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 Industrial Security Management

RA no. 5487 - (as amended by PD no. 11) - Private security agency law.

Private Detective Agency - is any person who for hire or reward or on commission conducts or carries on or
holds himself out as conducting or carrying on a detective agency or detective service.

Private Detective - any person who is not a member of a regular police agency or armed forces who does
detective work for hire,reward or commission.

PADPAO - Philippine Association of Detective and Protective Agency Operators.

Watchmen/Security Guard - person who offers or renders personal service to watch or secure either
residential or business establishment or both or any building,compound or area for hire or compensation or as
an employee thereof.

Security Agency - any person, association, partnership or corporation who recruits, trains, muster ,furnishes,
solicit individuals or business firms, private or government owned or controlled corporation to engage his
services or those of its watchmen.

Who May Organize Security Agency

1. Any Filipino Citizen or a corporation, partnership or association.
2. With a minimum capital  required by law.

 In case of corporation, association, or partnership - must be 100 % owned and controlled by Filipino
citizen.
No person shall organize or have interest in more than one agency.

Qualification of an Operator or Manager of a Security Agency:

1. At least 25 years of age
2. College graduate and/or commissioned officer in the
    inactive service of the AFP
3. Good moral character
4. No previous record of any conviction of any
    crime/offense involving moral turpitude
5. Not suffering from any of the following
    disqualifications:

1. dishonorably discharged or separate from the AFP

2. mentally incompetent
3. addicted to the use of narcotic drugs
4. habitual drunkard

An elective or appointive government employees who may be called upon on account of the function of
their respective offices in the implementation and enforcement of the provision of RA 5487 and person
related to such government employees by affinity or consanguinity in the third civil degree shall not
hold any interest, directly or indirectly in any security guard agency.

Basic Qualification of a security Guard

  1. Filipino citizen
  2. High school graduate
  3. Physically and mentally fit
  4. Not less than 21 nor more than 50 years old
  5. At least 5'4" in height
  6. Not suffering from any disqualification under RA
      5487

Veterans shall be given priority in employment as security guard or private detective.

Person convicted of any crime involving moral turpitude shall not be employed as security guard or
private detective.

Private detective, detective agency, security guard, security agency must first obtain license from the
PNP.
Employees employed solely for clerical or manual work need not be licensed.
The license shall be displayed at all times in a conspicuous and suitable place in the agency office.
The PNP shall exercise general supervision over the operation of all private detective and security guard
agencies.
 The City/Municipal Mayors has the power as director of the City/Municipal civil defense to deputize
private detective and security guards to help maintain peace and order or prevent or arrest law
violators in case of emergency or in times of disaster or calamity. They shall take orders from the Chief
of Police for the duration of the fire, inundation, earthquakes, riots or other emergency.
A security guard or security agency is entitled to possess firearms.
Firearm must not be higher than .45 caliber.
Agency is entitled to possess firearm not exceeding one firearm for every security guard in its employ.
Security guard is entitled to possess not more than one riot gun or shotgun.

Firearms shall be carried by the security guard only during his tour of duty in proper uniform within the
compound of the establishment except when he escorts big amount of cash or valuables in or out of
said compound.
The Chief PNP shall prescribe the uniform, ornaments, equipment and paraphernalia to be worn by the
security guards.
Uniforms must be different from the PNP/AFP.
Salary of security guard - not lower than the minimum wage prescribe by law.

Limitations and Prohibitions on a Security Agency

1. No agency operating in the City of manila and
    suburbs may employ more than 1000 watchmen or
    security guards.
2. No agency operating in other cities and first class
    municipalities may employ more than 500 watchmen
    or security guards.
3. No agency operating in municipalities other than
    first class may employ more than 200 watchmen or
    security guards.
4. No person, corporation, partnership or association
    may organize more than one agency in any one city
    or municipality.
5. No agency shall offer, render or accept services to
    gambling dens or other illegal enterprises.
6. The extent of the security service being provided
    by any security agency shall not go beyond the
    whole compound or property of the person or
    establishment requesting the security service
    except when they escort big amount of cash.

Who can Issue rules and regulations to carry out the purpose of RA 5487? ans. the chief PNP, in
consultation with the Philippines Association of Detective and Protective Agency Operators.

What are the penal provisions for violation of RA5487 or its implementing rules? ans.
1. Suspension, fine or cancellation of license to
    operate with the forfeiture f bond filed with the
    Chief PNP.
2. Imprisonment ranging from 1 to 4 years and fine, in
    the discretion of the courts.

Physical security - describes the measures that are designed to deny access to unauthorized personnel from
physically accessing a building, facility, stored information and guidance on how to design structures to resist
potentially hostile acts.
                                 - a system of barriers placed between a potential intruder and the material or installation to
be protected.

Security - the predictable state or condition which is free from harm, injury, destruction, intimidation or fear.
Freedom from fear or danger or defense against crime.
Physical Security System - a barrier or system of barriers placed between the potential intruder and the
matter to be protected. Protective device against hazards, threats, vulnerability and risks.

Purpose/Goals of Physical security

1. deter potential intruders - ex. warning signs, perimeter markings

2. distinguish authorized from unauthorized people - ex. using pass card
3. delay or prevent intrusion attempt - ex. wall, door lock, safe
4. detect intrusion and monitor/record intruders - e. CCTV, intrusion alarm
5. trigger appropriate incident responses - ex. security guards

How to deter potential intruders

1. install warning signs -

2. build fences
3. put vehicle barriers
4. install vehicle height restriction
5. implement restricted access point
6. install sight lighting and trenches

How to distinguish authorized from unauthorized people - access control at the

1. gates
2. doors
3. locks

How to detect intrusion

1. install alarms
2. install intrusion detection monitor
3. install video monitoring system - ex. cctv

Vigiles (in Rome) - origin of the watchmen although their principal duty was as a fire brigade.

Notable security guards:

1.  Frank Wills - detected the Watergate burglars ultimately leading to the resignation of US president
Richard Nixon.

Target hardening - the reduction in criminal opportunity, generally through the use of physical barriers,
architectural design and enhanced security measures of a particular location.

Defensible Space - the range of mechanisms that combine to bring an environment under the control of its
residents.

Demography - the study of the characteristics of population groups.

Principles of Physical Security

1. An intruder must be able to acquire access to the
    property in order to benefit.
2. The type of access necessary will depend upon a
    number of variable factors and therefore may be
    achieved in a number of ways.
3. There is no impenetrable barrier.
4. Security is built upon a system of defense in depth
    resulting to accumulated delay time which may lead
    to the apprehension of the intruder.
5. Each installation is different from the others.

2 Kinds of Barriers
1. Natural
2. Artificial

5 Types of Barriers
1. Human
2. Animal
3. Natural
4. Energy/Electrical/Electronic
5. Structural

3 Line of Defense
1. Perimeter Barrier - 1st line of defense.
2. Building Exterior - 2nd line of defense.
3. Interior Controls - 3rd line of defense.

Perimeter Barrier - main purpose is to deny or impede access or exit of unauthorized persons.
Other Purposes
1. It defines the boundary of the property to be
    secured.
2. It creates a physical and psychological deterrent
    to unauthorized entry.
3. It delays intrusion, thus facilitating apprehension
    of intruders.
4. It assists in a more efficient and economical
    employment of guards.
5. It facilitates and improves the control of pedestrian
    and vehicular traffic.
Components:
1. Types of Fencing (solid/full view)
2. The top guard
3. Types of Protective Alarms Systems
4. Types of Protective and Emergency Lighting's
5. CCTV Cameras and other Electronic Security
    Systems/Energy Barriers

Building Exterior - Components:

1. walls
2. Doors
3. Windows
4. Roof Openings
5. Fire Escapes
6. Protective Alarm Systems
7. Protective and Emergency lightnings
8. CCTV Cameras and other Electronic Security
    Systems/Energy Barriers

Interior Controls - Components:

1. ID Systems
2. Protective Alarm Systems
3. Protective Emergency Lighting's
4. Communication Systems
5. CCTV Cameras and other Electronic Security
    Systems/Energy Barriers
6. Restricted Areas (storage areas/utilities)
7. Access Control
8. Key Control
9. Emergency Plans
10.Guards

Natural barriers or features - such as cliffs,ravines,and rivers which delay or make more difficult to entry of
intruders.

Barriers - any line of boundary and separation,natural or artificial,places,or serving as limitation or

obstruction.Anything that bars,keep out,obstruct progress,or prevents encroachment or intrusion.

Structural barriers - features constructed by man regardless of their original intent that tends to delay the
intruder.ex.walls,ceilings,locks,safe,windows.

Human barriers - guards,charges of quarters,office personnel,shop workers etc. who stand between the
intruder and the matter to be protected.

Animal barriers - usually guard dog.ex. trained German shepherds used as guards,goose,and turkeys can also
be included.

Energy barriers - usually electrical or electronics devices used to provide assistance to guard personnel.ex.
protective lightnings,anti intrusion devices.

Full view fence - it is designed primarily to prevent physical access between two areas.Constructed in such a
way that visual access is permitted through the fence.

Physical Security Features:

1.Natural barriers - natural terrains features must be
   considered from the stand point of their values to
   intruder as cover and concealment.Normally the
   first type considered very often we have to accept
   and work around them.
2.Fences
   a. solid fence - one is constructed in such a way that
       visual access through the fenced structure is
        denied.
   b. full view fence - constructed in such a way that
       usual access is permitted through the fence.

Advantages of a full view fence

1. removing patrols and stationary guards are able to
    keep area surrounding of the installation under
    observation.
2. it does not create shadows which would provide
    cover and concealment for the intruder.

Disadvantages of a full view fence

1. It allows visual access to the installation,its
    personnel,its guard and its activities.
2. It allows the intruders to become familiar with the
    movements and the time schedule of the guard
    patrols thereafter allowing him to pick the time for
    attempting penetration which would most
    advantageous to the intruder.

Advantages of solid fence

1. Denies visual access of the installation of the
    intruder.
2. Denies the opportunity for the intruder to become
    familiar with the personnel,activities and the time
    schedule of the movements of guards in the
    installations.

Disadvantages of solid fence

1. It prevents the guards from observing the area
    around the installation.
2. It creates shadows which may be used by the
    intruder for cover and concealment.

Minimum acceptable requirements for fence used security barriers

1. Height - 8 feet at a minimum.
2. Slack at the bottom - not to exceed 2 inches.If the
    fences are not tight then it should extend even
    closer to the ground.
3. Wooden fence post - minimum horizontal dimension
    of 4X4 inches.
4.Steel fence post - the round type should at least be
    2 inches at the smallest diameter.
5. Fence post - should be set in concrete or in firm
    soil using commercial drive anchors to a depth of 3
    feet and the maximum distance post is 10 feet.
6. Fence top (Top Guard) - there should be something
    on the top of the fence to deter persons attempting
    to go over fence.ex.use of barb wire overhang.The
    arms holding the barbwire should be extended at 45
    degree angle in the direction of the expected
    approach.
7. Fence area - it should be declared trees and
    vegetation  and debris of other materials which
    would offer concealment of the intruder or would
    aid him in scaling the fence.
8. Fence Gates - gates should be limited to the no.
    necessary for efficient and sage operation of the
    installation.
9. Fence Opening - all opening in the fence in excess
    of 96 inches must be locked barbed or screen in
    such a way that they may be interlocked  and
    opened from the inside  and only by selected
    personnel.
10.Multiple fence - is used should at least be 10 feet
    apart  and the overhang on the top of the inner
    fence should point inward.

4 Basic functions that must be accomplished by the guard system

1. Detect intruders
2. Sound alarms
3. Apprehend unauthorized personnel
4. Identify authorized personnel

Personnel Control Identification

2 Types of identification
1. Personal Recognition - is the most effective
2. Artificial Identification - badges,passes etc.

System of Employment of Personnel Control Identification

1. Pass system - a method used by security to screen

    visitors or person admitted into building premises.

2. Single pass or Badge system - the least expensive
    and the least secure.
3. Group pass and Badge system - one ID for one
    group.
4. Multiple pass system - separate pass is required for
    access to various areas in need ex.color coding
5. Spot magnetized identification passes - a code may
    be placed in the device and when passes through a
    machine,the code on the device is read,if it contains
    wrong code or no code at all,it will alarm.
6. Access list - it contains the names of authorized
    persons or personnel and is checked against
    identification cards such as drivers licenses,draft
     registration etc.

Visitor control - the measures used would depend on the sensibility of the installation but could include the
following:
1. Escort - expensive but most secure
2. Time traveled - if there is a long delay or time lapse
    between the departure and arrival,the visitor may
    be required to show cause for the delay.
3. Visitors logs - should contain identifying data,
    reasons of visit,time in and hour etc.
4. Visitors entrances - separate access for visitors and
    separate for employees .

Utility and maintenance personnel - escort system could be used.If these people visit the installations on a
regular basis some of the systems previously could be used.

Package control - there should be provisions made to check packages being taken in and taken out.

Photography - extreme caution must be exercised in areas where classified information is displayed to
preclude unauthorized taking of pictures of the installation.

Vehicular control and identification

* Most common identification is for registering at the headquarters or gates and putting of sticker on the
windows of the vehicles.
* For visitors,the following systems are used:
   1. Escort
   2. Driver pool - the most secure but the most
       expensive.In this system,car is driven by qualified
       driver employed by the installation from the
       entrance to its destination and after the 
       conclusion of the business of the visitor.car is
       driven back to the installations entrance.
   3. Time travel - used in less sensitive installations
   4. Grid system - a very complicated system.The
        installation is divided into grid ad squares like a
        map.Each square is given a no. or letter
        designation.The visitor is then given a map and
        shown the route to take to his destination and
        should not deviate from the prescribed route,
        otherwise he could be stopped and questioned
        by the guards.
  5. Search of vehicles - sign should be put at the
       entrance to the installation that any vehicle
       entering is subject to search anytime.

Types of Protective Alarm Systems

1. Central station system - the control station is
     located outside the installations.When the alarm is
     sounded by a subscriber, the central station
     notifies the police or protection agency.
2. Property system - the control system is located
    inside the installations with its own firefighter,law
    enforcer,ambulance,or bomb disposal unit.
3. Local alarm - the signalling is near the alarm itself.
    When the intruder enters the installation,the alarm
    goes off scaring the intruder.Purpose is just to
    scare not to apprehend intruder.
4. Auxiliary alarm - the installation owned the
    protective alarm with a unit in the nearest police
    station so that in case of need,direct call is possible.
 
Kinds of Alarms
1. Intrusion alarm - any detecting devices using
    electric and their combinations to signal an alarm
    when actuated.
2. Laser beam alarm - a laser emitter floods the wall or
    fence with a beam so that when this beam is
    disturbed  by a physical object,an alarm is activated
3. Photocell alarm - an invisible or visible beam is
    emitted and when disturbed,it activates an alarm
    or mechanical device that opens a door or lift
    movable barriers,activated by light.

Basic component of an alarm system

1. Annunciation - the heart of the system of the
    detecting device and is the component that
    activates the triggering unit.
2. Transmission - it transmit what is detected.
3. Triggering device - the one which emits those aural
    or visual signals or both.
Security Survey - The detailed check and audit of what an installation or plant does not have in relation to its
protection from hazards.

Security Inspection - a precess where physical

examination is conducted to determine compliance with established security policies and procedures as a
result of security survey.

Purpose of security survey

1. To determine existing state or condition of security
2. To locate weaknesses and possible defense
3. To determine degree of protection required

Security hazards - an act or condition which result in a situation conductive to a breach of the protection
system and the subsequent loss or compromise of defense,information,company secrets,or damage to
property,personnel,or facilities.

Hazards - exposure to loss or injury.

Two General Categories of Security Hazards

1. Human hazard - caused by human 
    action.Ex.sabotage,pilferage,theft
2. Natural Hazard - caused by natural phenomena.

Types of Human Hazards

  1. Human carelessness
  2. Accident
  3. Disaffection
  4. Disloyalty
  5. Subversion
  6. Sabotage
  7. Espionage
  8. Pilferage
  9. Theft
  10.Vandalism

Protective Security - measures taken by an installation or unit to protect against sabotage,espionage or

subversion and at the same time provide freedom of action in order to provide the installation or unit with the
necessary flexibility to accomplish its mission.

3 Aspects of Security
   1. Physical Security - measures taken to prevent
       physical access or entry to an installation.
   2. Personnel Security - measures taken to insure
       that only authorized personnel have access to
      classified documents or information.
   3. Document and Information Security

Types of Security
   1. Physical Security - the most broad.
   2. Industrial Security - security of business
       installations and industrial plants.
   3. VIP Security - protection of high level officers and
       important personnel.
   4. Bank Security - security of money and assets
        stored or in transit.
   5. Hotel Security - security for hotel guest and their
       personal belongings and property as well as
       properties of the hotel.
   6. Document security - protection of vital records
       from loss or unauthorized access.
   7. Communication Security - measures to prevent or
       delay the unauthorized person in gaining
       information through communication.

Physical Security 
  * Protective barrier - is the physical type of security.
  * Barrier - any structure or physical device capable
     of restricting,deterring,delaying illegal access into
     installations.
  * Perimeter barrier - a medium or structures which
     define the physical limits of an installation or area
      to restrict or impede access thereto.Any physical
      barrier used to supplement the protection of the
      inside perimeter.
  * Inside Perimeter - a line of protection adjacent to
     the protected area and passing through points of
     possible entry into the area.ex. doors and windows
  * Outside perimeter - a line of protection but some
     what removed from the protected area.ex.fence

Types of Perimeter Barrier Opening

  1. Gates and Doors
  2. Elevators
  3. Air intakes,Exhaust tunnels
  4. Clear Zone
  5. Top Guard
  6. Guard Control Stations
  7. Tower
  8. Barrier maintenance
  9. Sign and Notices

Protective Alarms - supplemental physical barriers in a form of sound that cause alarm installed indoors or
outdoors in an installation.

Types of Alarm Systems

  1. Metallic foil wire
  2. Ultrasonic Detection Device
  3. Vibration Detection Device
  4. Microwave Motion Detection Device
  5. Audio Detection Device
  6. Photo Electric or Electric Eye

Kinds of Alarms
  1. Bill Traps
  2. Foot Rail Activator
  3. Knee or thigh button
  4. Foot button
  5. Double squeeze button

Protective Lighting - provide illumination on areas to be secured that adds psychological deterrence.

Types of protective Lighting

  1. Stationary luminary - consist of series of fixed
       luminaries to flood given area continuously
       Example: glare protection type
  2. Standby Lighting - provides continuous lighting
       through manual operations.
  3. Movable Lighting - stationary or portable manually
      operated  search lights.
  4. Emergency Lighting - duplication of existing
      lighting system that is utilized in the event of
      electric failure.
Types of Lighting Equipment
  1. Street lights - used in parking areas
  2. Search Lights - highly focused incandescent lamps
      used to pinpoint potential trouble spot.
  3. Flood Lights - project light in a concentrated beam
      used in boundaries and fences.
  4. Fresnel Lights - wide beam units primarily used to
      extend illumination in long horizontal strips to
      protect approaches to perimeter barrier.

Protective Locks and Keys

  1. Lock - a mechanical,hydraulic,electrical or 
      electronic device designed to prevent entry into a
      building,room,container or hiding place and to
      prevent the removal of items without the consent
      of the owner.
  2. Padlock - portable and detachable lock having or
      sliding hasp that passes through a staple ring.
  3. Peterman - A term used in England for lock picker,
      safe cracker and penetrators of restricted areas
      or rooms.

Types of Locks
  1. Lever locks - used in cabinets,drawers,safe
      deposit box.
  2. Disc-Tumble Locks - used in car doors.
  3. Warded Locks - offer little security,used only to
      provide privacy.
  4. Combination Locks
  5. Card Operated Locks
  6. Electromagnetic Locks
  7. Code operated Locks

Types of Keys
  1. Master Key - a special key of opening a series
      locks.
  2. Grand Master Key - a key that will open
       everything in a system involving two or more
       master key groups.
  3. Change Key - a key to a single lock within a master
      keyed system.
  4. Sub Master Key - a key will open all lock with a
      particular area or grouping in a given facility.

Types of Security Cabinets

  1. Safe
  2. vault
  3. File Room

Protective Cabinets - considered as the third line of  defense against unauthorized persons.

Key Control - a system of controlling keys devised and  regulated for disposal,storage and withdrawals.

Close-in Security Formations

  1. One Man Security - 360 degrees coverage.
  2. Two Man Security - Each guard has 180 degrees
       coverage.
  3. Three Man Security - has equal areas of coverage
  4. Four Man Security
  5. Five Man Security - modified diamond.
  6. Six Man Security - (defensive circle) too much
      crowd requires arm lock formation.
      Note: Six Man Security is the most effective.

Defensive In Depth Barriers

  1. Outer Ring - securing sidewalks,in front of
       quarters or offices,covering all entrances,front,
       center,side and rear.
  2. Middle Ring - security covering inside quarters,
      office,residence,all stairways and elevators.
  3. Inner Ring - immediately outside the high risk
      personnel door or the one closest to the VIP.

        Industrial Security Reviewer 1: Next Page

Related Readings:
1. Industrial Security Management Reviewer 1
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