MONITORRING OF ORGANIC POLLUTANTS IN STREAMS AND A RESERVOIR

(case study in Selorejo Dam, Malang ,Jawa Timur, Indonesia)

BAMBANG PARI PURWANTO
Brawijaya University, Malang, East of Java, Indonesia
Jl. Mayjen Haryono No.167, Telp. 0341-553286, 587710, 587711, Fax. 0341-551430
Malang 65145
Email : goparipung@yahoo.com

ABSTRACT
The Efect of fertilizer in land agriculture has become decreasing water quality that couse
Eutrophication. Analysis Method that used is analysis model with AVSWAT 2000, at characteristic
of study area are : 237.312 km2 catchment area of Selorejo Dam, simulation devide in 62
subwatershed area cacthment, including : Forest 0.395 %, mix-dry field 0.128 %, Rice Field 0.214
%, dry land 0.154 %, Urban 0.088 %, lake 0.021 %. The result show that the power river
concerning to load polutant is calss III,that value is minimaly for categoried on good water quality .
The result of simulation model 2003-2005 has become decreasing lake water quality, 18.5 % dan
23.5 %, total N (Mesotrophic)and Total P (Eutrophic). Meanwhile, the alteration of landuse in 2010
latters couses increasing load pollutant in lake of Selorejo DAM. The deviation of Model AVSWAT
2000, concerning to discarge model and measurement, R2 value is 0.9303, significance level ≤10,
concerning to load polutant, R2 value is 0.907, significance level ≤10. The result of models are
nonhomogeneous form time by time but homogeneous form space model and measurement.
Keywords : power river, Mesotrophic, Eutrophic

INTRODUCTION
In lake of selorejo, identifacated that load
pollutan condition has increased, that proofed
by measurement record :

Figure.3 Measurement Record of NO2 in

Lake Of Selorejo

figure. 1 Measurement Record Of COD in

Lake Of Selorejo

Figure.4 Measurement Record of NO3 in

Lake Of Selorejo

So that condition needs control and

monitorring as early as possible.
figure. 2 Measurement Record Of DO in Lake
of Selorejo
PURPOSE OF STUDY
The aim of the study is to give a
information about value and patern of
pollutan distribution because of crop
management in location study, as a
particularly reference concerning risk
monitoring water quality in lake of selorejo
and for instrument test a correctness of the
AVSWAT 2000 Model (Soil and Water
Assessment Tool 2000).
Purpose Of The Study : Predicate of risk
level Eutrophication couse agriculture
pollutant from N and P element.. Figure 5: Brantas River Basin, East Java
Indonesia
THE STUDY AREA

A. Location
The Brantas River basin is located in east
Java province on the island of Java,
Indonesia and lies between 1100 300 and 1120
550 east longitude and 70 010 and 80 150
south latitude. The Brantas River originates
on the slopes of Mt Arjuno (3400 msl), and
follows a clockwise direction through Malang
and Kediri, and branching into two
distributaries at Mlirip, the Surabaya and
Porong river. It has a watershed area of
about 11,800 km2, stretches 320 km. The six

4
sub basin are Lesti Basin (625 km 2), Konto
Basin (687 km2), Widas Basin (1,539 km2),
Brantas Basin (6,719 km2), Ngorowo basin
(1600 km2) and Surabaya basin (631 km2), as
shown in Fig 1.
The study area is Selorejo Reservoir that
SUBBASIN
located at upper of Konto River. It has a
Catchment area of 235 km2 at dam site of 1 Kewayangan Sub Basin
Konto Sub Basin
Selorejo Reservoir, and maximum reservoir 2 (Up Stream)
capacity is 62.30 million m3, with an effective
3 Konto Sub Basin
reservoir capacity of 50.10 million m3, (see (Down Stream)
Fig. 2). A detail description Selorejo reservoir 4 Penjal Sub Basin
is presented in Table 1.
Figure 6: Location of the study area, Selorejo
Catchment area, east Java, Indonesia
Table 1. Description Characteristic of
Selorejo reservoir
Item Description
B. Land Use and Soil Type
Catchment area 235 km2 Stream water quality monitoring can be used
Flood water level (FWL) 622,60 m to determine the impacts from different land
High water level (HWL) 622,00 m uses in watershed to the overall water quality.
Normal water level (NWL) 620,00 m In watershed with mixed land uses (forest,
Low water level (LWL) 598,00 m
Dead storage level (DSL) 594,00 m
agricultural and urban), stream commonly
Water surface area at HWL 4,00 km2 show elevated nutrient concentration (Spahr
Annual discharge/year 920 m3/dt and Wynn, 1997). Typically one of the highest
Maximum capacity 62,30 x 103 m3 sources of nutrient in the Selorejo watershed
Effective capacity 50,10 x 103 m3 are the agricultural areas, this is due to the
application of fertilizer/pesticides and
disturbance of soil for agricultural production
purpose.
 The land use categories in the Selorejo River Figure 8: Prediction of Land use map of
Basin were development using satellite Selorejo Catchment area at 2010, east Java,
imager. Indonesia
Land use information was collected using
Global Positioning System (GPS) equipment Table 3. Proportional land use changes
and transferred to GIS using Arc View (2005-2010) in Selorejo Catchment area in
software (ESRI. 2004). Five land use type km2
were considered: urban area, dry field, rice
field, mixed-dry field and Forest, as shown in Change
Land use 2005 2010 (%)
Fig. 7. This land use map base on the
condition of 2003 year. Urban Area 22.71 28.98 21.64
Forest 88.96 79.4 -12.04

4
Dry Field 5.06 12.56 59.71
Mixed – Dry Field 21.43 13.57 -57.92
Rice Field 97.01 100.66 3.63
Total (km2) 235.17 235.17

The Selorejo Catchment area has four soil

Land Use
Selorejo Cacthment
types; Regosol, Grumusol, Mediteran, and
Andosol, as shown in Fig. 6. And distribution
2 Urban Area of soil type is presented in table 4.
3 Dry Field
4 Rice Field
5 Mixed - Dry Field
6 Forest

Selorejo Sub Basin

Legend Figure 7: Land use map of Selorejo

!. outlet Catchment area, base line on 2003,
east Java, Indonesia
River
Selorejo Dam

The prediction of land use map on 2010

condition, as shown figure 8. The distribution
of land use changes (2005-2010) is
presented in table 3.
Soil Type
Legend
REGOSOL
!. outlet
GRUMOSOL
River
MEDITERAN
Selorejo Dam ANDOSOL

Figure 6: Soil Type distribution map of

Selorejo Catchment area, east Java,
Indonesia

Table 4. Distribution of Soil Type in

Selorejo Catchment area
Soil Type Area (km2) % Total
Regosol 16.41 6.976
Grumosol 164.31 69.869
Mediteran 27.03 11.492
Andosol 27.42 11.662
Total (km2) 235.17 100%
C. Sources of Pollutants

Water quality monitoring for nutrient requires

accurate of stream surface water velocity. For
this reason the sampling method, frequency
and analysis are some of the principal factor
to consider for constituent loads
determination. Due to the negative impacts
that excess of nutrient can cause to water
bodies (eutrophication) it is important to
determinate concentration, trends and loads
of these pollutants and associates then to Figure 7a. Monthly average discharge inflow
possible contributors (NPS or PS). To exactly & outflow at Selorejo reservoir.
determinate of Nutrient load is difficulty.
Several methods can be applied for this
purpose like, interpolation, regression and
average techniques.
The primary water pollutant load in study
area was two categories, first from
Agriculture area and second from urban area.
According from Department of Agriculture
Malang-East Java data, commonly farmers in
study area using fertilizing with Urea
(Ca(NH2)2); TSP (Ca(H2PO4)2); KCL and ZA.
(see Table 5). Farmers on the site study use
much fertilizer and pesticides more than
Figure 7.b. Monthly average of Nitrogen and
normal regulation. Wastewater from urban
Phosphorous Concentration at Selorejo
area was calculated which assumed that
reservoir.
human faces contain 14,5 g.N/day/person;1,9
g.P/day/person and Urine contain 7 g.
METHODOLOGY
N/day/person, 2 g.P/day/person. (Dyah, R.,
SWAT Model
2002,. 11-12)
Computer simulation models may be cost-
effective tools for examining nutrient
Table 5. Using fertilizer for each plant.
transport within watershed. In past two
decades, several computer simulation
Plant Fertilizer (kg/ha)
models, namely ANSWERS (Area Nonpoint
Urea TSP KCL ZA Sources Watershed Environmental Response
Rice 250-300 50-100 50-75 100
Simulation), SWRRB (Simulator for Water
Corn 200 100 50 100
Soybean 50 50 50 50
Resources in Rural Basins) and AGNPS
(Agriculture Non Point Sources), have been
developed to estimate watershed responses
to various rainfall events (Young et al., 1989;
Spruill et al., 2000).

One of the more widely used water quality

model is the Soil Water Assessment Tool –
SWAT (Neitsch et al., 1999), which was
development to asses the water quality
impacts of agriculture and other land uses for
range of watershed scales, including large
river basin (Arnold et al., 1998). It operates
on daily time step and is designed to predict
the impact of management on water,
sediment, and agricultural chemical yield. In
SWAT, the watershed is divided into multiple
subwatersheds, which are then subdivided in
to land use characteristics called hydrologic
Response Units (HRUs). Flow generation,
sediment yield, and non point sources
loading from each HRU in subwatershed are
summed and resulting load are routed
through channel, ponds, or reservoirs to the
watershed outlet.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Runoff generated by the AVSWAT2000 is
based on the Soil Conservation Services
(SCS) runoff equation. The SCS curve
number is a functional of a soil’s permeability,
land use and antecedent soil water condition
for dry soil. Outcomes from model simulation
from 2003 to 2005 were accurate when
compared with the measured data ( R2 =
0.9303). Figure 9. Comparison of Nitrite concentration
(2003-2005)
Calibration of SWAT was performed for 2003
while 2005, as shown in Fig 8. First step,
SWAT simulation was executed for 2003-
2005 with land use data 2003 condition.
Second; SWAT simulation was executed for
2005-2010 with land use data 2010 condition.
(See Fig.9)

Result of SWAT simulation was divided into

tree phases, first in land area, second in
stream and finally at reservoir. Figure 10. Comparison of Nitrate concentration
(2003-2005)

LAND PHASE SIMULATION

Figure 11. Montly Organic N concentration in

Field 2003 – 2005

Figure 8. Discharge calibration on period

2003-2005
 Figure 12. Montly Organic P concentration in
Field 2003 -2005 Figure 16. Montly Organic N concentration
River of Selorejo Watershed (2003-2005)

Figure 17. Montly Organic P concentration River

Figure 13. Montly Mineral P concentration in Field of Selorejo Watershed (2003-2005)
2003 -2005

STREAM PHASE SIMULATION

Figure 18. Montly Mineral P concentration

River of Selorejo Watershed (2003-2005)

RESERVOIR PHASE SIMULATION

Figure 14. Montly Discharge in Selorejo watershed

Figure 19. Montly Organic N concentration In

Lake Of Selorejo 2003 – 2005
Figure 15. Montly Sediment Inflow In River of
Selorejo Watershed

In-Stream Nutrient Processes

 Figure 24. Increasing Organic N concentration
In Lake Of Selorejo 2003 – 2010

Figure 20. Increasing Organic N concentration

In Lake Of Selorejo 2003 – 2005
Figure 25. Increasing Nitrate (NO3)
concentration In Lake Of Selorejo 2003 – 2010

Figure 21. Montly Organic P In Lake Of

Selorejo 2003 – 2005

Figure 26. Increasing Nitrite (NO2)

concentration In Lake Of Selorejo 2003 – 2010

RISK LEVEL OF EUTROPHICATION IN

RIVER

Figure 22. Increasing Organic P In Lake Of

Selorejo 2003 – 2005

Figure 27. Comparison Total N concentration

Year 2003-2005 and Year 2010 River of
Selorejo Watershed (2003-2005)

Figure23. Montly Organic N concentration In

Lake Of Selorejo 2003 - 2010

Figure 27. Comparison Total P concentration

Year 2003-2005 and Year 2010 River of
Selorejo Watershed (2003-2005)
 The result of simulation model 2003-2005
has become decreasing lake water quality,
18.5 % dan 23.5 %, total N (Mesotrophic)and
Total P (Eutrophic)
.
RISK LEVEL OF EUTROPHICATION IN LAKE

Figure 29. Total_P concentration In Lake Of

Selorejo 2003 – 2010

Conclusion

The SWAT model was the first time applied to

the Selorejo reservoir Catchment area which
is located in Brantas River basin East Java.
The model was calibrated for the flow and
Figure 28. Total_N concentration In Lake Of
initial results are presented for the nitrogen
Selorejo 2003 – 2010
and phosphorous loadings in the watershed.

In general, the change of land cover in the

land would be effected to increase runoff
especially for nutrient loading on reservoir.

_____________________________________IIIII______________________________________

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