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DAN
FLOKULASI
Pembentukan muatan elektrik
Electrokinetic Properties
Dispersed solid particles in a
suspension may have charge in
relation to their surrounding vehicle.
These solid particles may become
charged through one of two situations.
.
1) first situation is by selective
adsorption of a particular ionic
species present in the vehicle. This
may be due to the addition of some
ionic species in a polar solvent.
Solid Liquid
potential
+ -
+
- - Nernst potential, Ψo
+
+
+ -
+
- Stern potential, Ψδ
+
+
+ - +
+ Zeta potential, ζ
+ -
+ - +
+
+
+
+ - + 1/κ distance
+ -
1/κ: electrical double layer (5-200 nm)
Muatan Partikel
potential
elektrik netral Nernst potential, Ψo
1/κ distance
potential
potential
Distance
Distance
Effect ionic strenght on double layer
κ ≈ 3,2I0,5
potential
I 0,5 ∑mi zi
= 2
I is small
I is large distance
Stabilitas sistem koloidal hidrofilik
Addition ethanol
Solvation layer disappears, particle becomes more lyophobic
+ + + +
+ +
- - - + - - - +
+ - - + - -
- -
+ -- - + + -- - +
+ + + + + +
+- - +- + +- - +- +
+- -+ +- -+
+- -+ -+
+-
+- +
-- - + - +- - - - -++
+ + + +
Addition ethanol
Solvation layer disappears, particle becomes more lyophobic
DLVO – theory (1)
(D. Derjaguin, L. Landau, E. Verwey, and J. Overbeek)
Electrostatic repulsion
Potential energy
Distance
Van der Waals force
Repulsion
Potential energy
Primary maximum
Distance
Secondary minimum
⇒ flocculation (reversible aggregation)
Primary minimum
⇒ coagulation (irreversible aggregation)
Attraction
Effect electrolyte on potential energy
Repulsion
I is small
Potential energy
Distance
I is large
Attraction
Effect particle size on potential energy
Repulsion
Large particles
Potential energy
Small particles
Distance
Attraction
Steric stabilization by adsorption of surfactants
or chemical coupling of water soluble polymers
∆S < 0)
Two mechanisms: - entropic effect (∆
- osmotic effect
- Example water soluble polymer: PolyEthyleneGlycol
(PEGylation, PEGnology, “stealth” particles)
- PEGylated particles (e.g. liposomes) injected in patient:
no recognition by immune system
Deflokulasi-Flokulasi
Deflocculation
Deflocculation of particles is obtained
when the zeta potential is higher than
the critical value and the repulsive
forces supersede the attractive forces.
These deflocculated particles when
sediment form a close packed
arrangement with the smaller particles
filling the voids between the larger
ones. -SOLID HARD CAKE
Sedimentation suspension
HIGH zeta potential
Flocculation
When this zeta potential goes below the
critical value, the attractive forces
supersede the repulsive forces and
flocculation occurs
These loosely packed particles or floccs
settle faster than the defflocculated
particles because of their larger sizes.
But unlike deffloculated particles this
sediment of floccs does not form solid
cake
This sediment of floccs is easy to
redisperse by minute agitation.
Sedimentation suspension
LOW zeta potential
♦ Partikel Terdeflokulasi :
Partikel zat padat yang terdispersi secara
individu karena partikel mempunyai muatan
yang sejenis, sehingga terjadi tolak menolak
♦ Partikel Terflokulasi :
Partikel zat padat yang membentuk agregat
longgar berasal dari partikel individu
bergabung membentuk struktur seperti
jaringan
Sedimentation behavior
Deflokulasi Flokulasi
1. Partikel terpisah satu Partikel merup agregat
sama lain yang longgar
2. Kec. Sedimentasi Sedimentasi terjadi
lambat cepat
3. Endapan yg terbentuk Endapan yg terbentuk
kompak dan sukar longgar dan mudah
diredispersi (caking) diredispersi
5. Supernatan keruh Supernatan cepat bening
6. Dosis relatif homogen Produk tidak elegan
pada waktu yg lama
Structures sediment
Volume sediment Vu
Degree of sedimentation: =F =
Original volume Vo
CAKING
Adl pembentukan sedimen yang tidak dapat didispersikan
kembali dalam suatu sistem suspensi
3. Polimer
Energy
No flocks can form
Repulsion
Attraction Attraction
Distance
Flokulasi terkontrol
Flocculating agent
changes zeta-
+ potential of the
particles (it can be
Non-caking
electrolyte,
Caking Caking charged surfactant
or charged polymer
F=Vu/Vo adsorbing on a
surface).
If the absolute
value of the zeta-
potential is too
Flocculating Agent high the system
- deflocculates
+ because of
increased repulsion
Zeta-potential and the dispersion
cakes.
Relation zeta potential-flocculation
Degree of sedimentation
Zeta potential
[KH2PO4]
-
Bahan Pensuspensi
2. Polisakarida
◙ Gom akasia, Tragakan, Alginat, Amilum
3. Silikat terhidrasi
◙ Bentonit, Veegum ( Mg Al Silikat ), Hektorit
Sifat Aliran Suspensi
3 Jenis Aliran
■ Plastis
→ tidak akan mengalir sampai “ shearing
stress” dicapai sebesar nilai ambang
gerak ( yield value )
→ terlihat pada suspensi dg konsentrasi
yang cukup tinggi, η pembawa tinggi,
partikel yang terflokulasi
→ adanya yield value → oleh adanya kontak
antara partikel yang berdekatan yang
harus dipecah sebelum aliran terjadi
■ Pseudoplastis
A. Metode Presipitasi
♦ Presipitasi dengan Pelarut Organik
♦ Presipitasi yg dipengaruhi oleh
perubahan pH dari medium
♦ Presipitasi dengan dekompisisi rangkap
B. Metode Dispersi
♦ Presipitasi dengan Pelarut Organik
1. Bahan Pensuspensi
2. Buffer
3. Modifikasi densitas
► ingat Hukum Stokes
Bila ▲ρ ( ρS – ρL ) = 0 → tidak terjadi
sedimentasi
► u/ memodifikasi ρ medium (air) :
→ sukrose, sorbitol, propilenglikol,
gliserol
Metode Evaluasi Suspensi
1. Volume Sedimentasi ( F )
F = HU/H0 x 100 %
Harga F = > 1 <
= yang besar menunjukkan
produk yang baik
2. Kontrol ukuran partikel
► u/ evaluasi adanya agregasi atau
pertumbuhan kristal
► terjadi perubahan ukuran partikel a/
tidak selama penyimpanan
3. Redispersibilitas
4. Penentuan Rheologi
► selama penyimpanan ada perubahan
atau tidak → viskositas dan tipe alir
5. Mudah tidaknya suspensi dituang
PENGERTIAN
EMULSI
1. O/W = M/A
→ fasa minyak terdispersi dalam fasa air
2. W/O = A/M
Multiple Emulsi
3. W/O/W = A/M/A
→ fasa air teremulsi didalam fasa minyak,
emulsi yg terjadi teremulsi lagi didalam
air
4. O/W/O = M/A/M
Penentuan Jenis Emulsi
M/A A/M
3.
4.