and suicide (Peterson & Bredow, 2009). Adolescence can

be an important time for intervention and encouragement of health

promotion. Adolescents are unique in that they are not completely


independent in their health choices and are much more vulnerable to

both negative, and positive environmental influences (Srof & Velsor-

Friederich, 2006). Therefore it is critical that health promotion be fully

explored in this population. Nola Pender’s Health Promotion Theory is

one of the most frequently used models for health promotion in

adolescents (Montgomery, 2002).

Nola Pender’s Health Promotion Model (HPM) was created to

serve as a “multivariate paradigm for explaining and predicting health

promoting component of lifestyle” (Pender, 1990, p.326). The model

is used to assess an individual’s background and perceived

perceptions of self among other factors to predict health behaviors.


CHAPTER 3

Research Methodology

This chapter presents the research methodology which includes

the research design, sample and sampling techniques, instrument

used in data gathering procedures and statistical treatment of the

data.

Research Design

Descriptive research is designed to describe the characteristics

of behaviours of a particular population in a systematic and accurate

fashion. (Leary M. 2010)

The researcher will use a Quantitative Descriptive Design of

research since the purpose of the study is to have a necessary

approach to complete an accurate assessment the student’s

knowledge about the effects of smoking on their Physical, Social, and

Psychological health status.


Sampling Design

The sampling design that will be use for the study is Purposive

or Judgmental Sampling. It is a Non-Probability sampling method in

which the researcher selects the participant’s base on the

qualification set by the researchers.

Purposive sampling represents a group of different non-

probability sampling techniques. Also known as judgmental, selective

or subjective sampling, purposive sampling relies on the judgment of

the researcher when it comes to selecting the units(e.g., people,

cases/organization, events, pieces of data) that are to be studied.

Usually, the sample being investigated is quite small, especially when

compared with probability sampling techniques. The main goal of

purposive sampling is to focus on particular characteristics of a

population that are of interest, which will best enable you to answer

your research questions. ( Laerd D. 2006)

Respondent of the Study

The students who are currently enrolled this 1st semester

school year 2013-2014 in Arellano University Pasay Campus. Only

student smokers are considered the respondent of the study.


Research Instrument

The researchers will use a questionnaire for collecting data in

assessing the Knowledge of Student Smokers about the harmful

effects of smoking.

The questionnaire is self-made which was guided by books, related

literature and other references.

The first part is composed of demographic profile of the respondents and

the second part of the questionnaire is regarding the Knowledge of the

student’s smokers and its effects on their health in terms of physical,

social, psychological

Data Collection/Procedure

Phase 1

The researchers provided a letter sent to the Dean of College of

Nursing in Arellano University Jose Abad Santos Pasay Campus for

the approval of the title and a letter of permission to conduct the said

study. The researchers wrote a letter to Dr. Jhason John J. Cabigon a

University Physician of Arellano University Jose Abad Santos Pasay

Campus and to Ms. Fredeilyn B. Pena a Faculty of Education


Department to seek help for the validation of the self-made

questionnaire, the tool that will be used in this study. The researchers

also wrote a letter to the administration of the university to ask a

permission to conduct a study, and provided a written consent as

well to the respondents who will be part of this study.

Phase 2

In this phase the distribution of questionnaires to the

respondents was provided with consent. The researchers will explain

the instructions and the intention of the researchers to their

respondents.

Statistical Treatment

The statistical tools to be used in the interpretation of data and

for testing the null hypothesis of the proposed study will include

percentage and weighted mean.

Frequency distribution will be used on the demographic profile

of the respondents as to their age, gender, socio-economic status.

Weighted mean will be used on the knowledge of student’s

smokers and its effect in terms of physical, social and psychological.


The formula is as follows: where, is the mean,  is the

summation, X is the total number of scores, N is the total number of

respondents
CHAPTER 4

Data Analysis and Findings

In this chapter the results of the data analysis are presented.

The data were collected and then processed in response to the

problems posed in chapter 1 of this dissertation. Two

fundamental goals drove the collection of the data and the

subsequent data analysis. Those goals were to develop a base

on the Knowledge of Smokers and its Effects among Arellano

Students in AU JAS campus: An Assessment. These objectives

were accomplished.

Response Rate

Demographic Data

Findings
General format

Statistical symbols

Within dissertations (and other manuscripts) statistical symbols are italicized.

Words, rather than symbols, should be used in the narrative, while symbols

may be used in tables and inside of parentheses within the narrative. For

example, “The mean of 3.25 for boys was higher than the mean of 3.00 for

girls in the sample.” But, “The boys in the sample scored higher overall (M =

3.25) than the girls (M = 3.00).” Among the more commonly used statistical

symbols are the following:

M = mean df = degrees of freedom

SD = standard deviation t = t statistic (t tests)

f = frequency F = Fisher’s statistic (ANOVA)

p = probability r = correlation coefficient (Pearson)

N , n = number X2 = Chi-square statistic

It is also helpful for the reader if some basic information accompanies the

statistical results presented in the text. Information usually includes such data
as degrees of freedom or sample size. The following examples demonstrate

how commonly used statistics would be reported in the narrative.

1. Results of the t test for independent samples indicated a significant

difference in mean scores for the boys (M = 3.75) and girls (M = 3.00), t(50) =

2.54, p = .024.

2. Results of the chi-square test indicated a significant association between

gender and mathematics achievement, X2(3, N = 48) = 12.54, p < .05.

3. Results of the one-way analysis of variance indicated a significant

difference in test scores based upon students’ grade levels, F(2, 124) = 4.24,

p = .036.

24

Summary (Optional)

This final section provides a summary of the highlights of the findings from

Chapter 4 and provides a transition to Chapter 5.


CHAPTER 5

Summary, Conclusions, Discussion, and

Recommendations

As with most other chapters, a brief statement introduces Chapter 5 prior to

the first section heading of the chapter. This introduction generally articulates

the contents of Chapter 5 and may depict the specific headings into which the

chapter is divided.

Summary

The Summary section of Chapter 5 provides a brief recap of the entire study.

Generally, this section summarizes the introduction, problem statement and

hypotheses/research questions, literature review, methodology, and findings.

Someone reading this section would have a good overview of why the study

was.

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