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October 12
Experiment# 1
Magnetic Phase Transition
of a Ferromagnetic Alloy 2015
INTRODUCTION:
In this experiment we are performing one of the technique to APPLIED
determine curie temperature of rapidly heated kanthal-D wire. As
we know that when we apply a voltage to wire current is passed
PHYSICS
through it and wire gets Heated and change its magnetic
behavior. By varying amount of voltages we observed its
LAB REPORT
magnetic behavior.
SUBMITTED TO:
SIR WAQAS
SUBMITTED BY:
MUHAMMAD DANISH
MUHAMMAD HARIS
SHER YAR KHAN
ZULKIFAL SHAH
SHAROON BARKAT
MUHAMMAD KHIZAR
KAINAT
Magnetic Phase Transition of a Ferromagnetic Alloy 2015
Contents
LEANING OUTCOME: ............................................................................................................................... 3
OBJECTIVE: ................................................................................................................................................ 3
Ferromagnetism: ....................................................................................................................................... 4
Apparatus: ..................................................................................................................................................... 6
3) Stopwatch:......................................................................................................................................... 7
4) Clamp meter:..................................................................................................................................... 7
Methodology: ................................................................................................................................................ 9
Calculations: ............................................................................................................................................... 10
Result: ......................................................................................................................................................... 11
Conclusion: ................................................................................................................................................. 11
Bibliography: .............................................................................................................................................. 12
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Magnetic Phase Transition of a Ferromagnetic Alloy 2015
Figure 1(Magnetic Phase Transition) ............................................................................................................ 3
Figure 2(Ferromagnetism) ............................................................................................................................ 4
Figure 3(Para magnetism) ............................................................................................................................. 5
Figure 4(Kanthal-D Wire)............................................................................................................................. 5
Figure 5(Variable Transformer) .................................................................................................................... 6
Figure 6(Control Box)................................................................................................................................... 7
Figure 7(Stopwatch)...................................................................................................................................... 7
Figure 8(Clamp meter) .................................................................................................................................. 7
Figure 9(Safety gloves) ................................................................................................................................. 8
Figure 10 (Pole for wire & magnet assembly) .............................................................................................. 8
Figure 11 (Kanthal-D Wire).......................................................................................................................... 8
Figure 12(Experimental Setup) ..................................................................................................................... 9
Figure 13(Voltage, Current & Time Values) .............................................................................................. 11
Figure 14(FUSE & BREAKER) ................................................................................................................. 15
Figure 15(EARTH WIRE) .......................................................................................................................... 15
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Magnetic Phase Transition of a Ferromagnetic Alloy 2015
LEARNING OUTCOME:
In this experiment, we will
1. Learn how to handle large currents safely.
2. Understand the concept of electrical properties of materials and magnetism of
different materials.
3. Familiarize ourselves with common electrical test equipment such as the voltmeter,
ammeter, multimeter, clamp meter and circuit components such as the circuit breaker
and variable transformer (VARIAC).
4. Effect of voltage on material & its magnetic phase transitions.
OBJECTIVE:
To calculate the Curie temperature of a ferromagnetic material i.e. Kanthal-D
wire by varying the amount of voltage and current passing through it. Values of voltage,
current and the time at which wire get demagnetized needs to be measured and then an
appropriate set of calculations need to be carried out in order to calculate the Curie
temperature.
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Magnetic Phase Transition of a Ferromagnetic Alloy 2015
THEORETICAL BACKGROUND:
Electrical energy:
Electrical energy is the energy newly derived from electric potential energy.
When loosely used to describe energy absorbed or delivered by an electrical circuit (for
example, one provided by an electric power utility) “electrical energy” talks about energy
which has been converted from electrical potential
Ferromagnetism:
These are the materials that can be magnetized by an external magnetic field
and remain magnetized after the external field is removed. In the presence of magnetic field
the domain of ferromagnetic becomes aligned and they remain aligned for a long time even
after the magnetic field is removed.
Only a few substances are ferromagnetic. The common ones are iron, nickel, cobalt
and most of their alloys like alnico (aluminum nickel cobalt), some compounds of rare earth
metals, and a few naturally-occurring minerals such as lodestone. (1)
Figure 2(Ferromagnetism)
Curie temperature:
It is the temperature at which certain magnetic materials undergo a sharp change in their
magnetic properties i.e. it changes from ferromagnetic to paramagnetic because on increasing
the temperature the domains of the ferromagnetic material no longer remain aligned. At
certain temperature (Curie temperature) the domains become so distorted that ferromagnetic
is converted to paramagnet. (2)
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Magnetic Phase Transition of a Ferromagnetic Alloy 2015
Para magnetism:
These materials are slightly attracted by a magnetic field and the material does not
retain the magnetic properties when the external field is removed. Paramagnetic properties
are due to the presence of unpaired electrons, and from the realignment of the electron paths
caused by removing the external magnetic field.
Paramagnetic materials include magnesium, molybdenum and lithium.
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Magnetic Phase Transition of a Ferromagnetic Alloy 2015
Apparatus:
1) Variable Transformer (VARIAC)
The VARIAC is a variable transformer with a range of 0V-250V. The AC
mains supply from WAPDA (or the local generator) is connected across the primary
coil and the variable output is taken from the sliding contact on the output side. The
voltage is step down in the ratio of
𝑽𝒐𝒖𝒕 𝑵𝒐𝒖𝒕 𝑰𝒐𝒖𝒕
= =
𝑽𝒊𝒏 𝑵 𝒊𝒏 𝑰𝒊𝒏
Where 𝑵𝒊𝒏 and 𝑵𝒐𝒖𝒕 are the total number of turns in the primary coil and the turns
between the output tap and ground.
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Magnetic Phase Transition of a Ferromagnetic Alloy 2015
2) Control box:
It is used to switch the circuit ON and OFF. It also has an emergency stop
button and a circuit breaker along with a built-in voltmeter and an ammeter.
Figure 7(Stopwatch)
4) Clamp meter:
It measures the current passing through the wire. Currents are measured with the help
of a clamp meter. The jaws of the clamp meter surround the wire through which the
current is to be determined. Its range is 200A-600A.
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Magnetic Phase Transition of a Ferromagnetic Alloy 2015
5) Safety gloves:
To ensure safety from high voltages. It is made of insulator (i.e Rubber)
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Magnetic Phase Transition of a Ferromagnetic Alloy 2015
Methodology:
1) Set up the apparatus as shown.
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Magnetic Phase Transition of a Ferromagnetic Alloy 2015
Calculations:
Measurement of Curie temperature:
The electrical energy supplied in a certain interval of time is defined as
𝑬𝑻 = Power × time = P × t
Power = Voltage × current = 𝑽 × 𝑰
ET = VIt ……………………………………… (1)
Where
𝑻𝑪 = Curie temperature,
ε = is the emissivity,
σ = 5.675 ×10−87W/𝑚2 𝐾 4 (Stefan-Boltzmann constant)
S = surface area of the heating element ( 𝜋𝑑𝐿)
𝟒
𝑽𝑰+ԑ𝝈𝑺𝑻𝒐 𝟒
Tc = √ ……………………… (4)
ԑ𝝈𝑺
The constant values required for this calculation are given in the following table.
Emissivity of the wire (𝜖) 0.7
Boltzmann constant (𝜎) 5.675×10-8 W/𝑚2 𝐾 4
Length of Kanthal wire (L) 1m
Diameter of the Kanthal wire 4.5E-3m
Room temperature (TO) 26OC or 299 K
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Magnetic Phase Transition of a Ferromagnetic Alloy 2015
Put these values into the equation (4) to calculate the Curie temperature,
4 VI
TC = √ + To4
ԑσS
4 (22.33𝑉)(6.21𝐴)
𝑇𝐶 = √ + (299𝐾)4
(0.7)(5.675 × 10−8 𝑊/𝑚2 𝐾 4 )(0.014𝑚2 )
4 (22.33)(6.21)𝑊
𝑇𝐶 = √ + (299𝐾)4
(0.7)(5.675 × 10−8 𝑊/𝑚2 𝐾 4 )(0.014𝑚2 )
4
𝑇𝐶 = √2.49 ∈ 11 𝐾 4 + 7.99 ∈ 10 𝐾 4
4
𝑇𝐶 = √3.289 ∈ 11 𝐾 4
𝑇𝐶 = 757.29 𝐾
Result:
The Kanthal D-wire used in the current experiment demagnetized at a curie temperature of
757.29 𝐾 (i.e 484.29 OC).
Conclusion:
The value calculated from this experiment is therefore, exhibiting an error of 19.28%.
Moreover, it can also be observed that the time for which the Kanthal wire remains attached
to the magnet decreases as the amount of voltage passing through it increases so it can be
deduced that the Kanthal wire loses its magnetism more quickly as the rate of heat energy
provided to it increases as its domains lose their alignment more quickly.
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Magnetic Phase Transition of a Ferromagnetic Alloy 2015
Sources of Error:
1) The numbers of values taken from the experiment are not enough so more readings
should be taken and a graph should be plotted to obtain a more accurate value.
2) The uncertainties in the values of voltage, current, time and emissivity are not taken
into account so they should be considered when calculating the value of Curie
temperature.
3) The time calculated with the help of stopwatch is not accurate due to the addition of
human reaction time so a system of sensors connected to an electronic stopwatch
should be used.
Bibliography:
1. [Online] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferromagnetism.
2. [Online] http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/146902/Curie-point.
4. [Online] http://kanthal.com/en/products/material-datasheets/wire/resistance-heating-wire-
and-resistance-wire/kanthal-d/.
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Magnetic Phase Transition of a Ferromagnetic Alloy 2015
QUESTION ANSWERS
Q1: what is coercivity?
Ans: For ferromagnetic material the coercivity is the intensity of the applied magnetic field
required to reduce the magnetization of that material to zero after the magnetization of the
sample has been reached to saturation.
Ans: we use AC due to its less power loss and its ability to be stepped down and step up the
voltage for different household appliances by using transformers, which DC cannot do. It can
also be transferred to long distances with less power loss.
Property Value
Ans: Scientists believe the magnetic field is generated deep inside the Earth where the
heat of the planet's solid inner core churns a liquid outer core of iron and nickel. The solid
inner core is thought to be a mass of iron about the size of the moon that is heated to several
thousand degrees Fahrenheit.
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Magnetic Phase Transition of a Ferromagnetic Alloy 2015
Ans:
S.NO. HARD MAGNETIC MATERIALS SOFT MAGNETIC MATERIALS
1 Materials which retain their Soft magnetic materials are easy to
magnetism and are difficult to magnetize and demagnetize.
demagnetize are called hard magnetic These materials are used for making
materials. temporary magnets. The domain wall
These materials retain their movement is easy. Hence they are easy to
magnetism even after the removal of magnetize. By annealing the cold worked
the applied magnetic field. Hence material, the dislocation density is reduced
these materials are used for making and the domain wall movement is made
permanent magnets. In permanent easier. Soft magnetic materials should not
magnets the movement of the domain possess any void and its structure should be
wall is prevented. They are prepared homogeneous so that the materials are not
by heating the magnetic materials to affected by impurities.
the required temperature and then
quenching them. Impurities increase
the strength of hard magnetic
materials.
2 They have large hysteresis loss due to They have low hysteresis loss due to small
large hysteresis loop area. hysteresis area.
3 Coercivity and retentivity values are Coercivity and retentivity values are less.
large.
4 Magnetic energy stored is high. Since they have low retentivity and
coercivity, they are not used for making
permanent magnets.
5 They possess high value of BH Magnetic energy stored is less.
product.
6 The eddy current loss is high. The eddy current loss is less because of high
resistivity.
Ans: steel is a better material to make permanent magnet as it’s coercivity as well its
hysteresis loop is greater which means it requires more energy to magnetize as well
demagnetize.
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Magnetic Phase Transition of a Ferromagnetic Alloy 2015
Q9: how does the clamp meter work will it work for DC?
Ans: Ordinary clamp meters used to measure AC currents work on the principle of
electromagnetic induction caused by the alternating current flowing in the conductor which
reverses direction causing a dynamically changing magnetic field. However, in DC
conductors, the current flows in a fixed polarity. Consequently, the magnetic field around the
conductor is fixed and does not change. Hence, a conventional clamp meter will register no
reading. But a special modified one does.
Ans: The earth wire is a crucial part of the home electrical system and is designed to protect
against electric shock. If faults occur in the electrical system, the electricity will flow to
earth by the shortest and easiest path.
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Magnetic Phase Transition of a Ferromagnetic Alloy 2015
Ans: These are one of the Basic Switching Element in the High Power Electrical circuits, in
which through small current (or power), Higher Current (or power) can be controlled. From
two Basic switching elements (i.e. like push button or on/off switch) Magnetic contactor
work in a place where the later one is required.
Ans:
Q14: why have we used porcelain for mounting the heating element on the pole?
Ans: It is a very Good ceramic electrical insulator, it can bear greater degree of temperature
than other insulators with having little effect on its properties. Moreover it is capable of
holding the weight or tension of the material to be hanged.
Q15: why can’t we attach magnets directly to the metallic poles, why do we need to insert
alumina ceramic in between?
Ans: Since magnets are used to magnetize kanthal D-wire, therefore they are connected to
it through insulator. What might happen if this insulator fails is, current directly flows
through the magnets and through it to the pole, if another insulator (Alumina silicate) is not
used as precautionary. If there is no insulator between magnets and pole than not even
magnets would be destroyed because of high current but also it will make the system short, as
the pole is connected to the earth.
Ans: The tip of the tester is touched to the conductor being tested (for instance, it can be
used on a wire in a switch, or inserted into a hole of an electric socket). A neon lamp takes
very little current to light, and thus can use the user's body capacitance to earth ground to
complete the circuit.
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Magnetic Phase Transition of a Ferromagnetic Alloy 2015
Q: 17 what are the different color codes for wires in live, neutral and earth? Also suggest
why additional colors are used?
The electrical color coding system is used is active (live) brown (red); neutral, blue (black);
and earth, green/yellow strip (green).
These are the color codes for wires carrying D.C current, but to completely define the A.C
current one must use additional colors to describe the phase shift between the live wires.
Therefore two additional colors are being standardized for the purpose.
Q: 18 what is Exchange Energy?
Ans: Exchange Energy is that energy which is the amount of energy transferred by a high
energy domain to a lower energy domain so as to keep it aligned and keeping the overall
magnetic effect by keeping mutual alignment of the magnetic fields of the domains. That
energy transferred is called exchange energy.
Q: 19 what will happen when thermal energy overcomes the exchange energy?
Ans: The thermal energy makes the atoms vibrate faster and lose their alignments at
temperatures where thermal energy overcomes the exchange energy which is called the curie
temperature, substances lose their magnetization due to the disturbed alignment of their
atoms which disturbs the overall field alignment and hence a Ferro magnet is converted into a
para magnet, this temperature varies for different substances.
Q: 20 identify any three paramagnetic materials in your surroundings?
Ans: there are many paramagnetic materials surrounding us, e.g. aluminum (used as foils
etc.), platinum (used in jewelry, and electro plating) and potassium, these substances have
dipoles randomly arranged so that there is no overall net magnetic field.
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