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INDUSTRIAL TRAINING REPORT

JINDAL STEEL & POWER LIMITED,


RAIGARH (CG)

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the


Requirements for the award of
Degree of Bachelor of Technology in Electrical & Electronics Engineering

Submitted By:

PANKAJ MADHESHIYA

U. Roll No.: 01UG16030L01 Semester:7th

SUBMITTED TO:

School of Electrical & Electronics Engineering

O P JINDAL UNIVERSITY
Raigarh (Chhattisgarh)

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DECLARATION

I hereby declare that the Industrial Training Report on ESP, JINDAL STEEL & POWER
LIMITED, RAIGARH (CG). Industry is an authentic record of my own work as
requirements of Major Industrial Training during the period from 29/05/2018 to 22/06/2018
for the award of degree of B.Tech. (Electrical & Electronics & Engineering), O P Jindal
University, Raigarh (C.G.), under the guidance of Mrs. Vijeta Verma, Mr. Hussain
Kalathiripi, Mr.Srikant Prasad.

(Signature of student)

PANKAJ MADHEHIYA

ROLL NO.- 01UG16030L01


Date: 25/07/2018

Certified that the above statement made by the student is correct to the best of our knowledge
and belief

Examined by:
(Signature)

(Signature)
Head of Department

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First and foremost, I wish to express my sincere thanks and gratitude to my esteemed Mentor
“MR. YOGESH NAIR AND MRS. JYOTI SAO” who has contributed so much for
successful completion of my Industrial Training by his thoughtful reviews and valuable
guidance.

Next I would like to tender my sincere thanks to “DR. SHRIKANT PRASAD” (Head of
Electrical & Electronics & Engineering Department) for his co-operation and encouragement.

(Signature of student)

PANKAJ MADHEHIYA

ROLL NO.- 01UG16030L01

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CONTENTS

EPS
 About JSPL

 Switchyards and Substation SLD

MRSS-1.

MRSS-2

MRSS-3

MRSS-4

 About Equipments and rating

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ABOUT JSPL
With its timeless business philosophy JSPL is primed to not merely
survive but win in a marketplace marked by frenetic change.
Indeed, the company’s scorching success story has been scripted
essentially by its resolve to innovate, set new standards, enhance
capabilities, enrich lives and to ensure that it stays true to its haloed
value system. Not surprisingly, the company is very much a future
corporation, poised to become the most preferred steel
manufacturer in the country.
JSPL is an industrial powerhouse with a dominant presence in steel, power, mining and
infrastructure sectors. Part of the US $ 18 billion OP Jindal Group this young, agile and
responsive company is constantly expanding its capabilities to fuel its fairy tale journey that
has seen it grow to a US $ 3.3 billion business conglomerate.

Led by Mr Naveen Jindal, the youngest son of the legendary Shri O.P. Jindal, the company
produces economical and efficient steel and power through backward and forward
integration.

From the widest flat products to a whole range of long products, JSPL today sports a product
portfolio that caters to markets across the steel value chain. The company produces the
world's longest (121-meter) rails and it is the first in the country to manufacture large-size
parallel flange beams.

JSPL operates the largest coal-based sponge iron plant in the world and has an installed
capacity of 3 MTPA (million tonnes per annum) of steel at Raigarh in Chhattisgarh. Also, it
has set up a 0.6 MTPA wire rod mill and a 1 MTPA capacity bar mill at Patratu, Jharkhand, a
medium and light structural mill at Raigarh, Chhattisgarh and a 2.5 MTPA steel melting shop
and a plate mill to produce up to 5.00-meter-wide plates at Angul, Odisha.

An enterprising spirit and the ability to discern future trends have been the driving force
behind the company's remarkable growth story. The organisation is wedded to ideals like
innovation and technological leadership and is backed by a highly driven and dedicated
workforce of 15000 people.

JSPL has been rated as the second highest value creator in the world by the Boston
Consulting Group, the 11th fastest growing company in India by Business World and has
figured in the Forbes Asia list of Fab 50 companies. It has also been named among the Best
Blue Chip companies and rated as the Highest Wealth Creator by the Dalal Street Journal.
Dun & Bradstreet has ranked it 4th in its list of companies that generated the highest total
income in the iron and steel sector.

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Alongside contributing to India's growth story the company is driving an ambitious global
expansion plan with its sights set on emerging as a leading transnational business group. The
company continues to capitalise on opportunities in high growth markets, expanding its core
areas and diversifying into new businesses. In Oman (Middle East), the company has set up a
US $ 500 million, 1.5 MTPA gas-based Hot Briquetted Iron (HBI) plant. It has now added a
2 MTPA integrated steel plant.

In Africa, the company has large mining interests in South Africa, Mozambique, Namibia,
Botswana and Mauritania and is expanding into steel, energy and cement. In Australia, the
company is investing in greenfield and brownfield resource sector companies and projects to
supplement its planned steel and power projects in India and abroad.

In Indonesia, the company has invested on the development of two greenfield exploration
assets. It is also exploring investment opportunities in the power and infrastructure sector in
Indonesia.

The company endeavours to strengthen India's industrial base by aiding infrastructural


development, through sustainable development approaches and inclusive growth. It deploys
its resources to improve infrastructure, education, health, water, sanitation, environment and
so on in the areas it operates in. It has won several awards for its innovative business and
social practices.

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MRSS-1
220KV (OUTDOOR)
33KV (OUTDOOR)
33KV (INDOOR)
11KV (INDOOR)

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MRSS-2
220KV(OUTDOOR)
33KV(OUTDOOR)
33KV (INDOOR)

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MRSS-3
220KV(OUTDOOR)
33KV(INDOOR)
11KV(INDOOR)
6.6KV(INDOOR)
.415KV(INDOOR)

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MRSS-4
220KV(OUTDOOR)
33KV(OUTDOOR)
11KV(OUTDOOR)

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SUBSTATIONS:

Figure 1.1View of substation


The present day electrical power system is A.C.i.e. electrical power is generated,
transmitted & distributed in the form of the alternating current. The electric power is
produced at power plant stations which are located at favorable places generally quite away
from the consumers. It is delivered to the consumers through a large network of transmission
7 distribution.
At many places in the power system, it may be desirable and necessary to change
some characteristics e.g. voltage, ac to dc, frequency, power factor etc. of electric supply.
This accomplished by suitable apparatus called substation. For example; generation voltage
transmission of electric power. The assembly of apparatus (e.g. transformer etc.) used for this

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purpose in the substation. Similarly near the consumer’s localities, the voltage may have to be
step down to utilization level. This job is again accomplished by suitable apparatus called
substation.
The assembly of apparatus to change some characteristic of electric power supply is
called substation.
The two most ways to classify substation are:-

1 .1 TYPES OF SUBSTATION
1.1.1 According to the service requirement:
1.1.1.1 Transformer substation
1.1.1.2 Switch substation
1.1.1.3 Power factor correction substation
1.1.1.4 Frequency change substation
1.1.1.5 Converting substation
1.1.1.6 Industrial substation
1.1.2 According to the constructional features:
1.1.2.1 Indoor substation
1.1.2.3 Outdoor substation
1.1.2.4 Underground substation
1.1.2.5 Pole mounted substation
1.1.1.1 TRANSFORMER SUBSTATION

Figure 1.2 Transformer substation


They are known as transformer substations as because transformer is the main
component employed to change the voltage level, depending upon the purposed served
transformer substations may be classified into:

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1.STEP UP SUBSTATION:

The generation voltage is steeped up to high voltage to affect economy in transmission of


electric power. These are generally located in the power houses and are of outdoor type.

2.PRIMARY GRID SUBSTATION:

Here, electric power is received by primary substation which reduces the voltage level to
11KV for secondary transmission. The primary grid substation is generally of outdoor type.

3. SECONDARY SUBSTATIONS:
At a secondary substation, the voltage is further steeped down to 11KV. The 11KV lines runs
along the important road of the city. The secondary substations are also of outdoor type.

4.DISTRIBUTION SUBSTATION:

These substations are located near the consumer’s localities and step down to 400V, 3-phase,
4-wire for supplying to the consumers. The voltage between any two phases is 400V &
between any phase and neutral it is 230V.

4.2 SUBSTATION CHARACTERISTICS:

1. Each circuit is protected by its own circuit breaker and hence plant
outage does not necessarily result in loss of supply.
2. A fault on the feeder or transformer circuit breaker causes loss of the
transformer and feeder circuit, one of which may be restored after
isolating the faulty circuit breaker.
3. A fault on the bus section circuit breaker causes complete shutdown of
the substation. All circuits may be restored after isolating the faulty
circuit breaker.
4. Maintenance of a feeder or transformer circuit breaker involves loss of
the circuit.
5. Introduction of bypass isolators between bus bar and circuit isolator
allows circuit breaker maintenance facilities without loss of that
circuit.

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1.3 STEPS IN DESIGNING SUBSTATION:

The First Step in designing a Substation is to design an Earthing and Bonding System.
1.3.1 Earthing and Bonding:
The function of an earthing and bonding system is to provide an earthing system connection
to which transformer neutrals or earthing impedances may be connected in order to pass the
maximum fault current. The earthing system also ensures that no thermal or mechanical
damage occurs on the equipment within the substation, thereby resulting in safety to
operation and maintenance personnel. The earthing system also guarantees equipotent
bonding such that there are no dangerous potential gradients developed in the substation.
In designing the substation, three voltage have to be considered these are:
1.3.1.1Touch Voltage:
This is the difference in potential between the surface potential and the potential at earthed
equipment whilst a man is standing and touching the earthed structure.
1.3.1.2Step Voltage:
This is the potential difference developed when a man bridges a distance of 1m with his feet
while not touching any other earthed equipment.
1. Mesh Voltage:

This is the maximum touch voltage that is developed in the mesh of the earthing grid.

1.4 CONDUCTORS USED IN SUBSTATION DESIGN:


An ideal conductor should fulfills the following requirements:

1.Should be capable of carrying the specified load currents and short


time currents.
2.Should be able to withstand forces on it due to its situation. These
forces comprise self weight, and weight of other conductors and
equipment, short circuit forces and atmospheric forces such as wind
and ice loading.
3.Should be corona free at rated voltage.
4.Should have the minimum number of joints.
5.Should need the minimum number of supporting insulators.
6.Should be economical.

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The most suitable material for the conductor system is copper or aluminums. Steel may be
used but has limitations of poor conductivity and high susceptibility to corrosion.
In an effort to make the conductor ideal, three different types have been utilized, and these
include: Flat surfaced Conductors, Stranded Conductors, and Tubular Conductors

Single line diagram (SLD)


A Single Line Diagram (SLD) of an Electrical System is the Line Diagram of the concerned
Electrical System which includes all the required ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT connection
sequence wise from the point of entrance of Power up to the end of the scope of the
mentioned Work.
As in the case of 220KV Substation, the SLD shall show Lightening Arrestor, Isolators,
Protection and Metering CVT & C.T. Circuit Breakers, again Isolators and circuit Breakers,
Main Power Transformer, all protective devices/relays and other special equipment like
NGR, CVT, GUARD RINGS, SDR etc as per design criteria.

2.1. Fig: Single line diagram of substation.


As these feeders enter the station they are to pass through various instruments. The
instruments have their usual functioning. They are as follows in the single line diagram.

1. Lightening arrestors,
2. C V T
3. Wave trap
4. Current transformer
5. Isolators with earth switch
6. Circuit breaker
7. Line isolator
8. BUS
9. Potential transformer in the bus with a bus isolator
10. Isolator
11. Current transformer
12. Circuit breaker
13. Lightening arrestors
14. Transformer
15. Lightening arrestors with earth switch
16. Circuit breaker
17. Current transformer
18. Isolator
19. Bus
20. Potential transformer with a bus isolator
21. A capacitor bank attached to the bus.

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2.2. Brief descriptions of the instruments in the line diagram are-

1. Lightening arrestors
Lightening arrestors are the instrument that are used in the incoming feeders so that to
prevent the high voltage entering the main station. This high voltage is very dangerous to the
instruments used in the substation. Even the instruments are very costly, so to prevent any
damage lightening arrestors are used. The lightening arrestors do not let the lightening to fall
on the station. If some lightening occurs the arrestors pull the lightening and ground it to the
earth. In any substation the main important is of protection which is firstly done by these
lightening arrestors. The lightening arrestors are grounded to the earth so that it can pull the
lightening to the ground. The lightening arrestor works with an angle of 30° to 45° making a
cone.

2. C V T
A capacitor voltage transformer (CVT) is a transformer used in power systems to step-down
extra high voltage signals and provide low voltage signals either for measurement or to
operate a protective relay. In its most basic form the device consists of three parts: two
capacitors across which the voltage signal is split, an inductive element used to tune the
device to the supply frequency and a transformer used to isolate and further step-down the
voltage for the instrumentation or protective relay. The device has at least four terminals, a
high-voltage terminal for connection to the high voltage signal, a ground terminal and at least
one set of secondary terminals for connection to the instrumentation or protective relay.
CVTs are typically single-phase devices used for measuring voltages in excess of one
hundred kilovolts where the use of voltage transformers would be uneconomical. In practice
the first capacitor, C1 , is often replaced by a stack of capacitors connected in series. This
results in a large voltage drop across the stack of capacitors that replaced the first capacitor
and a comparatively small voltage drop across the second capacitor, C 2 , and hence the
secondary terminals.

3. Wave trap
Wave trap is an instrument using for tripping of the wave. The functio n of this trap is that it
traps the unwanted waves. Its function is of trapping wave. Its shape is like a drum. It is
connected to the main incoming feeder so that it can trap the waves which may be dangerous
to the instruments here in the substation.

4. Current transformer
Current transformers are basically used to take the readings of the currents entering the
substation. This transformer steps down the current from 800 amps to 1 amp. This is done
because we have no instrument for measuring of such a large current. The main use of this
transformer is (a) distance protection; (b) backup protection; (c) measurement.

5. Lightening arrestors with earth switch


Lightening arrestors after the current transformer are used so as to protect it from lightening
i.e. from high voltage entering into it. This lightening arrestor has an earth switch, which can
directly earth the lightening. The arrestor works at 30° to 45° angel of the lightening making

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a cone. The earth switch can be operated manually, by pulling the switch towards ground.
This also helps in breaking the line entering the station. By doing so maintenance and repair
of any instrument can be performed.

6. Circuit breaker
The circuit breakers are used to break the circuit if any fault occurs in any of the instrument.
These circuit breaker breaks for a fault which can damage other instrument in the station. For
any unwanted fault over the station we need to break the line current. This is only done
automatically by the circuit breaker. There are mainly two types of circuit breakers used for
any substations. They are (a) SF6 circuit breakers; (b) spring circuit breakers.
The use of SF6 circuit breaker is mainly in the substations which are having high input kv
input, say above 220kv and more. The gas is put inside the circuit breaker by force ie under
high pressure. When if the gas gets decreases there is a motor connected to the circuit
breaker. The motor starts operating if the gas went lower than 20.8 bar. There is a meter
connected to the breaker so that it can be manually seen if the gas goes low. The circuit
breaker uses the SF6 gas to reduce the torque produce in it due to any fault in the line. The
circuit breaker has a direct link with the instruments in the station, when any fault occur
alarm bell rings.
The spring type of circuit breakers is used for small kv stations. The spring here reduces the
torque produced so that the breaker can function again. The spring type is used for step down
side of 132kv to 33kv also in 33kv to 11kv and so on. They are only used in low distribution
side.

7. Line isolator
The line isolators are used to isolate the high voltage from flow through the line into the bus.
This isolator prevents the instruments to get damaged. It also allows the only needed voltage
and rest is earthed by itself.

8. BUS
The bus is a line in which the incoming feeders come into and get into the instruments for
further step up or step down. The first bus is used for putting the incoming feeders in la single
line. There may be double line in the bus so that if any fault occurs in the one the other can
still have the current and the supply will not stop. The two lines in the bus are separated by a
little distance by a conductor having a connector between them. This is so that one can work
at a time and the other works only if the first is having any fault.

9. Potential transformers with bus isolators


There are two potential transformers used in the bus connected both side of the bus. The
potential transformer uses a bus isolator to protect itself. The main use of this transformer is
to measure the voltage through the bus. This is done so as to get the detail information of the
voltage passing through the bus to the instrument. There are two main parts in it (a)
measurement; (b) protection.

10. Isolators
The use of this isolator is to protect the transformer and the other instrument in the line. The

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isolator isolates the extra voltage to the ground and thus any extra voltage cannot enter the
line.Thus an isolator is used after the bus also for protection.

11. Current transformer


Current transformers are used after the bus for measurement of the current going out through
the feeder and also for protection of the instruments.

12. Circuit breaker


The circuit breakers are used to break the circuit if any fault occurs in the circuit of the any
feeders.

13. Lightening arrestors


The use of lightening arrestors after the bus is to protect the instrument in the station so that
lightening would not affect the instruments in the station.

14. Transformer
There are three transformers in the incoming feeders so that the three lines are step down at
the same time. In case of a 220kv or more kv line station auto transformers are used. While in
case of lower kv line such as less than 132kv line double winding transformers are used.

15. Lightening arrestors with earth switch


The lightening arrestors are used with earth switch so that lightening would not pass through
the instruments in the station.

16. Circuit breaker


The circuit breakers are used to break the circuit for any fault.

17. Current transformer


Current transformers are used to measure the current passing through the transformer. Its
main use is of protection and measurement.

18. Isolator
These are used to ground the extra voltage to the ground.

19. Bus
This bus is to carry the output stepped down voltage to the required place.

20. Potential transformer with a bus isolator


Two PT are always connected across the bus so that the voltage across the bus could be
measured.

21. Capacitor bank attached to the bus.


The capacitor banks are used across the bus so the voltage does not gets down till the require
place

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CVT :
A capacitor voltage transformer (CVT) is a transformer used in power systems to step-down
extra high voltage signals and provide low voltage signals either for measurement or to
operate a
protective relay. In its most basic form the device consists of three parts: two capacitors
across
which the voltage signal is split, an inductive element used to tune the device to the supply
frequency and a transformer used to isolate and further step-down the voltage for the
instrumentation or protective relay. The device has at least four terminals, a high-voltage
terminal for connection to the high voltage signal, a ground terminal and at least one set of
secondary terminals for connection to the instrumentation or protective relay. CVTs are
typically single-phase devices used for measuring voltages in excess of one hundred kilovolts
where the use of voltage transformers would be uneconomical. In practice the first capacitor,
C1, is often replaced by a stack of capacitors connected in series. This results in a large
voltage drop across the stack of capacitors that replaced the first capacitor and a
comparatively small voltage drop across the second capacitor, C2, and hence the secondary
terminals.

CVT 220 kV rating

Type: WP245N2
Operating voltage: 220/√3 kV
Voltage factor: 1.5 V for 30 sec.
Test voltage: 460 kV
Test impedance 1050 kv peak
Nominal intermediate voltage 20/√3 kv
Spark over voltage: 36 kv
Voltage divider ratio 220/√3 /110/√3/110/√3/110/√3
Total thermal burden: 1000 VA
Temperature categ: 10 to 55°C
Total weight: 900 Kg.

Wave tape:
A device used to exclude unwanted frequency components, such as noise or other interference, of a
wave. A device used to exclude unwanted frequency components, such as noise or other interference,
of a wave. Wave trap is an instrument using for tripping of the wave. The function of this trap
is that it traps the unwanted waves. Its function is of trapping wave. Its shape is like a drum.
It is connected to the main incoming feeder so that it can trap the waves which may be
dangerous to the instruments here in the substation.

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Current transformer:
The instrument current transformer (CT) steps down the current of a circuit to a lower value
and is used in the same types of equipment as a potential transformer. This is done by
constructing the secondary coil consisting of many turns of wire, around the primary coil,
which contains only a few turns of wire. In this manner, measurements of high values of
current can be obtained. A current transformer should always be short-circuited when not
connected to an external load. Because the magnetic circuit of a current transformer is
designed for low magnetizing current when under load, this large increase in magnetizing
current will build up a large flux in the magnetic circuit and cause the transformer to act as a
step-up transformer, inducing an excessively high voltage in the secondary when under no
load. These transformers are basically used to get the incoming current on the incoming
feeders. It steps down the incoming 800 amps to 1 amps.
Rating factor: Rating factor is a factor by which the nominal full load current of a CT can be
multiplied to determine its absolute maximum measurable primary current. Conversely, the
minimum primary current a CT can accurately measure is "light load," or 10% of the nominal
current (there are, however, special CTs designed to measure accurately currents as small as
2% of the nominal current). The rating factor of a CT is largely dependent upon ambient
temperature. Most CTs have rating factors for 35 degrees Celsius and 55 degrees Celsius. It is
important to be mindful of ambient temperatures and resultant rating factorswhen CTs are
installed inside pad-mounted transformers or poorly ventilated mechanical rooms.
Recently, manufacturers have been moving towards lower nominal primary currents with
greater rating factors. This is made possible by the development of more efficient ferrites and
their corresponding hysteresis curves. This is a distinct advantage over previous CTs because
it increases their range of accuracy, since the CTs are most accurate between their rated
current and rating factor.

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Current transformer
Type IMB 245
System voltage : 245 Kv.
Rated Primary current : 1200/600/300/1
Rated Secondary current : 1 Amp.
Core 1 core 2 core 3 core 4 core 5.
Core 1(CI-PS) : 2000-1000/1A
Core 2(CI-5P,ISF-20) : 2000-1000/1A
Core 3(CI-0.5 ISF-<5): 2000-1000-500/1A
Core 4(CI-PS) : 2000-1000-500/1A
Core 5(CI-PS) : 2000-1000-500/1A
Weight of oil : 270 Kg.
Total weight of CT : 1700 Kg.

Isolator with earth switch (ES):


The instrument current transformer (CT) steps down the current of a circuit to a lower value
and is used in the same types of equipment as a potential transformer. This is done by
constructing the secondary coil consisting of many turns of wire, around the primary coil,
which contains only a few turns of wire. In this manner, measurements of high values of
current can be obtained. A current transformer should always be short-circuited when not
connected to an external load. Because the magnetic circuit of a current transformer is
designed for low magnetizing current when under load, this large increase in magnetizing
current will build up a large flux in the magnetic circuit and cause the transformer to act as a
step-up transformer, inducing an excessively high voltage in the secondary when under no
load. The main use of using the earth switch (E/S) is to ground the extra voltage which may
be dangerous for any of the instrument in the substation.

Isolator ratings
Voltage rating: 245 kV
Basic insulation level: 650 kVp
Current rating: 2000 Amp.

Circuit breakers
They can be classified into:
1. Oil circuit breaker
2. Air-blast circuit breaker

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3. Sulphar hexafluoride circuit breaker (SF6 )
4. Vacuum circuit breakers
Oil Circuit Breaker

Figure 7.3 Oil circuit breaker


A high-voltage circuit breaker in which the arc is drawn in oil to dissipate the heat and
extinguish the arc; the intense heat of the arc decomposes the oil, generating a gas whose
high pressure produces a flow of fresh fluid through the arc that furnishes the necessary
insulation to prevent a restrike of the arc.
The arc is then extinguished, both because of its elongation upon parting of contacts
and because of intensive cooling by the gases and oil vapor.
Air blast circuit breaker

Fast operations, suitability for repeated operation, auto reclosure, unit type multi
break constructions, simple assembly, modest maintenance are some of the main features of
air blast circuit breakers. A compressors plant necessary to maintain high air pressure in the
air receiver. The air blast circuit breakers are especially suitable for railways and arc
furnaces, where the breaker operates repeatedly. Air blast circuit breakers is used for
interconnected lines and important lines where rapid operation is desired.

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Figure 7.4 Air blast circuit breaker
High pressure air at a pressure between 20 to 30 kg/ cm2 stored in the air reservoir.
Air is taken from the compressed air system. Three hollow insulator columns are mounted on
the reservoir with valves at their basis. The double arc extinguished chambers are mounted on
the top of the hollow insulator chambers. The current carrying parts connect the three arc
extinction chambers to each other in series and the pole to the neighboring equipment. Since
there exists a very high voltage between the conductor and the air reservoir, the entire arc
extinction chambers assembly is mounted on insulators.

Circuit breaker: using SF6 gas:


Sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) is an inert, heavy gas having good dielectric and arc
extinguishing properties. The dielectric strength of the gas increases with pressure and is
more than of dielectric strength of oil at 3 kg/cm2. SF6 is now being widely used in electrical
equipment like high voltage metal enclosed cables; high voltage metal clad switchgear,
capacitors, circuit breakers, current transformers, bushings, etc. The gas is liquefied at certain
low temperature, liquefaction temperature increases with pressure.
Sulphur hexafluoride gas is prepared by burning coarsely crushed roll sulphur in the fluorine
gas, in a steel box, provided with staggered horizontal shelves, each bearing about 4 kg of
sulphur. The steel box is made gas tight. The gas thus obtained contains other fluorides such
as S2F10, SF4 and must be purified further SF6 gas generally supplier by chemical firms.
The cost of gas is low if manufactured in large scale.

Fig: SF6 circuit breaker.

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Gas circuit breaker: high voltage side
Type 220-SFM-20B
Voltage rating: 220kv
Rated lightening impulse withstand voltage: 1050 kVp
Rated short circuit breaker current: 40 kV
Rated operating pressure: 16.5 kg/ cm2g
First pole to clear factor 1.3
Rated duration of short circuit current is 40 kA for 30 sec.
Rated ling charging breaker breaking current 125 Amp
Rated voltage 245 kV
Rated frequency 50 Hz
Rated normal current 3150 Amp
Rated closing voltage: 220 V dc
Rated opening voltage 220 V dc
Main parts:
(a) Power circuit
(b) Control circuit
Gas circuit breaker: low voltage side
Type 120-SFM-32A
Voltage rating: 220kv
Rated lightening impulse withstand voltage: 650 kVp
Rated short circuit breaker current: 31.5 kV
Rated operating pressure: 15.5 kg/ cm2g
First pole to clear factor 1.5
Rated duration of short circuit current is 31.5 kA for 30 sec.
Rated ling charging breaker breaking current 50 Amp
Rated voltage 245 kV
Rated frequency 50 Hz
Vacuum Circuit Breaker:

Figure 7.6 Vacuum circuit breaker


Vacuum circuit breakers are circuit breakers which are used to protect medium and high
voltage circuits from dangerous electrical situations. Like other types of circuit breakers,
vacuum circuit breakers literally break the circuit so that energy cannot continue flowing

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through it, thereby preventing fires, power surges, and other problems which may emerge.
These devices have been utilized since the 1920s, and several companies have introduced
refinements to make them even safer and more effective.

220kv BUS:
It is a incoming 220kv feeder BUS from which the line is taken to the transformer for further
step down. Double main bus & transfer bus system
Merits 1. Most flexible in operation 2. Highly reliable 3. Breaker failure on bus side breaker
removes only one ckt. From service 4. All switching done with breakers 5. Simple
operation, no isolator switching required 6. Either main bus can be taken out of service at any
time for maintenance. 7. Bus fault does not remove any feeder from the service Demerits 1.
High cost due to three buses Remarks 1. Preferred by some utilities for 400kV and 220kV
important substations.
Mesh (Ring) busbar system
Merits 1. Busbars gave some operational flexibility Demerits 1. If fault occurs during bus
maintenance, ring gets separated into two sections. 2.Auto-reclosing and protection complex.
3. Requires VT’s on all circuits because there is no definite voltage reference point. These
VT’s may be required in all cases for synchronizing live line or voltage indication 4. Breaker
failure during fault on one circuit causes loss of additional circuit because of breaker failure.

Potential transformers: with BUS isolator


The instrument potential transformer (PT) steps down voltage of a circuit to a low value that
can be effectively and safely used for operation of instruments such as ammeters, voltmeters,
watt meters, and relays used for various protective purposes. There are two potential
transformers used in the bus connected both side of the bus. The potential transformer uses a
bus isolator to protect itself. The main use of this transformer is to measure the voltage
through the bus. This is done so as to get the detail information of the voltage passing through
the bus to the instrument. There are two main parts in it (a) measurement; (b) protection.

Potential transformer ratings :

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High voltage side: 245 V
Rated insulation voltage: 36/140/325KV
Voltage rating: 220/√3 kV/ 110/ √3 /110/ √3 /110/ √3 V

BUS Isolator:
These isolators are used to isolate the incoming high voltage or the high incoming current
from the incoming feeder which enters the bus. The isolator prevents damage to the
instruments by just isolating the line current or the voltage.

Lightening arrestor:
These lightening arrestors are used to prevent the lightening from damaging the instruments
in the substation. Lightening arrestors are the instrument that are used in the incoming feeders
so that to prevent the high voltage entering the main station. This high voltage is very
dangerous to the instruments used in the substation. Even the instruments are very costly, so
to prevent any damage lightening arrestors are used. The lightening arrestors do not let the
lightening to fall on the station. If some lightening occurs the arrestors pull the lightening and
ground it to the earth. In any substation the main important is of protection which is firstly
done by these lightening arrestors. The lightening arrestors are grounded to the earth so that it
pull the lightening to the ground. The lightening arrestor works with an angle of 30° to 45°
making a cone.

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INSULATORS
The insulator serves two purposes. They support the conductors (bus bar) and confine the
current to the conductors. The most common used material for the manufacture of insulator is
porcelain. There are several types of insulators (e.g. pin type, suspension type, post insulator
etc.) and their use in substation will depend upon the service requirement. For example, post
insulator is used for bus bars. A post insulator consists of a porcelain body, cast iron cap and
flanged cast iron base. The hole in the cap is threaded so that bus bars can be directly bolted
to the cap.

Figure 9 Insulators used in substations


With the advantage of power system, the lines and other equipment operate at very high
voltage and carry high current.
The arrangements of switching along with switches cannot serve the desired function
of switchgear in such high capacity circuits. This necessitates employing a more dependable
means of control such as is obtain by the use of the circuit breakers. A circuit breaker can
make or break a circuit either manually or automatically under all condition as no load, full
load and short circuit condition.
A circuit breaker essentially consists of fixed and moving contacts. These contacts
can be opened manually or by remote control whenever desired. When a fault occurs on any
part of the system, the trip coils of breaker get energized and the moving contacts are pulled
apart by some mechanism, thus opening the circuit.
When contacts of a circuit breaker are separated, an arc is struck; the current is thus
able to continue. The production of arcs are not only delays the current interruption, but is
also generates the heat. Therefore, the main problem is to distinguish the arc within the
shortest possible time so that it may not reach a dangerous value.

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The general way of classification is on the basis of the medium used for arc extinction.

METERING AND INDICATION EQUIPMENT


RELAY:

Figure 8.1 Relay


In a power system it is inevitable that immediately or later some failure does occur
somewhere in the system. When a failure occurs on any part of the system, it must be quickly
detected and disconnected from the system. Rapid disconnection of faulted apparatus limits
the amount of damage to it and prevents the effects of fault from spreading into the system.
For high voltage circuits relays are employed to serve the desired function of automatic
protective gear. The relays detect the fault and supply the information to the circuit breaker.
The electrical quantities which may change under fault condition are voltage,
frequency, current, phase angle. When a short circuit occurs at any point on the transmission
line the current flowing in the line increases to the enormous value.This result in a heavy
current flow through the relay coil, causing the relay to operate by closing its contacts. This
in turn closes the trip circuit of the breaker making the circuit breaker open and isolating the
faulty section from the rest of the system. In this way, the relay ensures the safety of the
circuit equipment from the damage and normal working of the healthy portion of the system.
Basically relay work on the following two main operating principles:
1. Electromagnetic attraction relay

2. Electromagnetic induction relay

Relays used in control panel of the substation;

1.DIFFERENTIAL RELAY:

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Figure 8.2 Differential Relay
A differential relay is one that operates when vector difference of the two or more
electrical quantities exceeds a predetermined value. If this differential quantity is equal or
greater than the pickup value, the relay will operate and open the circuit breaker to isolate the
faulty section.
2.OVER CURRENT RELAY:

Figure 8.3 Overcurrent Relay

This type of relay works when current in the circuit exceeds the predetermined value.
The actuating source is the current in the circuit supplied to the relay from a current
transformer. These relay are used on A.C. circuit only and can operate for fault flow in the
either direction. This relay operates when phase to phase fault occurs.
3.DIRECTIONAL RELAY:

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Figure8.4 Directional Relay
This relay operates during earth faults. If one phase touch the earth due to any fault. A
directional power relay is so designed that it obtains its operating torque by the interaction of
magnetic field derived from both voltage and current source of the circuit it protects. The
direction of torque depends upon the current relative to voltage.
4.TRIPPING RELAY:

Figure 8.5 Tripping Relay


This type of relay is in the conjunction with main relay. When main relay sense any fault
in the system, it immediately operates the trip relay to disconnect the faulty section from the
section
5.AUXILIARY RELAY:

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Figure 8.6 Auxiliary Relay
An auxiliary relay is used to indicate the fault by glowing bulb alert the employee.

MISCELLANOUS EQUIPMENT

CAPACITOR BANK:

Figure 9.1 Capacitor bank


The load on the power system is varying being high during morning and evening which
increases the magnetization current. This result in the decreased power factor. The low power
factor is mainly due to the fact most of the power loads are inductive and therefore take
lagging currents. The low power factor is highly undesirable as it causes increases in current,
resulting in additional losses. So in order to ensure most favorable conditions for a supply
system from engineering and economical stand point it is important to have power factor as
close to unity as possible. In order to improve the power factor come device taking leading
power should be connected in parallel with the load. One of the such device can be capacitor

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bank. The capacitor draws a leading current and partly or completely neutralize the lagging
reactive component of load current.
Capacitor bank accomplishes following operations:
1.Supply reactive power
2.Increases terminal voltage
3.Improve power factor

FUSE:

Figure 9.2 Substation Fuse

A fuse is a short piece of wire or thin strip which melts when excessive current
through it for sufficient time. It is inserted in series with the circuit under normal operating
conditions; the fuse element is at a nature below its melting point. Therefore it carries the
normal load current overheating. It is worthwhile to note that a fuse performs both detection
and interruption functions.

BUS COUPLER:

Figure 9.3 bus coupler


The bus coupler consists of circuit breaker and isolator. Each generator and feeder may be
connected to either main bus bar or spar bus bar with the help of bus coupler. Repairing,

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maintenance and testing of feeder circuit or other section can be done by putting them on spar
bus bar, thus keeping the main bus bar undisturbed.
PROTECTION OF SUBSTATION

Transformer protection:
Although an electrical power transformer is a static device, but internal stresses arising from
abnormal system conditions, must be taken into consideration. A transformer generally
suffers from following types of transformer fault-
1. Over current due to overloads and external short circuits,
2. Terminal faults,
3. Winding faults,
4. Incipient faults.
Conservator and Breather:
When the oil expands or contacts by the change in the temperature, the oil level goes
either up or down in main tank. A conservator is used to maintain the oil level up to
predetermined value in the transformer main tank by placing it above the level of the top of
the tank.
Breather is connected to conservator tank for the purpose of extracting moisture as it
spoils the insulating properties of the oil. During the contraction and expansion of oil air is
drawn in or out through breather silica gel crystals impregnated with cobalt chloride. Silica
gel is checked regularly and dried and replaced when necessary.
Marshalling box:
It has two meter which indicate the temperature of the oil and winding of main tank.
If temperature of oil or winding exceeds than specified value, relay operates to sound an
alarm. If there is further increase in temperature then relay completes the trip circuit to open
the circuit breaker controlling the transformer.
10.4 Transformer cooling:
When the transformer is in operation heat is generated due to iron losses the removal of heat
is called cooling.
There are several types of cooling methods, they are as follows:

Air natural cooling:


In a dry type of self cooled transformers, the natural circulation of surrounding air is used for
its cooling. This type of cooling is satisfactory for low voltage small transformers.

Air blast cooling:

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It is similar to that of dry type self cooled transformers with to addition that
continuous blast of filtered cool air is forced through the core and winding for better cooling.
A fan produces the blast.

Oil natural cooling(ONAN):


Medium and large rating have their winding and core immersed in oil, which act both as a
cooling medium and an insulating medium. The heat produce in the cores and winding is
passed to the oil becomes lighter and rises to the top and place is taken by cool oil from the
bottom of the cooling tank.
Oil blast cooling:
In this type of cooling, forced air is directed over cooling elements of transformers immersed
in oil.
Forced oil and forced air flow (OFAF) cooling:
Oil is circulated from the top of the transformers tank to a cooling tank to a cooling plant. Oil
is then returned to the bottom of the tank.
Forced oil and water (OWF) cooling:
In this type of cooling oil flow with water cooling of the oil in external water heat exchanger
takes place. The water is circulated in cooling tubes in the heat exchanger.

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CONCLUSION

Now from this report we can conclude that electricity plays an important role in our life. We
are made aware of how the transmission of electricity is done. We too came to know about
the various parts of the Substation system.
With the help of our trainers we have completed our Project Report on SLD of
MRSS1,MRSS-2,MRSS-3 & MRSS-4. And we are very thankful for summer training in
JINDALSTEEL AND POWER LIMITED, RAIGARH (CG).

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REFERENCES & BIBILIOGRAPHY

1. www.Google.com

2. www.britannica.com

3. www.webopedia.com

4. www.encyclopedia.com

5. www.worldbook.com

6. www.encyclopediadramatica.com

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