CLASS 10th MATHEMATICS IMPORTANT FORMULAE

(a + b)2 a2 + b2 + 2ab
(a – b)2 a2 + b2 - 2ab
a2 – b2 (a + b)(a – b)
(a + b)3 a3 + b3 + 3ab(a + b)
(a – b)3 a3 – b3 – 3ab(a – b)
a3 + b3 (a + b)(a2 + b2 - ab)
a3 – b3 (a – b)(a2 + b2 + ab)
(a + b + c)2 a2 + b2 + c2 + 2(ab + bc + ca)
(a - b + c)2 a2 + b2 + c2 + 2(- ab - bc + ca)
(a + b - c)2 a2 + b2 + c2 + 2(ab - bc - ca)
(a - b - c)2 a2 + b2 + c2 + 2(ab + bc + ca)
a3 + b3 + c3 – 3abc (a + b + c)(a2 + b2 + c2 – ab – bc - ca

Real Numbers
1. Euclid’s Division Lemma: Given integers a and b, there exist unique
integers q and r satisfying a = bq + r, 0 ≤ r < b.
If r = 0, then b is a divisor of a.

2. Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic: Any number can be expressed

as a product of primes, and this factorisation is unique, apart from the
order of prime factors.

3. Highest Common Factor (HCF) of two numbers a and b: It is the

largest number that divides both a and b.

4. HCF(a, b) by Euclid’s division:

1. Apply a = bq + r for numbers a and b to find q and r.
2. If r = 0, the HCF is b. If r ≠ 0, apply Euclid’s division on b and r.
3. Continue the process till r = 0. The divisor at this stage will be HCF
(a, b).

5. Least Common Factor (LCM) of two numbers a and b: It is the

smallest number that can be divided by both the numbers a and b.

1
6. HCF(a, b) × LCM(a, b) = a × b, where a and b are two positive integers.

7. Irrational Number = √p, where p is a positive prime number.

p
8. For Terminating expansion: Let x = be a rational number. Then
q
q = 2m5n, where m and n are non-negative integers.

p
9. For Non-terminating expansion: Let x = be a rational number. Then
q
q ≠ 2m5n

Polynomials

1. A polynomial is given by p(x) = anxn + an-1xn-1 + an-2xn-2 + …..+ a0

Where, an, an-1, an-2, ……., a0 are constant real numbers, an ≠ 0.

2. Geometrical Meaning of the Zeroes of polynomial:

The number of zeroes of a polynomial = Number of times it touches the
x-axis.
OR
The number of zeroes of a polynomial = Degree of polynomial

a. Linear Polynomial:
y = ax + b
Degree = 1
Number of zeroes = 1

2
b. Quadratic Polynomial Case 1: a > 0 and D > 0
y = ax2 + bx + c Number of roots = 2
Degree = 2 Upward facing
Number of zeroes = 0,
1, 2
Determinant,
D = b2 – 4ac

Case 2: a > 0, D < 0

Number of roots = 2 (But the
roots are imaginary.
Case 3: a < 0, D > 0
Number of roots = 2, Downward
facing

3
 Case 4: a > 0, D = 0
Number of roots = 1, Equal
roots.

c. Cubic Polynomial Can be of any shape

y = ax3 + bx2 + cx + d
Degree = 3
Number of zeroes = 0,
1, 2, 3
d. Polynomial with Can be of any shape
degree n,
p(x) = anxn + an-1xn-1 +
an-2xn-2 + …..+ a0
Degree = n
Number of zeroes = 0,
1, 2, ..n

3. Factor Theorem: If (x – a) is a factor of p(x), then p(a) = 0.

4. Remainder theorem: When p(x) is divided by (x – a), then p(a) is the

remainder.

5. Relation between the coefficient and zeroes of the polynomial:

4
 a. Linear Polynomial Let α be the zero of the
p(x) = ax + b polynomial. Then,
b
α= −
a
b. Quadratic Polynomial Let α, β be the zeroes of the
p(x) = ax2 + bx + c polynomial.
b
α+β= −
a
c
α×β=
a
c. Cubic Polynomial Let α, β and γ be the zeroes
of the polynomial.
b
α+β+γ= −
a
c
αβ + βγ + γα =
a
d
α×β×γ= −
a

6. Formation of polynomial when zeroes are given:

a. Linear Polynomial Equation of polynomial:

Let α be the zero of the p(x) = (x – α)
polynomial.
b. Quadratic Polynomial p(x) = x2 – (α + β)x + αβ
Let α, β be the zeroes of the
polynomial.
c. Cubic Polynomial p(x) = (x – α)(x – β)(x – γ)
Let α, β and γ be the zeroes of
the polynomial.

7. Division Algorithm:
If p(x) is the polynomial divided by s(x). Then,
p(x) = q(x) × s(x) + r(x)
where, q(x) is the quotient and r(x) is the remainder.

5
 Linear Equations in two variables

1. General form: ax + by + c = 0, such that a, b ≠ 0, where a, b, and c are

constants.

2. Graph of a linear equation:

A straight line:

3. Pair of linear equations in two variables:

a1x + b1y + c1 = 0
a2x + b2y + c2 = 0
These lines will represent two straight lines.
Nature of solutions of pair of linear equations:

Nature of Condition Graphical Representation

Solution

a. Unique 𝑎1 𝑏1 1 point of intersection

≠
Solution 𝑎2 𝑏2

6
 b. Infinite 𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑐1 A straight line
= =
Solution 𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐2

c. No Solution 𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑐1 Parallel Lines

= ≠
𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐2

4. Methods of solving Pair of linear equations:

a. Elimination For pair of lines:

Method by a1x + b1y + c1 = 0
substitution a2x + b2y + c2 = 0
Steps:
1. Find the value of x from first equation.
2. Put the value of x obtained in the second
equation.
3. Find y.
4. Find x by putting the value of y.
b. Elimination For pair of lines:
Method by a1x + b1y + c1 = 0
equating the a2x + b2y + c2 = 0
coefficients Steps:
1. Take either the coefficient of x or coefficient
of y equal in both equations.
2. Subtract the equations.
3. Obtain the values of x and y.

7
 c. Cross For pair of lines:
Multiplication a1x + b1y + c1 = 0
Method
a2x + b2y + c2 = 0
Steps:
1. Now the solution can be written as
𝑥 𝑦 1
= =
𝑏1 𝑐2 − 𝑏2 𝑐1 𝑎2 𝑐1 − 𝑎1 𝑐2 𝑎1 𝑏2 − 𝑎2 𝑏1

2. Find the value of x by using 1st and 3rd

expression.
3. Find the value of y by using 2nd and 3rd
expression.

Quadratic Equations

1. p(x) = ax2 + bx + c.
Degree = 2
Maximum Number of zeroes of the polynomial = 2
Discriminant, D = b2 – 4ac

2. Quadratic formula:
p(x) = ax2 + bx + c.
−b ± √b 2 − 4ac
x=
2a

3. Nature of roots:
Real roots, D ≥ 0
Imaginary roots, D < 0
Equal roots, D = 0

4. Methods of solving quadratic equation:

8
 a. Factorisation: We proceed by splitting the middle
term.
ax2 + bx + c = 0
Steps:
1. Multiply a andc.
2. Split b, such that product equals ac
and sum equal b.
b. Completing the We form the square of the given
square quadratic equation.
ax2 + bx + c = 0
b c
1 . x2 + ( ) x + ( ) = 0
a a
b 2 b2 −4ac
2. (x + ) =
2a 4a2
Now, solve for x.

Arithmetic Progression

1. It is sequence of the form: a, (a + d), (a + 2d), (a + 3d)….. where d is

called common difference and a is the first term.

2. Common Difference: It is the difference of two consecutive terms of an

A.P.
d = a2 – a1 = a3 – a2 = a4 – a3 =……..= an – an-1

3. nth term of an A.P: Let a be the first term, d be the common difference
and n be the nth term of the A.P. Then
nth term, an = a + (n – 1)d

4. nth term from end of an A.P: Let there be an A.P. with first term ‘a’
and common difference d. If there are m terms in the A.P, then
nth term from the end = (m – n + 1)th term from the beginning
= a + (m – n)d

9
5. The sum of n terms of an A.P: Let a be the first term, d be the common
difference and n be the nth term of the A.P. Then,
𝒏
𝑺𝒏 = [𝟐𝒂 + (𝒏 − 𝟏)𝒅]
𝟐
Also,
𝒏
𝑺𝒏 = [𝒂 + 𝒍], where l is the last term, l = a + (n – 1)d.
𝟐

Triangles

Congruency of triangles.
Criteria Description
SAS (Side Angle Two corresponding sides and one corresponding
Side congruence) angle of triangles are equal.

Here:
AB = PQ
AC= PR
∠C = ∠R
Δ ABC ≅ Δ PQR
ASA (Angle Side Two corresponding angles and corresponding
Angle included side of triangles are equal.
congruence)

Here:
∠B=∠Q
∠C=∠R
BC = QR
Δ ABC ≅ Δ PQR

10
AAS (Angle angle Any two-corresponding pair of angles and any
Side congruence) one corresponding side of triangles are equal.

Here:
∠A = ∠P
∠B = ∠Q
BC = QR
Δ ABC ≅ Δ PQR
SSS (Side side All three corresponding sides of triangles are
side congruence) equal.

Here:
AB = PQ
AC = PR
BC = QR
Δ ABC ≅ Δ PQR
RHS (Right angle If the hypotenuse and a corresponding side of the
– hypotenuse – triangles are equal.
side)

Here:
AC = PR
AB = PQ
Δ ABC ≅ Δ PQR

11
Similarity of triangles:
Criteria Description
AAA (Angle Corresponding angles of both triangles are equal.
angle angle
Similarity)

Here:
∠A = ∠P
∠B = ∠Q
∠C = ∠R
𝐴𝐵 𝐴𝐶 𝐵𝐶
Then = =
𝑃𝑄 𝑃𝑅 𝑄𝑅
Hence, ABC ∼ Δ PQR
SSS (Side side Corresponding sides of both triangles are
side similarity) proportional.

Here:
𝐴𝐵 𝐴𝐶 𝐵𝐶
If = =
𝑃𝑄 𝑃𝑅 𝑄𝑅
Then,
∠A = ∠P
∠B =∠ Q
∠C =∠ R
Hence, ABC ∼ Δ PQR
AA (Angle angle Two corresponding angles are equal and by angle
similarity) property third angle will also be equal.

If ∠A = ∠P
∠B = ∠Q
Then, ∠C = ∠R

12
 𝐴𝐵 𝐴𝐶 𝐵𝐶
Then, = =
𝑃𝑄 𝑃𝑅 𝑄𝑅
Hence, ΔABC ∼ Δ PQR
SAS (Side angle Corresponding angle is equal and sides including
side similarity) the angle are proportional.

𝐴𝐵 𝐴𝐶
If = ,
𝑃𝑄 𝑃𝑅
∠A = ∠P
Then, ΔABC ∼ Δ PQR

Area of Similar Triangle:

If two triangles are similar,

i.e. ΔABC ∼ Δ PQR
Then,
𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝛥𝐴𝐵𝐶 𝐴𝐵 2 𝐴𝐶 2 𝐵𝐶 2
=( ) =( ) =( )
𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝛥𝑃𝑄𝑅 𝑃𝑄 𝑃𝑅 𝑄𝑅

Pythagoras Theorem:

1. In a right triangle, the square of hypotenuse is equal to the sum of squares

of other two sides.
In ΔABC,

AC2 = AB2 + BC2

13
2.
If the square of one side is equal to sum of
squares of other two sides, then the angle
opposite to the first side is 90°.

If AC2 = AB2 + BC2

Then ∠B = 90°

Coordinate Geometry
1.
Distance Formula: Let
𝑃(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) and 𝑄(𝑥2 , 𝑦2 ) be two
points as shown above.
Then, the distance between
them is given by:

PQ = √(𝑥2 − 𝑥1 )2 + (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 )2

2. Distance of a point P(x, y) from origin is given by:

OP = √x 2 + y 2

14
3.

Section Formula: The coordinates of the point P(x, y) which divides the
line segment joining the points A(x1, y1) and B(x2, y2) internally in the
𝒎𝒙 +𝒏𝒙 𝒎𝒚 +𝒏𝒚
ratio m:n are ( 𝟐 𝟏 , 𝟐 𝟏).
𝒎+𝒏 𝒎+𝒏

4. Mid-point: The midpoint of the line joining points A(x1, y1) and B(x2, y2)
𝒙 +𝒙 𝒚 +𝒚
is given by ( 𝟏 𝟐 , 𝟏 𝟐).
𝟐 𝟐

5. Area of a triangle:

Let the vertices of the triangle be A(x1, y1), B(x2, y2) and C(x3, y3).
Area of triangle = ½ |x1(y2 – y3) + x2(y3 – y1) + x3(y1 – y2)|

15
 Introduction to Trigonometry

1. Trigonometric Ratios

Perpendicular AB
sin θ = =
Hypotenuse AC

Base BC
cos θ = =
Hypotenuse AC

Perpendicular AB
tan θ = =
Base BC

Hypotenuse AC
cosec θ = =
Perpendicular AB

Hypotenuse AC
sec θ = =
Base BC

Base BC
cot θ = =
Perpendicular AB

2. Reciprocal of functions:
1
sin θ =
cosec θ

1
sec θ =
cos θ

1
tan θ =
cot θ

sin θ
tan θ =
cos θ

16
3. Trigonometric Ratios of complimentary:
sin (90° - θ) = cos θ
cos (90° - θ) = sin θ
tan (90° - θ) = cot θ
cot (90° - θ) = tan θ
cosec (90° - θ) = sec θ
sec (90° - θ) = cosec θ

4. Trigonometric Identities:
sin2θ + cos2θ = 1
1 + tan2θ = sec2θ
1 + cot2θ = cosec2θ

5. Trigonometric Ratios of angles.

θ 0° 30° 45° 60° 90°

sin θ 0 1 1 √3 1
2 √2 2
cos θ 1 √3 1 1 0
2 √2 2
tan θ 0 1 1 √3 Not defined
√3
Cosec Not defined 2 √2 2 1
θ √3
sec θ 1 2 √2 2 Not defined
√3
cot θ Not defined √3 1 1 0
√3

17
 Applications of Trigonometry

1. Line of Sight: The line drawn from the eye of an observer to a point in
the object where the person is viewing.

2. Angle of Elevation: The angle formed by the line of sight with the
horizontal when the object is above the horizontal level is called the angle
of elevation.

3. Angle of Depression: The angle formed by the line of sight with the
horizontal when the object is below the horizontal level is called angle of
depression.

Circles

Theorem 1: The tangent at any point of a circle is perpendicular to the

radius through the point of contact.

P is the point of contact of OP and XY. So, OP⊥ XY.

18
 Theorem 2: The lengths of tangents drawn from an external point to a
circle are equal.

P is the external point.

So, PQ = PR

Areas Related to Circles

Shapes Mensuration
Rectangle

Perimeter = 2(L+B)
Area = L × B
Square

Perimeter = 4a
Area = a2
Triangle

Perimeter = Sum of three sides

Area = ½ × Base × Height
19
Equilateral Triangle

Perimeter = 3a
√3 2
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 𝑎
4
Isosceles Triangle

Perimeter = 2a + b
𝑏ℎ
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 =
2
Scalene Triangle

Perimeter = a + b + c
For Area:
𝑎+𝑏+𝑐
Semi Perimeter =
2
Area = √𝑠(𝑠 − 𝑎)(𝑠 − 𝑏)(𝑠 − 𝑐)
Right Angled Triangle

Perimeter = Height + hypotenuse +

Base
Area = ½ × Base × Height

20
Circle

Circumference = 2πr
Area = πr2
𝜃
Length of an arc = × 2𝜋𝑟
360
𝜃
Area of sector = × 𝜋𝑟 2
360
Area of segment = Area of the sector
– Area of the corresponding triangle

Surface Areas and Volumes

Solid Mensuration
Cuboid

Volume = l× w× h
Lateral/curved surface area = 2lh + 2wh
Total Surface area = 2lh + 2wh + 2lb
Cube

Volume = a3
Lateral/curved surface area = 4a2
Total Surface area = 6a2

21
Right Circular
Cylinder

Volume = πr2h
Lateral/curved surface area = 2πrh
Total Surface area = 2πrh + 2πr2
Hollow Cylinder

Volume = πr22h – πr12h

Total Surface area = Outer CSA + Inner CSA
+ 2× area of rings
= 2πr2h + 2πr1h + 2(πr22 – πr12)
Right Circular 1
Volume = πr 2 h
3
Cone
Lateral/curved surface
area = πrl
Total Surface area
= πrl + πr2

Sphere

4
Volume = πr 3
3
Lateral/curved surface area = 4πr2
Total Surface area = 4πr2
22
Hemisphere

2
Volume = πr 3
3
Lateral/curved surface area = 2πr2
Total Surface area = 2πr2 + πr2
= 3πr2
Frustum

1
Volume = πh(R21 + R22 + R1 R 2 )
3
Lateral/curved surface area = πl(R1+R2)
l = √h2 + (R1 − R 2 )2
Total Surface area = πl(R1+R2) + π(R12 + R22)

Statistics
Mean:
For Ungrouped data,
sum of observations
Mean =
Total observations
For Grouped data,
Class Mark = ½ (Upper limit + lower limit)
Direct Method:
∑ fi xi
x̅ =
∑ fi
xi = observations
fi = frequency of observations
23
Assumed Mean method:
∑ fi di
x̅ = a +
∑ fi
Where
a = Assumed mean
di = xi – a
xi = observations
fi = frequency of observations
Step Deviation method:
∑ fi ui
x̅ = a + h ( )
∑ fi
Where
a = Assumed mean
h = class size
xi − a
ui =
h
xi = observations
fi = frequency of observations
Mode:
f1 − f0
Mode = l + ( )×h
2f1 − f0 − f2
Where,
l = lower limit
h = size of the class interval
f1 = frequency of the modal class
f0 = frequency of the class preceding the modal class
f2 = frequency of the class succeeding the modal class
Median:
For grouped data,
n+1
If n is odd, the median is ( ) th observation.
2
n n
If n is even, the median is ( ) th and the ( + 1) th observation.
2 2
For Ungrouped data,
n
− cf
Median = l + (2 )×h
f

24
 Where,
l = lower limit of median class
n = number of observations
cf = cumulative frequency of the class preceding the median class
f = frequency of the median class
h = class size(assuming class size to be equal)

Probability

1. Experimental or Empirical probability of an event E:

Number of trials in which the evnt happened
P(E) =
Total number of trials

2. Theoretical Probability of an event E:

Number of outcomes favorable to E
P(E) =
Number of all possible outcomes of the experiment

3. The probability of an event E is a number P€ such that

0 ≤ P(E) ≤ 1

4. The probability of a sure event E: P(E) = 1

5. The probability of an impossible event E: P(E) = 0

6. For any event E, 𝐏(𝐄) + 𝐏(𝐄̅) = 𝟏, where ̅

E stands for ‘not E’. E and ̅
E are
called complementary events.

***

25