FABRICATION OF SCOTCH YOKE MECHANISM

HACKSAW

ABSTRACT:

Scotch yoke is a mechanism used to convert rotary motion into Sliding motion.
This mechanism is obtained from an inversion of the double Slider crank chain.

Double slider crank chain is a four-bar kinematic chain having 2 sliding Pairs and 2
turning pairs such that two pairs of the same kind are adjacent. The general version
of the double slider crank chain is shown in fig. 1. two Die-blocks, P & Q, slide
along slots in a frame, and the pins P & Q on the Die-blocks are connected by a
link PQ

Scotch Yoke Mechanism

.
This inversion is obtained by fixing one of the sliders. Refer fig. 2. let Slider block
‘p’ be fixed. Link PQ may then rotate relative to die blocks about The pins P & Q.
thus link PQ can rotate with pin P as centre, and will therefore Cause the frame to
reciprocate along the axis passing through P, slider block ‘Q’ will also reciprocate
in its slot. The stroke of the frame will depend upon the length of link PQ and will
be double the length PQ.

Description of the model:

A model of scotch yoke mechanism is to be used for study. A diagram of the Model
is shown in fig .. the model consist of a slider plate guides G1 and G2 Mounted on
the base plate of the model. The slider plate carries a slot AB in Which a slider
block ‘Q’ as centre, and drives the slider block Q. arm OR. the Arm OR is free to
rotate about point ‘O’ as centre, and drives the slider block ‘Q’. The position of
point ‘R’ can be changed by selecting one of the four holes Provided on the arm
OR and shifting the screw to the particular hole. The

Crank OR is further rigidly linked to a handle which is used to provide manual

Rotation to the link, and thereby impart motion to the mechanism. An extension To
the rotating arm OR is provided which carries a pencil to trace the movement Of
the arm.

Precaution :

1. Handle the model with care and attention. The model should not be
mishandled
2. It should not be dismantled, unless for a specific purpose and then also,only
with the permission of the lab I/c.
3. The moving parts of the model must be lubricated as and when necessary.
4. Defect,if any, noticed in the model must be brought to the attention of the
Lab I/c immediately.
5. All measurements must be made with sufficient precision, and must be
verified by making repeated measurements. An average value of the
measurements must be taken to be the true value of the parameter.
Experiment: the student is expected to conduct the following:
1. Study the construction of the model of scotch yoke.
2. Study the movement of the slider plate as the drive shaft is rotated.
3. Trace the path of the crank, and record the motion of the slider plate for
different sizes of the crank by changing the link OR. Make measurements to
determine the diameter of the circular path described by the actual stroke of
slider plate.
4. To search animations of this mechanism on the internet and study the same
for a better understanding of the principles involved.Result:
 1. State the measurements and the derived values along with the actual
values.
2. State the animation studied and its source.
CHAPTER -2

LITRATURE SURVEY

Saw:

A saw is a tool that uses a hard blade or wire with an abrasive edge

to cut through softer materials. The cutting edge of a saw is either a

serrated blade or an abrasive. A saw may be worked by hand, or powered

by steam, water, electric or other power.

In a modern serrated saw, each tooth is bent to a precise angle called

its "set". The set of the teeth is determined by the kind of cut the saw is

intended to make. For example, a "rip saw" has a tooth set that is similar to

the angle used on a chisel. The idea is to have the teeth rip or tear the

material apart. Some teeth are usually splayed slightly to each side the

blade, so that the cut width (kerf) is wider than the blade itself and the

blade does not bind in the cut.

An abrasive saw uses an abrasive disc or band for cutting, rather

than a serrated blade.

 According to Chinese tradition, the saw was invented by Lu Ban. In

Greek mythology, Talos, the nephew of Daedalos, invented the saw. In fact,

saws date back to prehistory, and likely evolved from Neolithic tools or

bone tools. The early ancestors of man, in the Pleistocene era, likely first

used a jaw bone of a bovid animal as a saw.

TYPES OF SAW BLADES AND THE CUTS THEY MAKE

BLADE TEETH ARE OF TWO GENERAL TYPES:

Tool steel or carbide. Carbide is harder and holds a sharp edge much

longer.

CROSSCUT:

In woodworking, a cut made at (or near) a right angle to the direction

of the grain of the work piece. A crosscut saw is used to make this

type of cut.

RIP CUT:

In woodworking, a cut made parallel to the direction of the grain of the

work piece. A rip saw is used to make this type of cut.

PLY TOOTH:
 A circular saw blade with many small teeth designed for cutting

plywood with minimal splintering.

MATERIALS USED FOR SAWS

THERE ARE SEVERAL MATERIALS USED IN SAWS, WITH EACH OF

ITS OWN SPECIFICATIONS.

BRASS:

Mostly used in back saws because of its low price, its flow

characteristics that make the material relatively easy to cast, and

unlike other types of saw, the forces that take place in back saws are

relatively low because of the pulling motion used.

STEEL:
 Used in almost every existing kind of saw. Because steel is cheap,

easy to shape, and very strong, it has the right properties for most

kind of saws.

DIAMOND:

Used only in saws for the really heavy cutting. It is very expensive

and comes in two shapes: ropes and circular saws. Mostly used for

cutting concrete and other materials with rock-like structures or in

softer materials, such as wood, where the precision and high volume

of work justifies the expense of diamond-edged cutting tools.

Diamond saws are made by combining powder metal with diamond

crystals, which are then heated and pressed into a molding to form

the diamond segments.

USES:

 Saws are most commonly used for cutting hard materials. They are

used extensively in forestry, construction, demolition, medicine, and

hunting.
  Some saws are used as instruments to make music.

 Chainsaw carving is a flourishing modern art form. Special saws have

been developed for this purpose.

HACKSAW:

A hacksaw is a fine-tooth saw with a blade under tension in a frame, used

for cutting materials such as metal or bone. Some have pistol grips which

keep the hacksaw firm and easy to grip.

A power hacksaw is a type of hacksaw that is powered either by its own

electric motor (also known as electric hacksaw) or connected to a

stationary engine. Most power hacksaws are stationary machines but some

portable models do exist. Stationary models usually have a mechanism to

lift up the saw blade on the return stroke and some have a coolant pump to

prevent the saw blade from overheating.

While stationary electric hacksaws are reasonably uncommon they are still

produced but saws powered by a stationary engines have gone out of

fashion. The reason for using one is that they provide a cleaner cut than an

angle grinder or other types of saw.

CUTTING:

Cutting sheet metal can be done in various ways from hand tools called tin

snips up to very large powered shears. With the advances in technology,

sheet metal cutting has turned to computers for precise cutting.

Cutting is the separation of a physical object, or a portion of a physical

object, into two portions, through the application of an acutely directed

force. An implement commonly used for cutting is the knife or in medical

cases the scalpel. However, any sufficiently sharp object is capable of

cutting if it has a hardness sufficiently larger than the object being cut, and

if it is applied with sufficient force. Cutting also describes the action of a

saw which removes material in the process of cutting.

Cutting is a compressive and shearing phenomenon, and occurs only when

the total stress generated by the cutting implement exceeds the ultimate

strength of the material of the object being cut. The simplest applicable

equation is stress = force/area: The stress generated by a cutting

implement is directly proportional to the force with which it is applied, and

inversely proportional to the area of contact. Hence, the smaller the area
(i.e., the sharper the cutting implement), the less force is needed to cut

something.

When referring to propagating plants, cutting is one of the methods that can

be used. It involves cutting a part of the plant typically a healthy shoot, with

sharp and sterile scissors or any other cutting device, and then placing the

removed part in water. Some cuttings do not require water. Certain shoots

when cut are able to grow when placed in vermiculite or potting soil.

However, the former is the easiest to do as most shoots when cut from the

main plant need time to grow roots, and then they are able to be

transferred to potting soil.

 CHAPTER-3

DESCRIPTION OF EQUAPMENTS

CHAPTER-III
 DESCRIPTION OF EQUAPMENTS

3.1 A.C.MOTOR: A.C MOTOR:

DESCRIPTION OF A.C. MOTOR

An electric motor is a machine, which converts electrical energy to

mechanical energy. Its action is based on the principle that when a current-

carrying conductor is placed in a magnetic field, it experiences a magnetic force

whose direction is given by Fleming’s left hand rule.

When a motor is in operation, it develops torque. This torque can produce

mechanical rotation. A.C. motors are also like generators classified into shunt

wound or series wound or compound wound motors.

FLEMING’S LEFT HAND RULE:

Keep the force finger, middle finger and thumb of the left hand mutually

perpendicular to one another. If the forefinger indicates the direction of magnetic

field and middle finger indicates direction of current in the conductor, then the

thumb indicates the direction of the motion of conductor.

PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION OF A.C. MOTOR:

Figure I show a uniform magnetic field in which a straight conductor

carrying no current is placed. The conductor is perpendicular to the direction of

the magnetic field.

 In figure II the conductor is shown as carrying a current away from the

viewer, but the field due to the N and S poles has been removed. There is no

movement of the conductor during the above two conditions. In figure III the

current carrying conductor is placed in the magnetic field. The field due to the

current in the conductor supports the main field above the conductor, but

opposes the main field below the conductor.

Movement of

Conductor

N S

Magnetic flux Current carrying Conductor

 The result is to increase the flux density in to the region directly above the

conductor and to reduce the flux density in the region directly below the

conductor. It is found that a force acts on the conductor, trying to push the

conductor downwards as shown by the arrow. If the current in the conductor is

reversed, the strengthening of flux lines occurs below the conductor, and the

conductor will be pushed upwards (figure-IV).

Now consider a single turn coil carrying a current as shown in figure V. In

view of the reasons given above, the coil side A will be forced to move

downwards, whereas the coil side B will be forced to move upwards. The forces

acting on the coil sides A and B will be of same magnitude. But their direction is

opposite to one another.

 As the coil is wound on the armature core, which is supported by the

bearings, the armature will now rotate. The commutator periodically reverses the

direction of current flow through the armature. Therefore the armature will have a

continuous rotation.

A simplified model of such a motor is shown in figure VI. The

conductors are wound over a soft iron core. A.C. supply is given to the field poles

for producing flux. The conductors are connected to the A.C. supply through

brushes.
A.C. MOTOR THEORY

Left-Hand Rule for Current-Carrying Conductors Every current-carrying

conductor has a magnetic field around it. The direction of this magnetic field

may be found by using the left-hand rule for current-carrying conductors.

When the thumb points in the direction of current flow, the fingers will

point in the direction of the magnetic field produced, as shown in Figure 1. If a

current-carrying conductor is
Placed in a magnetic field, the combined fields will be similar to those shown

in Figure 2. The direction of current flow through the conductor is indicated with

an “x” or a “·".

The “x” indicates the current flow is away from the reader, or into the page.

The "·" indicates the current flow is towards the reader, or out of the page.

Above the conductor on the left, the field caused by the conductor is in the

opposite direction. Current-Carrying Conductor in a Magnetic Field of the main

field, and therefore, opposes the main field. Below the conductor on the left, the

field caused by the conductor is in the same direction as the main field, and

therefore, aids the main field.

The net result is that above the conductor the main field is weakened, or

flux density is decreased; below the conductor the field is strengthened, or flux

density is increased.
 A force is developed on the conductor that moves the conductor in the

direction of the weakened field (upward).

Ia Et ECEMF Ra

Where,

Ia = armature current

Et = terminal voltage

ECEMF = counter

EMF Ra = armature resistance

D.C. Motor Speed The field of a D.C. motor is varied using external devices,

usually field resistors. For a constant applied voltage to the field (E), as the

resistance of the field (Rf) is lowered, the amount of current flow through the

field (If) increases as shown by Ohm’s law in Equation.

 If E Rf

An increase in field current will cause field flux (f) to increase.

Conversely, if the resistance of the field is increased, field flux will decrease.

If the field flux of a D.C. motor is decreased, the motor speed will increase. The

reduction of field strength reduces the CEMF of the motor, since fewer lines of

flux are being cut by the armature conductors, as shown in Equation

ECEMF K FF N

A reduction of counter EMF allows an increase in armature current as

shown in Equation

Ia Et ECEMF Ra
 This increase in armature current causes a larger torque to be developed;

the increase in armature current more than offsets the decrease in field flux as

shown in Equation

T K FF Ia

This increased torque causes the motor to increase in speed.

A.C. MOTORS - SELECTION:

Choosing A.C. motor and associated equipment for a given application

requires consideration of several factors.

A.C. MOTORS - SPEED RANGE:

If field control is to be used, and a large speed range is required, the base

speed must be proportionately lower and the motor size must be larger.
 If speed range is much over 3:1, armature voltage control should be

considered for at least part of the range. Very wide dynamic speed range can be

obtained with armature voltage control. However, below about 60% of base speed,

the motor should be derated or used for only short periods.

A.C. MOTORS - SPEED VARIATION WITH TORQUE:

Applications requiring constant speed at all torque demands should use a

shunt-wound A.C. motor. If speed change with load must be minimized, a A.C.

motor regulator, such as one employing feedback from a tachometer, must be used.

When the A.C. motor speed must decrease as the load increases, compound

or series-wound A.C. motors may be used. Or, a A.C. motor power supply with a

drooping volt-ampere curve could be used with a shunt-wound A.C. motor.

A.C. MOTORS - REVERSING:

 This operation affects power supply and control, and may affect the A.C.

motor's brush adjustment, if the A.C. motor cannot be stopped for switching before

reverse operation.

In this case, compound and stabilizing A.C. motor windings should not be

used, and a suitable armature-voltage control system should supply power to the

A.C. motor.

A.C. MOTORS - DUTY CYCLE:

Direct current motors are seldom used on drives that run continuously at one

speed and load. Motor size needed may be determined by either the peak torque

requirement or heating.
A.C. MOTORS - PEAK TORQUE:

The peak torque that a A.C. motor delivers is limited by that load at which

damaging commutation begins. A.C. motor brush and commutator damage

depends on sparking severity and duration.

Therefore, the A.C. motor's peak torque depends on the duration and

frequency of occurrence of the overload. A.C. motor peak torque is often limited

by the maximum current that the power supply can deliver.

D.C. motors can commutate greater loads at low speed without damage.

NEMA standards specify that machines powered by A.C. motors must deliver at

least 150% rated current for 1 min at any speed within rated range, but most A.C.

motors do much better.

A.C. MOTORS - HEATING:

 A.C. motor temperature is a function of ventilation and electrical/mechanical

losses in the machine. Some A.C. motors feature losses, such as core, shunt-field,

and brush-friction losses, which are independent of load, but vary with speed and

excitation.

The best method to predict a given A.C. motor's operating temperature is to

use thermal capability curves available from the A.C. motor manufacturer. If

curves are not available, A.C. motor temperature can be estimated by the power-

loss method. This method requires total losses versus load curve or an efficiency

curve.
 For each portion of the duty cycle, power loss is obtained and multiplied by

the duration of that portion of the cycle. The summation of these products divided

by the total cycle time gives the A.C. motor's average power loss. The ratio of this

value to the power loss at the motor rating is multiplied by the A.C. motors rated

temperature rise to give the approximate temperature rise of the A.C. motor when

operated on that duty cycle.

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THEORY OF BEARING
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 BEARING

The bearing are pressed smoothly to fit into the shafts because if hammered
the bearing may develop cracks . In our project, the 6202 bearing with cap is used. The
bearing are pressed smoothly to fit into the shaft because if hammered the bearing may
develop cracks. Bearing is made up of steel material and bearing cap is mild steel.

INTRODUCTION:

Ball and bearing are used widely in instruments and machines in order to
minimize friction and power loss.
While the concept of the ball bearing dates backs at least to Leonardo da Vinci,
their design and manufacture has become remarkably sophisticated . this technology was
brought to its present state of perfection only after a long period of research and
development. The benefits of such specialized research can be obtain when it is possible
to use a standardized bearing of the proper size and type .
 However , such bearing cannot be used in discriminately without a careful study
of the loads and operating conditions . In additions , the bearing must be provided with
adequate mounting , lubrication and sealing . Design engineers have usually two possible
sources for obtaining information which they can use to select a bearing for their
particular application

1. Text books
2. Manufacturers

Catalogs textbooks are excellent sources; however, they tend to be overly detailed
and aimed at the student of the subject matter rather than the practicing designer. They in
most cases, contain information on how to design rather how to select a bearing for a
particular application. Manufacturers catalogs, in turn, are also excellent and contain a
wealth of information which relates to the products of the particular manufacturer.
These catalogs , however , fail to provide alternatives - which may divert the
designer‘s interest to product not manufactured by them . Our company, however,
provides the broadest selection of many types bearings made by different manufacturers.

For this reason , we are interested in providing a condensed overview of the

subject matter in an objective manner , using data obtained from different text , hand
books and manufacturers ‘ literature . This information will enable the reader to select
the proper bearing in an expeditious manner . if the designer is interest exceed the scope
of the of the presented material , a list of references is provided at the Technical section .
At the same time , we are expressing our thanks and providing credit to the sources which
supplied the material presented here .
-----------------------------------------------------------------------

CONSTRUCTION OF BEARING
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 CONSTRUCTION AND TYPES OF BALL BERAINGS:

A Bearing usually consists of four parts :

 Inner ring
 Outer ring
 Balls
 Cage or separator
To increase the contact area and permit larger load to be carried , the ball run in
curvilinear grooves in the rings . the radius of the groove is slightly larger than the radius
of the ball and a very slight amount of radial play must be provided . the bearing is thus
permitted to adjust itself to small amounts of angular misalignment between the
assembled shafts and mounting.

The separator keeps the balls evenly spaced and prevent them from touching each
other on the sides where their relative velocities are the greatest .ball bearing are made in
a wide variety of types and sizes . single –row radial bearing are made in four series,
extra light ,light, medium and heavy for each bore as illustrated in fig
 The heavy series of bearing is designated by 400 . most , but not all, manufacturers
use a numbering system so devised that if the last two digits are multiplied by 5, the
result will be the bore in millimeters . the digits in the third place from the right indicates
the series number . thus bearing 307 signifies a medium – series bearing of 35 mm bore .
for additional digits ,which may be present in the catalog number of a bearing, refer to
manufacturers details
Some maker list deep groove bearing and bearings with two of ball .For bearing
designations of Quality bearing and components (QBC ) , See special pages devoted to
this purpose .the radial bearing is able to carry a considerable amount axial thrust .

However , when the load is directed entirely along the axis the thrust type of
bearing should be used . the angular contact bearing will take of both radial and axial
loads. The self aligning ball bearing will take care of large of angular misalignment .

An increase in radial capacity may be secured by using rings with deep grooves,
or by employing a double – row radial bearing . radial bearing are divided into two
general classes , depending on the method of assembly .
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PROPERTIES OF BEARING
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 PROPERTIES OF BEARING MATERIALS

Bearing materials should have

 Possess low coefficient of friction.

 Provide hard, wear resistant surface with a tough core.
 Have high compressive strength.
 Have high fatigue strength.
 Be able to bear shocks and vibrations.
 Possess high thermal conductivity to dissipate heat generated due to friction
between the bearing and the rotating shaft.
 Possess adequate plasticity under bearing load.
 Possess adequate strength at high temperatures.
 Be such that it can be easily fabricated.
 Possess resistance to corrosion.
 Be such that it does not cause excessive wear of that shaft rotating in it, i.e.,
bearing material should be softer than the shaft material.
 Possess ant seizure characteristics.
 Be having small piece of comparatively hard metal embedded in a soft metal.
  Maintain a continuous film of oil between shaft and bearing in order to avoid
metal-to-metal contact.
 Should be cheap and easily available.

TYPES OF BEARING MATERIALS

They are

1. Lead or tin-based alloys.

2. Cadmium-based alloys.
3. Aluminum based alloys.
4. Silver based alloys.
5. Copper-based alloys.
6. Sintered bearing materials.
7. Non-metallic bearing materials.
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 CHARECTERSTICS OF BEARING
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Characteristics of Bearings

Load-steady Good Excellent

Starting Poor Excellent

Shock Fair Excellent

Starting Friction High Low

Limited by centrifugal
Limited by turbulence
Speed loading and dynamic
and temperature rise
loading

Poor in ball and roller

Misalignment tolerance Fair bearings, good in
spherical roller bearings

Space –radial Small Large

Axial 0.25 to 2.0d 0.2 to 0.5d

Poor
Damping vibration Good

Oil, grease, air and Oil, grease, etc..

Lubricant
powder

May be noise at
Noise Quiet
resonance

Varies as speed
Power consumption Varies as N D L

Limited by fatigue
Life Unlimited

Less care
Maintenance More care

Intermediate but very

Cost Small
little with quantity

Function of design and

Easy of replacement Easy
installation
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TYPES OF BALL BEARING

 -----------------------------------------------------------------------

Types of ball bearings

1. Deep groove ball bearing

2. Self aligning ball bearing
3. Single row angular contact ball bearing
4. Double row angular contact ball bearing

Further we select the deep groove ball bearing is enough because its maximum
permissible speed is 20000 rpm and it should be cheap and easily available.

So we can buy the deep groove ball bearings 2 nos. we want the basic design
number of the bearing (SKF). So we go to refer about P.S.G. design data book to know
what are the sizes and design numbers available in market and we select the deep
groove ball bearing no. As per the basic dimensions.

Bearing Basic capacity Kgf Max

d D1 D D2 B R R1
of basic Permi.
ISI No. design
No Speed
Units in mm Dynamic
(SKF) Static Rpm

17BC 16000
6203 17 21 40 36 12 1 0.6 440 750
02
 D1, abutment dia. on shaft

D2, abutment dia. on shaft and housing

R1, corner radii on shaft and housing

According to Indian standards, the bearings are designated by the bore diameter,
type of bearing and type of duty. For example, bearing with number 12BC03 will have
bore diameter of 12 mm. It belongs to type of BC (Bearing with cylindrical bore) and 03
stand for medium duty.

3.2 CAM

A cam is a projecting part of a rotating wheel or shaft that strikes a

lever at one or more points on its circular path. The cam can be a simple

tooth, as is used to deliver pulses of power to a steam hammer, for

example, or an eccentric disc or other shape that produces a smooth

reciprocating (back and forth) motion in the follower which is a lever making

contact with the cam.

The reason the cam acts as a lever is because the hole is not directly

in the centre, therefore moving the cam rather than just spinning. On the

other hand, some cams are made with a hole exactly in the centre and their
sides act as cams to move the levers touching them to move up and down

or to go back and forth.

3.3 VICE:

A vise or vice (see under miscellaneous spelling differences) is a

mechanical screw apparatus used for holding or clamping a work piece to

allow work to be performed on it with tools such as saws, planes, drills,

mills, screwdrivers, sandpaper, etc. Vises usually have one fixed jaw and

another, parallel, jaw which is moved towards or away from the fixed jaw by

the screw.

Metalworkers' vises:
For metalworking, the jaws are made of metal which may be

hardened steel with a coarse gripping finish. Quick change removable soft

jaws are being used more frequently to accommodate fast change-over on

set-ups. They are also kept for use where appropriate, to protect the work

from damage.

Metalworking bench vises, known as engineers' or fitters' vises, are bolted

onto the top surface of the bench with the face of the fixed jaws just forward
of the front edge of the bench. The bench height should be such that the

top of the vise jaws is at or just below the elbow height of the user when

standing upright. Where several people use the one vise, this is a counsel

of perfection but is still a good guide.

The nut in which the screw turns may be split so that, by means of a lever,

it can be removed from the screw and the screw and moveable jaw quickly

slid into a suitable position at which point the nut is again closed onto the

screw. Many fitters prefer to use the greater precision available from a plain

screw vise. The vise may include other features such as a small anvil on

the back of its body but it is in general, better to separate the functions of

the various tools.

Vise screws are usually either of an Acme thread form or a buttress thread.

Those with a quick-release nut use a buttress thread.

The word 'vise' comes ultimately, from the Latin word vitis (vine), referring

to the helical tendrils of the vine. The more direct source is the French vis,

screw.
Metalworking vises in Machine Shops

In high production machine work, work must be held in the same

location with great accuracy so CNC machines may perform operations on

an array of vises. To assist this, there are several machine-shop specific

vises and vise accessories.

Hard and soft machine jaws have a very important difference between

other metalworking vise jaws. The jaws are precision ground to a very flat

and smooth surface for accuracy. These rely on mechanical pressure for

gripping, instead of a rough surface. An unskilled operator has the

tendency to over-tighten jaws, leading to part deformation and error in the

finished work piece. The jaws themselves come in a variety of hard and

soft jaw profiles, for various work needs. One can purchase machinable

soft jaws, and mill the profile of the part into them to speed part set-up and

eliminate measurement. This is most commonly done in gang operations,

discussed below. For rectangular parts being worked at 45 degree angles,

prismatic hard jaws exist with V grooves cut into them to hold the part.

Some vises have a hydraulic or pneumatic screw, making setup not only

faster, but more accurate as human error is reduced.

For large parts, an array of regular machine vises may be set up to hold a

part that is too long for one vise to hold. The vises' fixed jaws are aligned

by means of a dial indicator so that there is a common reference plane for

the CNC machine.

For multiple parts, several options exist, and all machine vise

manufacturers have lines of vises available for high production work.

 The first step is a two clamp vise, where the fixed jaw is in the center

of the vise and movable jaws ride on the same screw to the outside.

 The next step up is the modular vise. Modular vises can be arranged

and bolted together in a grid, with no space between them. This

allows the greatest density of vises on a given work surface. This

style vise also comes in a two clamp variety.

 Tower vises are vertical vises used in horizontal machining centers.

They have one vise per side, and come in single or dual clamping

station varieties. A dual clamping tower vise, for example, will hold

eight relatively large parts without the need for a tool change.

 Tombstone fixtures follow the same theory as a tower vise.

Tombstones allow four surfaces of vises to be worked on one rotary

table pallet. A tombstone is a large, accurate, hardened block of metal

 that is bolted to the CNC pallet. The surface of the tombstone has

holes to accommodate modular vises across all four faces on a pallet

that can rotate to expose those faces to the machine spindle.

 New work holding fixtures are becoming available for five-axis

machining centers. These specialty vises allow the machine to work

on surfaces that would normally be obscured when mounted in a

traditional or tombstone vise setup.

3.4 HACKSAW:

A hacksaw is a fine-tooth saw with a blade under tension in a frame,

used for cutting materials such as metal or bone. Some have pistol grips

which keep the hacksaw firm and easy to grip.

A power hacksaw is a type of hacksaw that is powered either by its

own electric motor (also known as electric hacksaw) or connected to a

stationary engine. Most power hacksaws are stationary machines but some

portable models do exist. Stationary models usually have a mechanism to

lift up the saw blade on the return stroke and some have a coolant pump to

prevent the saw blade from overheating.

 While stationary electric hacksaws are reasonably uncommon they

are still produced but saws powered by a stationary engines have gone out

of fashion. The reason for using one is that they provide a cleaner cut than

an angle grinder or other types of saw.

CUTTING:

Cutting sheet metal can be done in various ways from hand tools

called tin snips up to very large powered shears. With the advances in

technology, sheet metal cutting has turned to computers for precise cutting.

Cutting is the separation of a physical object, or a portion of a

physical object, into two portions, through the application of an acutely

directed force. An implement commonly used for cutting is the knife or in

medical cases the scalpel. However, any sufficiently sharp object is

capable of cutting if it has a hardness sufficiently larger than the object

being cut, and if it is applied with sufficient force. Cutting also describes the

action of a saw which removes material in the process of cutting.

 CHAPTER-4

DESIGN AND DRAWING

 CHAPTER-IV

DESIGN OF EQUIPMENT AND DRAWING

4.1 COMPONENTS AND ITS SPECIFICATION

The motorized operated multi blade hacksaw cutting machine is

consists of the following components to full fill the requirements of complete

operation of the machine.

1. Motor

2. pulley arrangement

3. Hacksaw frame

4. Scotch yoke mechanism

CHAPTER -5
WORKING PRINCIPLE
 CHAPTER-V

WORKING PRINCIPLE

The eccentric cutting machine is provided with a “V” pulley driving speeds. This

pulley is connected to the motor by a ‘V’ belt. When the motor is started, the main shaft

of the slotter also starts revolving at the same speed. The running speed is 1440 R.P.M.

The main shaft drives the parallel shaft.

The speed is also reduced in the ratio of 1: 10. The direction of rotation also

changed. When the main shaft rotates 10 times the horizontal shaft will rotate only

once. The machine enables us to get 10 strokes / minute. The cam is keyed to the

parallel shaft. The cam is made up of mild steel piece. The link is connected to the cam

stud. The stud is fixed at 75 mm from the centre. The end of the bottom stud moving

cutter is fixed. Fixed blade is fixed to the frame stand. The motor will rotate the eccentric

cutting machine cut the pipe regularly.

 CHAPTER -6

MERITS AND DEMERIT

 CHAPTER -VI

MERITS AND DEMERIT

MERITS:

 There is no need of giving feed during every cut due to the presence

of weight.

 It is portable.

 Simple in construction.

 Less maintenance is enough.

DEMERIT:

Only smaller size and soft metal can be cut

 CHAPTER-7

APPLICATIONS
 CHAPTER-VII

APPLICATIONS

 It applicable in small and large scale industries etc..,

 CHAPTER-8

LIST OF MATERIALS
 CHAPTER-VIII

LIST OF MATERIALS

FACTORS DETERMINING THE CHOICE OF MATERIALS

The various factors which determine the choice of material are

discussed below.

1. Properties:

The material selected must posses the necessary properties for the

proposed application. The various requirements to be satisfied

Can be weight, surface finish, rigidity, ability to withstand environmental

attack from chemicals, service life, reliability etc.

The following four types of principle properties of materials decisively

affect their selection

a. Physical

b. Mechanical

c. From manufacturing point of view

d. Chemical
The various physical properties concerned are melting point, thermal

Conductivity, specific heat, coefficient of thermal expansion, specific gravity,

electrical conductivity, magnetic purposes etc.

The various Mechanical properties Concerned are strength in tensile,

Compressive shear, bending, torsional and buckling load, fatigue

resistance, impact resistance, eleastic limit, endurance limit, and modulus

of elasticity, hardness, wear resistance and sliding properties.

The various properties concerned from the manufacturing point of

view are,

 Cast ability

 Weld ability

 Forge ability

 Surface properties

 Shrinkage

 Deep drawing etc.

2. Manufacturing case:
 Sometimes the demand for lowest possible manufacturing cost or

surface qualities obtainable by the application of suitable coating

substances may demand the use of special materials.

3. Quality Required:

This generally affects the manufacturing process and ultimately the

material. For example, it would never be desirable to go casting of a less

number of components which can be fabricated much more economically

by welding or hand forging the steel.

4. Availability of Material:

Some materials may be scarce or in short supply. It then becomes

obligatory for the designer to use some other material which though may

not be a perfect substitute for the material designed. the delivery of

materials and the delivery date of product should also be kept in mind.

5. Space consideration:

Sometimes high strength materials have to be selected because the forces

involved are high and space limitations are there.

6. Cost:
 As in any other problem, in selection of material the cost of material

plays an important part and should not be ignored.

Some times factors like scrap utilization, appearance, and non-

maintenance of the designed part are involved in the selection of proper

materials.

CHAPTER-9
 COST ESTIMATION

CHAPTER- IX

COST ESTIMATION

1. LABOUR COST:

Lathe, drilling, welding, grinding, power hacksaw, gas cutting cost

2. OVERGHEAD CHARGES:

The overhead charges are arrived by “manufacturing cost”

Manufacturing Cost =Material Cost +Labour Cost

Overhead Charges =20%of the manufacturing cost

3. TOTAL COST:

Total cost = Material Cost +Labour Cost +Overhead Charges

Total cost for this project =

CHAPTER-10

CONCLUSION
 CHAPTER-XI

CONCLUSION

The project carried out by us made an impressing task in the field of

small scale industries and automobile maintenance shops. It is very useful

for the workers to cut the pipes to our required size.

This project will reduce the cost involved in the concern. Project has

been designed to perform the entire requirement task at the shortest time

available.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
 BIBLIGRAPHY

1. Design data book -P.S.G.Tech.

2. Machine tool design handbook –Central machine tool Institute,

Bangalore.

3. Strength of Materials -R.S.Kurmi

4. Manufacturing Technology -M.Haslehurst.

5. Design of machine elements- R.s.Kurumi

6. Hitech Research Foundation Tharangambadi 609 313

PHOTOGRAPHY