A Study of Waste Management and Recycling in India

Submitted by

Vishal Gaur

MMM – Semester V - Roll No. 29

Under the Guidance of

Name of the Guide: Prof. Ravi Vaidee

In Partial Fulfillment of

MMM course

University of Mumbai

(2016-2019)

Prin. L. N. Welingkar Institute of Management Development & Research

Matunga, Mumbai - 400019.

1
2
 CERTIFICATE FROM GUIDE

This is to certify that the project entitled “

”

is successfully done by Mr. / Ms. /

during the Third year of his/her course

in partial fulfillment of the Master Degree in

Management under the University of Mumbai through the:

Prin.L. N. Welingkar Institute of Management Development & Research,

Matunga, Mumbai-19.

This project represents the work done by Mr./ Ms./ ________________________

under my guidance & the record of Interactive sessions with me during the
preparation of the Project are as under:

Interactive Session # Date Signature of Guide

(Minimum Three)

1. ___________________ ___________________

2. ___________________ ___________________

3. ___________________ ___________________

Date: ______________ Signature of the Project Guide

Name of the Project Guide:

Address:

Tel. No. / Mobile No.

Email ID:

3
 DECLARATION OF ORIGINALITY

This is to submit that this written submission in my thesis entitled “A STUDY OF WASTE
MANAGEMENT AND RECYCLING IN INDIA” represents my ideas in my own words and
where others’ ideas or words have been included, I have adequately cited and referenced the
original sources. I also declare that I stuck to all principles of academic honesty and integrity and
have not misrepresented or fabricated or falsified any idea/ data/ fact/ source in my submission. I
understand that any violation of the above will be cause for disciplinary action by the B-School
and can also evoke penal action from the sources which have thus not been properly cited or from
whom proper permission has not been taken when needed.

This thesis encompasses the information generated by me based on research and work carried out
in the Institute and Industry. I assure and hold full responsibility for its genuineness.

-------------------------------- ---------------------------------
Prof. Ravi Vaidee Vishal Gaur
Guide Student

Date: ________________

4
PLAGIARISM CHECK REPORT

5
 ACKNOWLEDGMENT

The opportunity I had with Prin. L. N. Welingkar Institute of Management Development &
Research was great chance for learning and professional development. Therefore, I consider
myself as a very lucky individual as I was provided with an opportunity to be a part of it. I am also
grateful for having chance to meet so many wonderful people and professional who led me through
this internship period.

I would first like to thank my thesis advisor Prof. Ravi Vaidee. He consistently allowed this paper
to be my own work, but steered me in the right direction whenever he thought I needed it. Bearing
in mind I am using this opportunity to express my deepest gratitude to the ones who helped me in
this project.

I express deepest thanks to my PARENTS, for taking part in useful decision and giving necessary
advice and guidance. I chose this moment to acknowledge their contribution gratefully.

I perceive this opportunity as a big milestone in my career development. I will strive to use gained
skills and knowledge in the best possible way, and I will continue to work on their improvement,
in order to attain desired career objectives.

Hope to continue cooperation with all of you in the future.

Furthermore, I want to thank all the lovely people from the college. They were always there for
support or just a simple talk. These little things helped to create a pleasant work environment.

- Vishal Gaur

6
 ABBREVIATIONS

Sr. No. Abbreviation Full Form

1. MSW Municipal Solid Waste

2. MMR Mumbai Metropolitan Region

3. EPR Extended Producer's Responsibility

4. SWM Solid Waste Management

5. CSR Corporate Social Responsibility

6. MSWM Municipal solid waste Management

7
 LIST OF TABLES

Sr.
Table # Content
No.

1 Table 1 Sources and types of municipal solid waste

2 Table 2 The estimated total annual consumption

3 Table 3 Hazardous Gases in Trace Quantities at Municipal Solid Waste Facilities

4 Table 4 Sample Size

5 Table 5 Gender

6 Table 6 Age Group

7 Table 7 Education

8 Table 8 Occupation

9 Table 9 How long you have been living in this city?

10 Table 10 Have you ever been educated on proper waste disposal?

11 Table 11 What type of container do you use for collecting waste?

12 Table 12 How often is the waste container emptied?

13 Table 13 Do you feel that waste disposal is a problem in your locality?

14 Table 14 Have you ever heard about the importance of recycling?

8
 If this recycling was implemented, would you, willingly, separate all the
15 Table 15
materials in separate bags for collection purposes?

Do you know about environmental impact of solid waste and health

16 Table 16
problems caused by it?

Do you personally say that Solid Waste is major issue currently affecting
17 Table 17
your locality?

Overall, how do you rate your locality as compared to that you had 5-
18 Table 18
years ago?

Do you notice the presence of the following in and around public waste
19 Table 19
bin?

20 Table 20 Segregated data of Residential period v/s Comparison of locality

9
 LIST OF GRAPHS AND DIAGRAMS

Sr.
Figure # Content
No.

1 Figure 1 Rural and urban population in India

2 Figure 2 Market share of Packaging material

Impact of Improper SWM on Pristine Ecosystems, Landfill Fires in

3 Figure 3
Visakhapatnam Landfill, which is Located in a Valley

Impact of Improper SWM on Public health, Direct Exposure of Children to

4 Figure 4
Emissions from Open Burning, Hyderabad

Air pollution contributions from solid waste disposal and other sources by
5 Figure 5
mass

6 Figure 6 Air pollution in various cities across the globe

7 Figure 7 SWM System

8 Figure 8 Education on proper waste disposal

9 Figure 9 Education v/s Knowledge of Waste Disposal

10 Figure 10 Age v/s Health issues

11 Figure 11 Residential period v/s Comparison of locality

12 Figure 12 Modern Landfill

10
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page
Sr. Number Title
number

1 Executive Summary 13

2 Introduction and Objectives 14

3 Literature review 23

4 Research Design 27

5 Specific Objective of the Research and the Research Questions 28

Source of Data, Sample Size & Tools Used for Collecting the
6 29
Data

7 Limitations of the Research 31

8 Primary & Secondary Research 32

11
9 Tabulation of the Data 33

10 Analysis 38

11 Findings 41

12 Recommendations 43

13 Conclusion 45

14 Questionnaire Sample 49

15 Bibliography 53

12
 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Environmental challenges associated with waste generation and inadequate waste collection,
transport, treatment and disposal has always been a problem for India since few ages. Currently
with an increase in the number of population, India finds it very hard to cope-up with the waste
management. Thus this makes it hazardous for both, environmental and human health. The
challenges and barriers are significant, but so are the opportunities.

To assess the rapidly rising volume of municipal solid waste, its changing composition, the ill
practice of mixing wet & dry waste at the source of generation & growing volume of plastic in the
waste. The present system is focused on collection & transportation of mixed unsegregated waste.
Resource recovery & safe disposal of waste is largely neglected.

Rules have now been put in place for sustainable solid waste management but the capacity to plan
& manage the system & enforcement of the rules is still a major challenge. Sites allocated for
landfills are used as open dumping sites where too much waste is dumped without resource
recovery, generating leachate & methane gas.

This will lead us to the detailed study of the present status of waste management in India, its effects
on public health and the environment and the prospects of introducing improved means of
disposing municipal solid waste (MSW) in India and to find ways in which the enormous quantity
of solid wastes currently disposed of on land can be reduced by recovering materials and energy
from wastes, in a cost effective and environmental friendly manner using proper systems and
techniques.

It also presents mechanisms for ensuring that the system is financially stable.

Improper waste management deteriorates public health and environment impacting the quality of
life of citizens. By this research, we would be able to find solutions to overcome these problems.
These findings must be disseminated into the public knowledge domain more effectively and
efficiently.

13
 INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES

Mumbai Metropolitan Region (MMR) spread more than 4,355 Sq. Km is home to seven city
partnerships. Every Municipal Corporation in India are commanded to investigate strong waste
administration in their utilitarian areas under the 74th Constitutional Amendment. At present, all
the seven civil partnerships rely on brought together methods for overseeing waste which is
dumped at appointed landfills post accumulation. Aside from the partnership, there are numerous
players who assume a vital job in dealing with the waste. Quite a bit of this is overseen by casual
area and now developing recyclers who are setting up procedures for decentralized waste
administration.

The world (land, water and air) is being contaminated during that time and condition security
organizations are battling a losing fight. With the adjustment in way of life, example of human
home and occupation, the quantum of contamination by every individual is expanding each day
and is normally a matter of concern. One out of two individuals in this planet is either Chinese or
Indian. China has accomplished better waste administration when contrasted with India
disregarding the higher financial development. Enhancing waste administration has various
advantages prompting human prosperity. Unseemly waste administration framework is a critical
danger to general wellbeing other than hampering development and different advancements. The
present Indian Government has propelled a goal-oriented activity called the Clean India Campaign
to battle and turn around the impacts of contamination.

The primary poisons are the strong squanders, which thusly debase the water bodies and confine
the free stream and keep their regular natural cleaning. Likewise, aggregation of strong squanders
frequently produces upsetting harmful gases like methane other than making the land unacceptable
for development.

India is the second largest country on the planet with a populace of 1.3 billion, representing almost
18% of the world's human occupants. The urban populace has developed at a rate of 31.8% amid
the most recent decade to more than 377 million (Figure 1).1 The per capita squander age rate in
India has expanded from 0.44 Kg/day in 2001 to 0.5 Kg/day in 2011, filled by changing way of
life and expanded acquiring power. There are 53 urban areas in India which together produce 31.5

14
million tons/year (86,000 TPD) city strong waste (MSW). The aggregate strong waste age in the
nation is assessed to be 68.8 million Tons/year (188,500 TPD). Just 43 million Tons of waste is
gathered, 11.9 million Tons is dealt with and the rest is dumped in landfill locales.2The gathering
and transfer arrangement of junk is for the most part crude. The ongoing breakdown of Delhi's
Ghazipur landfill murdering 2 people ought to be an eye opener. This and comparable different
landfills are liable to visit fires and different risks.

Figure 1: Rural and urban population in India

Developing utilization of bundling is a result of urbanization with higher expectations for everyday
comforts of the general population and changes in example of utilization and conveyance. Various
key social and market patterns are majorly affecting bundling as of late. These include: littler
family units with resulting interest for littler pack measure, expanding prerequisite of prepared to
process sustenance and drinks and the developing utilization of beautifiers and bundled human
services items. Likewise, expanded discretionary cash flow and higher expectations for everyday
comforts and improvement of retail chains are energizing utilization of a wide scope of products
with ensuing development in their bundling. Despite the fact that, the per capita bundling
utilization in India is very low at 3.4 Kg, contrasted with numerous different nations (like China

15
20 Kg, Germany 42 Kg and USA 71 Kg). Its transfer after utilize is causing ecological issues. A
noteworthy part of strong waste is disposed of bundling material. It principally includes containers
and wrappers, pockets, bottles, jars and so on. Litter is the waste that is disposed of on open spots
for accumulation by the cleaning organizations (Table 1). Natural mindfulness and statutory
directions has prompted utilization of ecofriendly bundling materials and paper is the most
supported. Makers are presently under strain to utilize materials for bundling and embrace
strategies that have less antagonistic effect on the earth as a component of their Extended
Producer's Responsibility (EPR). For instance, in December 2010, the Supreme Court of India has
forced a prohibition on utilization of plastics bundling on some tobacco items like Gutkha and Pan
Masala. Eco-accommodating bundling is typically produced using reused materials, decreasing
the misuse of common assets underway. Moreover, the assembling procedure itself has a tendency
to be more effective. Notwithstanding limiting the natural effect while making the item, eco-
accommodating bundling additionally has a tendency to be better for the earth after it has filled its
need as it will be recyclable or compostable. However, the gathering and reusing of the bundling
after use in India needs enhancement to be successful.

Typical waste
Sources generators Components of waste
Residential Single and multi-family Food wastes, paper, cardboard, plastics, textiles, glass,
dwellings metals, ashes, special wastes (bulky items, consumer
electrical and electronics, batteries, oil, tires) and household
hazardous wastes
Commercial Stores, hotels, Paper, cardboard, plastics, wood, food wastes, glass,
restaurants, markets, metals, special wastes, hazardous wastes
office buildings
Institutional Schools, government Paper, cardboard, plastics, wood, food wastes, glass,
centers, hospitals, metals, special wastes, hazardous wastes
prisons, VIP residences
Municipal Street cleaning, Street sweepings, landscape and tree trimmings, general
services landscaping, parks, wastes from parks, beaches, and other recreational areas,
beaches, recreational paper, glass bottles, plastic pouches and bottles, discarded
areas clothing

Table 1: Sources and types of municipal solid waste

The separation of the distinctive bundling materials expended has been demonstrated as follows
(Figure 2 and Table 2):

16
 Figure 2: Market share of Packaging material

Consumption
Material Use Reasons for preference in million TPA
Paper and Cartons, boxes, bags Light weight, low cost, easy availability 6.50
board and wrappers and disposal
Plastics Pouches, bottles, caps, Light weight, corrosion resistant, 8.50
cartons, bags, versatility of use, attractive display
wrappers, containers
Aluminum Collapsible tubes, foils, Tasteless and odorless with good barrier 3.0
cans and closures, properties, greaseproof and shrink proof
containers
Glass Bottles, jars and jugs Good strength with high rigidity, 4.50
transparent, gas and water vapor barrier,
chemically inert
Tin plate Cans, containers and High strength with good barrier 6.50
caps properties, long self-life, reusable and
recyclable
Laminates Pouches, films, tubes High strength with good barrier 4.50
(plastics and and bags properties, grease resistant, attractive
paper) design display, suitable for heat sealing
Others - - 5.0

Table 2: The estimated total annual consumption

A run of the mill strong waste administration framework shows a variety of issues, including low
accumulation inclusion and sporadic gathering administrations, rough open dumping and
consuming without air and water contamination control, the reproducing of flies and vermin and

17
the taking care of and control of casual waste picking or rummaging exercises. These general
wellbeing, ecological, and administration issues are caused by different components which compel
the improvement of successful strong waste administration. Consequently, squander synthesis,
distinctive waste administration advances accessible and the nearness of reusing offices are for the
most part viewpoints that ought to be considered while structuring a proper waste administration
framework.4

Changes in shopper inclinations, rising petrochemical costs have prompted sustenance and
customer items organizations to search for options in contrast to plastics based bundling. While
glass, plastics and metals are reused, paper is both recyclable and biodegradable thus more makers
are deciding on paper based bundling. With development sought after key extraordinary
evaluations paper have advanced to meet distinctive bundling alternatives. Currently, around 7
million tons of paper is being expended in India for bundling, of which just 33% is being gathered
and reused.

India is confronting a sharp differentiation between its expanding urban populace and accessible
administrations and assets. Solid Waste Management (SWM) is one such management where India
has a colossal hole to fill. Municipal city Solid Waste (MSW) transfer frameworks to address the
expanding measure of squanders are missing. The current SWM administrations are wasteful,
acquire substantial consumption and are so low as tobe a potential risk to the general wellbeing
and natural quality.3 Inappropriate strong waste administration falls apart general wellbeing,
causes ecological contamination, quickens common assets corruption, causes environmental
change and incredibly impacts the personal satisfaction of natives.5

The below are some images of the improper SWM on the Ecosystems, including human health:

18
 Figure 3: Impact of Improper SWM on Pristine Ecosystems, Landfill Fires in
Visakhapatnam Landfill, which is Located in a Valley

Figure 4: Impact of Improper SWM on Public health, Direct Exposure of Children to

Emissions from Open Burning, Hyderabad

AIR POLLUTION DISEASE:6

Over a study period of 1984-92, Danish solid waste collection workers experienced a relative high
risk of 2.6 for work-related allergic lung diseases and 1.4 for work-related non-allergic lung
diseases compared to the entire work force. Waste collectors in Geneva had a 2.5 relative risk of
acquiring chronic bronchitis, according to studies during the mid-1970. To a large extent, this
continuous increase in the risk is related to exposure to organic dusts of which the major types are:

19
Gram-negative bacteria, Gram-positive bacteria, and fungi. A fungus forms a major respiratory
hazard because the filamentous fungi (i.e., mould) are allergens. Mycotoxins are metabolites of
filamentous fungi and suppress the pulmonary defense system and hence increase the risk of
respiratory organ related carcinomas. Gram-negative bacteria produce endo-toxins on their outer
membranes; and endo-toxins are the main pulmonary immune-toxicants, thus causing them serious
threat.

A study also found a statistically significant association between several air pollutants and the
incidence of bronchitis, emphysema, pneumonia, lung cancer, and other respiratory diseases as
well as stomach cancer, fetal and infant death rate, and total death rate. The study also computed
the cost of air pollution on human health in dollars. After statistically relating the incidence of a
given disease to air pollutant levels, they estimated the effect of lowered pollutant levels on
medical and indirect costs (days lost from work) associated with that disease; no dollar allowance
can ever be made for the related pain and suffering.

Fig 5: Air pollution contributions from solid waste disposal and other sources by mass (106
tons)

The following figure (Fig 6) is based on data from a study depicting the annual mean of air
pollution in various parts on the Globe:

20
 Fig 6: Air pollution in various cities across the globe

BIRTH DEFECTS AND INFANT MORTALITY:

Birth defects or infant death-rate is also caused by direct contact with pathogens or risky
constituents in solid waste, eupneic of air contaminants, or drinking of contaminated water. This
has not been verified once and for all. Most of the studies of birth defects don't offer any clarity
on which of those pathways (i.e., contact, inhalation, or injection) is an also primary exposure
mechanism. Nevertheless, it's relevant to work out whether or not birth defects are higher or lower
within the neck of the woods of solid waste facilities. Additionally, some doubtless risky gases
that may be discharged from municipal solid waste facilities are noted in Table below (Table 3).

benzene, toluene, ethyl benzene, methylene chloride, dichloro methane, carbon

Landfills:
tetrachloride
Burning Open Dumps: volatilized heavy metals
Incinerators: chlorinated and brominated dioxins and furans
volatilized heavy metals

Table 3: Hazardous Gases in Trace Quantities at Municipal Solid Waste Facilities

21
A Typical SWM System inclusive of the Functional Elements looks as follow:

Fig 7: SWM System

22
 LITERATURE REVIEW

1. Sunil Kumar, et al. Challenges and opportunities associated with waste management in India.
Royal Society Open Science, Mar/2017.

https://rsos.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/4/3/160764

This paper reports on an international seminar on ‘Sustainable solid waste management for cities:
opportunities in South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) countries’ organized
by the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-National Environmental Engineering
Research Institute and the Royal Society. A priority is to move from reliance on waste dumps that
offer no environmental protection, to waste management systems that retain useful resources
within the economy. Waste segregation at source and use of specialized waste processing facilities
to separate recyclable materials has a key role. Disposal of residual waste after extraction of
material resources needs engineered landfill sites and/or investment in waste-to-energy facilities.
The potential for energy generation from landfill via methane extraction or thermal treatment is a
major opportunity, but a key barrier is the shortage of qualified engineers and environmental
professionals with the experience to deliver improved waste management systems in India.

2. RanjithAnnepu. Sustainable Solid Waste Management in India. Waste-to-Energy Research

and Technology Council (WTERT), Jan/2012

http://www.seas.columbia.edu/earth/wtert/newwtert/Research/sofos/Sustainable_SWM_India_Fi
nal.pdf

This report is the result of over two years of research and includes data collected from the literature,
communication with professionals in India, US and Europe; and extensive field investigations by
the author in India and the US. Two field visits in India over a period of fifteen weeks covered 13
cities representing all sizes and regions in India. The visits included travelling to informal recycling
hubs, waste dealers shops, composting facilities, RDF facilities, WTE facilities, sanitary and
unsanitary landfills, landfill mining sites, and numerous municipal offices. These visits provided
the opportunity to closely observe the impact of waste management initiatives, or lack thereof, on
the public in those cities. The author has also visited different WTE plants in the US to study the

23
prospects of this technology in India. The main objective of the study was to find ways in which
the enormous quantity of solid wastes currently disposed off on land can be reduced by recovering
materials and energy from wastes, in a cost effective and environmental friendly manner. The
guiding principle of this study is that “responsible management of wastes must be based on science
and best available technology and not on ideology and economics that exclude environmental costs
and seem to be inexpensive now, but can be very costly in the future”. This report has also updated
the “Status of Cities and State Capitals in Implementation of MSW (Management and Handling)
Rules, 2000”, jointly published by the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) and the National
Environmental Engineering Research Institute (NEERI), with respect to waste disposal options.
The study also found that open burning of solid wastes and landfill fires emit nearly 22,000 tons
per year of pollutants into the air in the city of Mumbai alone. It was concluded that emissions
from open burning also cause numerous premature deaths in the populations exposed, but there is
no data available on this subject.

3. Isher Ahluwalia, et al. Solid waste management in India an assessment of resource recovery
and environmental impact. ICRIER, Apr/2018

http://icrier.org/pdf/Working_Paper_356.pdf

This study analyses the environmental and financial sustainability of solid waste management in
Indian cities. It presents an assessment of the rapidly rising volume of municipal solid waste, its
changing composition, the continuing practice of mixing biodegradable (wet) waste with dry waste
at the source of generation, and the growing volume of plastic in the waste. The present system is
focussed on collection and transportation of largely mixed unsegregated waste. Resource recovery
from the waste and safe disposal of the residual waste in scientifically designed landfills are grossly
neglected. Rules have now been put in place for sustainable solid waste management, but the
capacity to plan and manage the system and ensure the enforcement of the rules is a major
challenge. The inability to ensure segregation of waste comes in the way of proper recycling,
effective functioning of biomethanation plants, and also of safe operation of waste to energy plants
which consequently leads to release of toxic pollutants into the atmosphere. Sites allocated for
landfills are used as open dumping sites where far too much waste is dumped without resource
recovery, generating leachate and methane gas. This study also presents the sources of greenhouse

24
gas emissions from the solid waste sector. Besides presenting some mitigation choices to respond
to the growing challenge, it also suggests mechanisms for ensuring that the system is financially
sustainable.

4. JagadishMahanti. Clean India (Swacha Bharat) through Reuse and Recycling of Wastes. J
PollutEffCont 2017, Vol 5(4): 202. DOI: 10.4172/2375-4397.1000202

https://www.omicsonline.org/open-access/clean-india-swacha-bharat-through-reuse-and-
recycling-of-wastes-2375-4397-1000202-96106.html

With changed life style in India, there has been increased consumption of items of daily use and
consumer durables through retail outlets. These are packed in paper, plastics, glass, metal and other
containers and the discarded packing materials often end up as garbage and cause land, water and
air pollution. Whereas, most of them can be recycled back for reuse and are valuable raw material.
The present garbage collection, handling and disposal system is primitive and inefficient. The
deficiencies and consequences are highlighted in this article along with the socio-economic
benefits of systematic segregation, reuse and recycling of discarded wastes mainly packaging
material. Also, possible solution to the problem by participation of the individuals, communities
and authorities has been elaborated. Details of waste handling in Germany have been given as an
example of efficient and effective system.

5. HamsaIyer. Case Study of Mumbai: Decentralised Solid Waste Management. Procedia

Environmental Sciences, 2016; 35: 101-109. doi.org/10.1016/j.proenv.2016.07.054

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1878029616301438

Mumbai Metropolitan Region (MMR), spread over 4,355sq. km is home to seven municipal
corporations. All Municipal Corporations in India are mandated to look into solid waste
management in their functional domains under the 74th Constitutional Amendment. At present,
all the seven municipal corporations depend upon centralised means of managing waste which is
dumped at assigned landfills post collection. Apart from the corporation, there are multiple
players who play a crucial role in managing the waste. Much of this is managed by informal
sector and now emerging recyclers who are setting up processes for decentralised waste

25
management. This paper explores the scale at which different institutions/communities have
taken efforts to successfully manage their waste. Most people are unable to achieve 100%
decentralized management due to lack of appropriate channels for managing rejects and sanitary
waste. More importantly, it is imperative to understand the failure and limitations of the
municipal corporation since they are financially dependent on the centre and state for their
functioning. But despite all those constraints, it makes sense to gauge energy and material
recovery potentials and correlate to municipal waste management. By means of different
examples and a technology provider for bio-medical waste, we are able to make an impact
towards creating greener, sustainable communities.

26
 RESEARCH DESIGN

A survey questionnaire consisted of different items was developed, validated and distributed to the
people across various organizations, to explore and to understand the concept of waste
management and recycling in India, in the Mumbai, India. This is a cross sectional - real life
experience survey which would be conducted in the parts of Mumbai city, India. Google-forms,
an online tool was selected to distribute these survey questionnaires as it is user-friendly, had been
used with different web browsers, computer configurations and Internet services, along with Face-
to-Face interviews would be used. A message relating to the survey would be sent to friends,
communities and family members with a URL link to the survey. Survey response collector options
also include using a web-link, embedding a survey on a website, or posting a web-link on social
sites. The contents of the survey questionnaire were discussed and screened out for the
appropriateness. For the questionnaire validation, a pilot study on a group of ten participants would
be carried out before and after translation.

Contents of survey questionnaire: The survey questionnaire was comprised of two sections:

1. Section one mainly focused on the demographic information i.e. age, gender, education
level, and household income of respondents.
2. The aim of second section was collect information regarding their knowledge and
perception on waste management and recycling in India.

Data was entered into Graph Pad Prism version 7 software, for further analysis and the results were
obtained.

27
 SPECIFIC OBJECTIVE OF THE RESEARCH AND THE RESEARCH QUESTIONS

After considering all of the above problems being faced by the citizens of Mumbai, there was a
need to study the importance of solid waste management.

Against such scenery, and based on the research question, the following objectives of this study
were designed:

Primary Source:

Comparing existing methods of waste management and recycling in India

Secondary Source:

Information from Internet on the various companies taking a lead in such Corporate Social
Responsibility (CSR) activities Researched articles

28
SOURCE OF DATA, SAMPLE SIZE&TOOLS USED FOR COLLECTING THE DATA

The source of the data was both primary and secondary research. Through this primary and
secondary research, a sample size of 50 participants was decided to be the final respondents. The
respondents were randomly selected in order to understand the basic knowledge of the consumer
towards solid waste management and recycling.

Sample Size
Types of Respondents Sample Size
E-pharmacy using customers 75

Table 4: Sample Size

Graph Pad Prism Software:7

Graph Pad Prism is commercial scientific 2D graphing and statistics software available for both
Windows and Macintosh computers. Alternatives to Graph Pad Prism are SciDAVis, and
interfaces to R. Its features are: Provides statistical guidance for novices. Analysis checklists
review if an appropriate analysis was performed. Nonlinear regression with many options
(removes outliers, compare models, compare curves, interpolate standard curves, etc.). Live links.
When data are edited or replaced, Prism automatically updates the results and graphs. Analysis
choices can be reviewed, and changed, at any time. Automatic error bars. Raw data (replicates)
can be entered, and then plotted as mean with SD, SEM or confidence interval. The analysis was
done with a quantitative analysis methodology to search out answers to the research queries
conferred in section below (Questionnaire Sample). A survey was being conducted with a
Questionnaire form in paper. The Questionnaire form was 2 sided and contained 18 analysis
queries, out of which 5 questions was used to collect personal information regarding the
respondents. In addition, the survey contained information regarding the aim of the study and
points out that participation was voluntary. The form contained both closed-ended and multiple-
choice queries, also as queries asking the respondent to rank some choices reckoning on their
importance to the respondent. These also consisted of suggestions to seek more information as to
how to make the final Questionnaire ready. The queries were designed to be clear in order that

29
respondents are able to answer quickly and severally, additionally old folks. All Questionnaire
forms that were answered were in English language, and all the forms that were used throughout
the whole analysis were identical. It was considered appropriate to use a Questionnaire in the
analysis since it permits collection of information from an outsized quantity of people. A
Questionnaire additionally serves the aim well since it permits to collect information rather quickly
and a few large set of questions. So, as to best reach the e-pharmacy customers of all ages the
analysis wasn't conducted online however through a paper kind. This was done on a pilot scale of
25 respondents. After the suggestions were analyzed, the final Questionnaire was prepared and
then sent across to friends, family and peer reviewed respondents, randomly.

30
 LIMITATIONS OF THE RESEARCH

There were some restrictions and challenges for the analysis of the study. Once after grouping of
the secondary information, it had been troublesome to seek out documentation regarding Solid
Waste Management. Mumbai could be a recently developing town and so there
is no abundant documented information regarding its Solid Waste Management method or
environmental pollution and degradation. The background information associated with waste
management in Mumbai was quite poor and not updated to that extent. In fact, a comprehensive
study relating to the municipal waste sector in information has never been done, that increases the
importance of this thesis.

While conducting the interviews for this research, several of the respondents, those who were
contacted, were terribly cautious while providing information relating to Mumbai and its waste
management method. This was because of the political problems. Therefore, abundant time was
spent and ability in elucidative the terribly important purpose of this study and collect the
mandatory information from the respondents.

The study was dispensed while some of the fundamental quantity parliamentary campaigns were
on. It had been hence troublesome to contact with respondents as they assumed conjointly to be a
member of the party and supporting for such campaigns. And at the identical time the
campaigns drew the eyes of some of the respondents and sometimes that of the researcher as well
thus the appointments had to be delayed. This priced a lot of time and strength and in
fact affected the information assortment method since the person collecting the data
may solely reach the respondent once a few makes an attempt.

31
 PRIMARY & SECONDARY RESEARCH

This study was conducted using secondary data along with the primary data.

Secondary Research and Research Tool Development: On the basis of the secondary research
and sources, the research tool was developed for primary research – a Semi-Structured
Questionnaire in a pre-conceived format. The research tool or the questionnaire which was
developed for this study was then given to the customers using qualitative or quantitative analysis.

Primary Research: Before the main study was started, the above Semi-Structured Questionnaire
was tested on pilot group of 25 respondents. The “suggestions” were also one of the main questions
in the questionnaire designed. Necessary changes were then made and final questionnaire was
prepared and online survey was performed to collect information from the respondents, through
qualitative analysis.

Sample Size

Types of Respondents Sample Size

E-pharmacy using customers 50

32
 TABULATION OF THE DATA

Details of the respondent’s demographics are shown the Table 5. More than half of the respondents
were female (60.0%).

Gender Count %
Female 45 60
Male 30 40
Grand Total 75 100

Table 5: Gender

Also 45.33% of the total respondents were in the age group of 20-29 years (Table 6):

Age Group Count %

20-29 34 45.33333
30-39 20 26.66667
40-49 10 13.33333
50-59 6 8
60 & above 5 6.666667
Grand Total 75 100

Table 6: Age Group

The respondents contacted were majorly professional (28.0%) followed by post graduates
(26.67%) as in Table 7; and, 50.67% of respondents were salaried with 25.33% of self-employed
respondents (Table 8).

Education Count %
Graduate 15 20
Post Graduate 20 26.66667
Professional 21 28
Undergraduate 19 25.33333
Grand Total 75 100

Table 7: Education

33
 Occupation Count %
Retired 4 5.333333
Salaried 38 50.66667
Self employed 19 25.33333
Student 14 18.66667
Grand Total 75 100

Table 8: Occupation

On looking into the number of years an individual has stayed in Mumbai, 33.33% of people were
residing for 4-6 years and 21.33% respondents were in Mumbai for +10 years (Table 9).

Residence in Mumbai Count %

10 years & above 16 21.33333
1-3 years 3 4
4-6 years 25 33.33333
7-9 years 21 28
Less than a year 10 13.33333
Grand Total 75 100

Table 9: How long you have been living in this city?

Table 9 shows the responses of the people if they were educated on proper waste disposal, and a
very few (25.33%) of the respondents answered NO. Also Table 10 describes the number of
respondents and which container types were used for collecting of the waste.

Response Count %
No 19 25.33333
Yes 56 74.66667
Grand Total 75 100

Table 10: Have you ever been educated on proper waste disposal?
Container Count %
Carton 5 7
Old Bucket 7 9
Plastic Bag 30 40
Waste Bin 33 44
Grand Total 75 100

Table 11: What type of container do you use for collecting waste?

34
Table 11 reports the frequency of the waste container being emptied by the respondents. Of these
65.0% of the respondents used public waste bins and 20.0% used Waste van to empty their
containers. Approximately 15.0% of the respondents reported that there was a special person
assigned for collecting the waste in their residential area.

Options Count %
Once a day 63 84
Once in 2 days 2 3
Once in 3 days 5 7
Once in a week 4 5
Others (automatically attached to the decomposing well) 1 1
Grand Total 75 100

Table 12: How often is the waste container emptied?

A majority of the respondents (87.0%) reported that there was a problem in the locality due to
improper waste management (Table 12). Also 96.0% of these respondents had the knowledge of
the importance of recycling (Table 13) and all of them had agreed to solid waste recycling.

Options Count %
No 10 13
Yes 65 87
Grand Total 75 100

Table 13: Do you feel that waste disposal is a problem in your locality?

Options Count %
No 3 96
Yes 72 4
Grand Total 75 100

Table 14: Have you ever heard about the importance of recycling?

Table 14 denotes the responses of the people who were approached in this research, their
willingness to contribute to the recycling management and 97.0% of respondents agreed to this
question. While Table 15 says their knowledge of environmental impact of solid waste and health
problems and 97.0% of respondents had an idea for each question - environmental impact of solid
waste and health problems.

35
 Options Count %
No 2 3
Yes 73 97
Grand Total 75 100

Table 15: If this recycling was implemented, would you, willingly, separate all the materials
in separate bags for collection purposes?

Options Count %
No 2 3
Yes 73 97
Grand Total 75 100

Table 16: Do you know about environmental impact of solid waste and health problems
caused by it?

The next two Tables – Table 16 and 17, denotes the major issue of Solid waste in the respondent’s
locality and the comparison of their locality for the duration of 5-years.

Options Count %
No 5 7
Yes 70 93
Grand Total 75 100

Table 17: Do you personally say that Solid Waste is major issue currently affecting your
locality?

Options Count %
A little better 11 14
A little worse 15 20
Much better 6 8
Much worse 20 27
The same 23 31
Grand Total 75 100

Table 18: Overall, how do you rate your locality as compared to that you had 5-years ago?

On asking why their locality was causing problem and what was the main thing bothering them,
the reply was (Table 19):

36
 Presence of Count %
Dark flowing water 7 9
Domestic animals 2 3
Mosquitoes 31 42
Others 1 3.33333
Rats 32 42.66667
Grand Total 75 100

Table 19: Do you notice the presence of the following in and around public waste bin?

37
 ANALYSIS

1. The survey findings revealed that a considerable amount of respondents (75.0%) had a proper
knowledge about waste disposal. Further analysis would be required to understand the effect
of various parameters on the medicine buying frequency of consumers to get a detailed insight
on the same.

Education on proper
waste disposal
No
25%

Yes
75%

Fig 8: Education on proper waste disposal

2. On comparing the respondents’ education with their knowledge of proper waste disposal,
28.0% of respondents were professionals followed by 27.0% of post graduates. The 20.0% of
respondents who were graduates and 25.0% of undergraduate respondents suggest that there is
an effort taken by the Indian government for implementation of proper knowledge amongst the
residence of India.

Education v/s Knowledge of

Waste Disposal
Undergradu Graduate
ate 20%
25%

Post
Graduate
Professiona 27%
l
28%

Fig 9: Education v/s Knowledge of Waste Disposal

38
3. When analyzing the health issues and comparing it with the respondents’ age, it was found that
majority of population was in the age group of 20-29 years (45.0%) followed by 30-39 years
(27.0%). This analysis suggests that the population under 30 years of their age is more prone
to health issues, including females that have high chances of Urinary Tract Infections,
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome, etc.

Age v/s Health issues

50-59 60 & above
8% 7%

40-49 20-29
13% 45%

30-39
27%

Fig 10: Age v/s Health issues

4. When asked the ones residing in Mumbai for quite a good amount of time, the ones who
reported that their locality had degraded were 20 respondents, which preceded with the
response that their residential locality had neither turned waste of had turned much better but
was the same as seen before.

39
Count of Overall, how do you rate your locality
Column Labels
as compared to that you had 5-years ago?

The
A little A little Much Much Grand
Row Labels sam
better worse better worse Total
e
10 years & above 3 3 1 4 5 16
1-3 years 1 1 1 3
4-6 years 5 5 2 6 7 25
7-9 years 1 5 2 5 8 21
Less than a year 1 2 4 3 10
Grand Total 11 15 6 20 23 75

Table 20: Segregated data of Residential period v/s Comparison of locality

Residential period v/s Comparison of

Locality

1-3 years
10 2%
years &
above
10%
4-6 years
Grand Total 17%
50%

7-9 years
14%

Less than a year

7%

Fig 11: Residential period v/s Comparison of locality

40
 FINDINGS

The preceding discussion of health and injury impacts shows that it's tough to differentiate between
occupational and environmental risks in developing countries (especially lower-income countries
andmiddle-income states experiencing major economic difficulties), because many people who are
not solid waste personnel live and add the immediate proximity of huge piles of solid waste,
whetheruncollected accumulations, on the quiet dumps, or official land disposal sites. Clearly,
improved solidwaste assortment in developing countries would decrease the population exposed
to risk.

Each city needs to implement a record to keep the health of the solid waste workers which will
include the informal waste collectors and recyclers. International development agencies that
provide solid waste equipment and/or facilities need to specify health and safety conditions for
municipalities to meet in the use of these units, including improved record-keeping on incidents
of disease, injury and death. Health and safety conditions from international development agencies
will also encourage the cities to give more attention to this issue.

Adopting the Integrated Solid Waste Management strategy is critical to make sure effective solid
waste management in Mumbai. The lowland website ought to be properly managed to avoid
heaping of waste and burning. SWM council ought to be adequately resourced by the government
to make sure economical and effective waste management within the space because the space is
developed underneath a government development project. Mumbai ought to coordinate with
alternative company bodies like National Solid Waste Management Centre yet like the NGOs to
drag technical support and money resources to sustain the establishments managing. There ought
to be adequate core waste management instrumentality like compaction trucks, and skip loaders.
The scale, gas recovery system and leachate assortment system should be established within the
land fill website. Particularly correct leachate is critical because it can decrease the chance of waste
polluting groundwater within the land fill space. Residents ought to be inspired to use correct
primary disposal practices and support with waste separation from the house level. During this
manner a number of the separated waste may well be reused. Polyethylene luggage and empty
water sachets is recycled and therefore the garbage is composted.

41
Kids are all the time the victims of the different ailments with major percent of the respondents
accepting that the kids are getting influenced by the disease. The review likewise features the
occasional event of sicknesses what's more, finds that storm season as the most ailment inclined
season with about 50% of the respondents consenting to it. About the costs for treatment of a scene
of a disease the review finds that the normal outpatient cost as somewhat not exactly the normal
inpatient cost. A total of 96.1% of the respondents had a normal outpatient cost of not exactly of
Rs. 500 while 75% of the respondents had normal inpatient costs of not exactly of Rs. 500. Also
14.3% had an inpatient cost somewhere in the range of Rs. 500 and Rs. 1000 and 10.7% had costs
above Rs. 1000. About 86% of the respondents concurred that the event of maladies in the
metropolitan territory has expanded in the last few a long time. 78.6% of the respondents think
about strong waste contamination as the principle explanation behind the expansion in the event
of infections. Another critical finding was that 62.9% of the respondents had no protection cover.

42
 RECOMMENDATIONS

In spite of the fact that there are no thorough information on waste generation rates, accumulation
inclusion, stockpiling, transport, and transfer volumes and rehearses, the Central Public Health and
Environmental Engineering Association (CPHEEO) evaluated a for each capita waste generation
in Indian urban communities and towns in the scope of 0.2 to 0.6 kilograms every day. The regular
urban development rate has been resolved at around 2.5 percent every year; the development of
waste age is outpacing the urban populace development in Indian urban areas. Along these lines,
urban populace development and in addition expanding per capita squander age will keep on
enhancing the waste issue. To anticipate future issues, India must find a way to control squander
age, to improve reusing recuperation and reuse, and to guarantee better gathering and economical
transfer.

As per the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB), normal gathering inclusion ranges from 50 to
90 percent. Moreover, of all gathered waste, 94 percent is discarded in an unsatisfactory way with
no thought of best in class designing standards. Subsequently, there is serious corruption of
groundwater and surface water through leachate, and also corruption of air through uncontrolled
consuming of waste materials.

In India, SWM is the essential obligation and obligation of the civil experts. State enactment and
the neighborhood demonstrations that oversee civil experts incorporate extraordinary
arrangements for accumulation, transport, furthermore, transfer of waste. They appoint the duty
regarding arrangement of administrations to the chief executive of the municipal authority. Most
state enactment does not cover the important specialized or authoritative subtle elements of SWM.
Laws discuss clearing streets, giving receptacles in different parts of the city for capacity of waste,
and transporting waste to transfer locales when all is said in done terms, yet they don't illuminate
how this cleaning will or should be possible. The civil demonstrations don't indicate in clear terms
which duties have a place with the natives (for instance, the duty not to litter or the responsibility
for putting away waste at its source). Also, they don't make reference to specific gathering
frameworks (door-to-door gathering of waste), don't order proper sorts of squander capacity stops,
don't require secured squander transport issues, and do not specify parts of waste treatment or
sterile landfills. In this way, most state enactment, except for that of Kerala, does not satisfy the

43
prerequisites for a proficient SWM benefit. Given the non-attendance of fitting enactment or of
any checking instrument on the execution of metropolitan experts, the arrangement of waste
administration has remained seriously inadequate and obsolete. Improper and unhygienic
frameworks are utilized. At transfer locales, civil specialists dump city squander, human excreta
from ghetto settlements, modern waste from little modern foundations inside the city, and
biomedical waste without forcing any limitations, accordingly inciting significant issues of
wellbeing and ecological debasement. The Municipal Solid Waste (Management and Handling)
Rules (2000) set out the means to be taken by every single city specialist to guarantee the
executives of strong waste as indicated by best practice.

44
 CONCLUSION

Human being’s manner of life has placed upon too much pressure on the atmosphere and have
caused imbalance within the eco-systems by the manufacturing, overwhelming and wasting of
natural resources. Most countries plainly have major effects on the atmosphere thanks to southwest
generation with economic development since the natural resources are used, and waste and
pollution are created. Therefore, the priority towards the management of solid waste as associate
integral half for property development has inflated.

The Municipal solid waste generation depends on population climate, urbanization, socioeconomic
criteria and many other things. Overall, the MSWM practices adapted in India at present are quite
inadequate and also at a ground level. It is also noted that there are efforts put in to improve
MSWM in major cities but due lack of attention for MSW of medium and small-scale towns. The
current regulations (MSWM rules, 2000) are very stringent. Many deficiencies are being identified
in the implementation of policy. Non compliances in MSWM are largely due to lack of training,
financial constraints, lack of proper planning and leadership. For developing country like India
having approximately 70% of its population residing in small-scale towns and villages, proper
waste management policy should be implemented in such areas. Optimization studies must be
carried out to explore the feasibility of integrated waste management through clustering of small
towns and their surrounding villages for better MSWM.

This study explored the importance of SWM for property development with the priority of latest
development method in Mumbai city of India. There have been two analysis objectives to be
achieved with the study. The primary objective was to check the characteristics of solid waste
management practices in Mumbai. The research worker investigated the environmental impacts of
solid waste management practices in Mumbai and assessed however waste management practices
will contribute to sustain the event processes in Mumbai. Establishing an understanding of the
perception amongst native communities concerning solid waste management for sound
environmental development was additionally a priority.

45
Modernized techniques must be used in order to reduce the SWM, one of which is Modern
Landfill.

Fig 12: Modern Landfill

On numerous events, biological system administrations have been utilized as a chance to legitimize
natural debasement and proceed with 'the same old thing' situations. Carbon sequestration gives a
valuable model, whereby as opposed to decreasing emanations, numerous partners look for
chances to 'get themselves out' of their obligation by putting resources into carbon sequestration.
The proposed examination of the immediate and roundabout ecological results of such utilization
of environment administrations encourages us to comprehend the disputable character of such a
way to deal with the utilization of nature. Regardless of whether the effects of these particular
emanations might be moderated, the key issue here is that the presence of backwoods (or the
utilization of timberlands for balancing carbon outflows) warrants encourage discharges. In such
cases, the idea of biological system administrations sanctions natural debasement, to the degree

46
that it very well may be moderated with the utilization of instrumentally treated environments and
their administrations.

Numerous biological community administrations are seen as "open products", collecting outside
money related frameworks. Up to this point, many went unrecognized in arranging procedures and
they keep on being underestimated. Therefore, environments are being corrupted at an expanding
rate. Framework assembled fundamentally to give individuals with water for water system and
local, business and modern reasons for existing is essential for monetary development, for
lightening neediness furthermore, for achieving a significant number of the proposed SDGs. Not
with standing, this framework - particularly dams - has impacts on sea-going biological systems
and, by changing streams of water, silt and supplements, can debilitate the biological system
benefits on which poor networks depend. Changing environments to encourage financial
advancement is fundamental yet in what capacity can we abstain from harming essential
environment administrations. As an essential, we have to see how environment administrations
contribute to individuals' employments and prosperity. In considering biological system benefits,
the purpose is to recognize intercessions that offer individuals conceivable outcomes and enhance
their vocations over the long haul.

Sustainable ecosystem management is a helpful idea and offers a structure for adjusting contending
human needs and long haul environment maintainability through a procedure of partner
arrangement and versatile administration. In any case, on the grounds that the objectives are, by
definition, set on a case-by-case premise, there is no certification that the objectives and procedure
that rise up out of the transaction procedure will defend biodiversity and give flexibility to long
haul social and natural change. Biological community honesty and flexibility will in any case be
in danger, particularly if there are control awkward nature between partners. ES valuation might
be helpful in setting needs, however it is imperative to utilize a wide scope of valuation approaches,
including social and social qualities, and in addition money related qualities for attractive
merchandise and ventures. . The consortium ought to think about whether we can give clear
direction to a procedure of economical biological system administration that will be useful to
experts.

47
The world is seeing ecological change the world over. There is by all accounts the aggregate detach
with the nature which gets showed as environmental change, a worldwide temperature alteration
and catastrophic events. In spite of the fact that man himself is in charge of a similar where he is
attempting to prevail upon nature rashly in any case, his own reality is under strong threat. Indian
human progress, one of the most established living developments, has staunchly had faith in being
in congruity with the nature. An old writing is packed with occurrences where human affectability
towards nature is celebrated getting it done. The Vedic, Jain, Buddhist, and Kautilya's Arthshashtra
set up the standards of maintainability hundreds of years back. This exploration paper principally
centers on those biologically maintainable standards which the man appears to have overlooked
today. In the event that they are pursued, the biology will move reasonably and present, as well as
appreciate nature in its unique power.

The way of life of protection of nature goes back to the old Vedic Period. The four Vedas i.e.
Rigveda, Samaveda, Yajurveda and Atharvaveda are brimming with songs which expressly
advocate the matchless quality of various regular power. The Rigvedic psalms allude to numerous
divine beings and goddesses that is simply the representation of normal elements like sun god,
moon god, thunder, water god, and streams as mother, rain, helping, trees and so forth. They have
been celebrated and revered as providers of wellbeing, riches and thriving. The rain god Indra has
the biggest number of psalms related to him. Sun venerate is of indispensable significance in Vedic
love. Today it has been affirmed that sun based vitality is a definitive wellspring of vitality that
manages the stream of vitality through water chain, evolved way of life and drives different other
supplement cycles and along these lines set up a control over the earth biological community,
however it was surely knew and acknowledged by the old Indians.

Along these lines we can state that antiquated Indians were particularly mindful about the nature
and maintainability. It helps in illuminating particular ecological issues and the advanced standards
of manageability were embraced around then. In any case, lamentably we have overlooked those
brilliant standards laid up by them.

48
 QUESTIONNAIRESAMPLE

1. Gender
a. Male
b. Female

2. Age Group (in years)

a. 20-29
b. 30-39
c. 40-49
d. 50-59
e. 60 & above

3. Education
a. Undergraduate
b. Graduate
c. Post Graduate
d. Professional

4. Occupation
a. Salaried
b. Self employed
c. Retired
d. Student
e. Others

5. How long you have been living in this city?

a. Less than a year
b. 1-3 years
c. 4-6 years
d. 7-9 years

49
 e. 10 years & above

6. Have you ever been educated on proper waste disposal?

a. Yes
b. No

7. What type of container do you use for collecting waste?

a. Waste Bin
b. Old Bucket
c. Plastic Bag
d. Carton

8. How often is the waste container emptied?

a. Once a day
b. Once in 2 days
c. Once in 3 days
d. Once in a week
e. Others (please specify)

9. Where do you empty your waste container?

a. Public waste bin
b. Waste van
c. On an open ground
d. By the road
e. Other

10. Do you feel that waste disposal is a problem in your locality?

a. Yes
b. No

11. Have you ever heard about the importance of recycling?

50
 a. Yes
b. No

12. If yes, do you agree to Solid Waste recycling?

a. Yes
b. No

13. If this recycling was implemented, would you, willingly, separate all the materials in
separate bags for collection purposes?
a. Yes
b. No

14. Do you know about environmental impact of solid waste?

a. Yes
b. No

15. Did you ever hear of the health problems due to solid waste?
a. Yes
b. No

16. Do you notice the presence of the following in and around public waste bin?
a. Dark flowing water
b. Rats
c. Mosquitoes
d. Rats
e. Domestic animals
f. Other

17. Do you personally say that Solid Waste is major issue currently affecting your locality?
a. Yes
b. No

51
18. Overall, how do you rate your locality as compared to that you had 5-years ago?
a. Much better
b. A little better
c. The same
d. A little worse
e. Much worse

52
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. Census of India, 2011. Census of India. [Online] 2011

2. Lahiry H (2017) Down to earth. India’s challenges in waste management.Studies on
Environmental Quality in and around Municipal Solid Waste Dumpsite.
3. Arun K. Biswas, Sunil Kumar, S. SateeshBabu, J. K. Bhattacharyya, TapanChakrabarti.
2, Kolkata, Nagour : Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 2010, Vol. 55
4. Cointreau S. Occupational and environmental health issues of solid waste management:
special emphasis on middle- and lower-income countries. Urban Papers, 2006; UP-2: 1-
57.
5. Hokkanen J and Salminen P. Choosing a solid waste management system using
multicriteria decision analysis. European Journal of Operational Research, 1997; 98: 19-
36
6. Poulsen OM, Midtgard U, et. al., Proceedings of the International Meeting for Waste
Collection and Recycling Bioaerosol Exposure and Health Problems. Held in Koge,
Denmark. Published by the Institute of Agricultural Medicine, Lublin, Poland. September
13-14, 1996.
7. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GraphPad_Software
8. Satishkumar R, Chanakya H and Ramchandra T. Energy and Wetlands Research, 2018.
9. Sunil Kumar, et al. Challenges and opportunities associated with waste management in
India. Royal Society Open Science, Mar/2017.
10. RanjithAnnepu. Sustainable Solid Waste Management in India. Waste-to-Energy
Research and Technology Council (WTERT), Jan/2012
11. HamsaIyer. Case Study of Mumbai: Decentralised Solid Waste Management. Procedia
Environmental Sciences, 2016; 35: 101-109. doi.org/10.1016/j.proenv.2016.07.054
12. Mahanti J. Clean India (Swacha Bharat) through Reuse and Recycling of Wastes. J
PollutEffCont 2017, Vol 5(4): 202. DOI: 10.4172/2375-4397.1000202
13. Ahluwalia I, et al. Solid waste management in India an assessment of resourcerecovery
and environmental impact. ICRIER, Apr/2018
14. Smith A, Berry P and Harrison P. Sustainable Ecosystem Management. OpenNESS
Ecosystem Services Reference Book, 2016.

53
15. McCartney M, Finlayson M and de Silva S. Sustainable development and ecosystem
services. International Water Management Institute, 2014: 1-4.
16. Sustainability. Environment and Ecology.
17. Baroni L, Cenci L, Tettamanti M, Berati M. Evaluating the Environmental Impact of
Various Dietary Patterns Combined with Different Food Production Systems.Eur. J. Clin.
Nutr., 2017; 61 (2 ): 279-86.
18. F. Stuart Chapin III, Torn M and Tateno M. Principles of Ecosystem Sustainability. The
American Naturalist, 1996; 148 (6): 1016-1037
19. Fletcher J. Global Warming: the Last Mass Extinction.
20. Sharma R, Aggarwal N and Kumar S. Ecological Sustainability in India through the
Ages. International Research Journal of Environment Sciences, 2014; 3 (1): 70-73

54