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I do hereby declare that the work which has been presented in this dissertation
entitled “ROLE OF MGNREGA ON SEASONAL MIGRATION ON RURAL AREA OF
JHARKHAND: A CASE OF HAZARIBAG DISTRICT“ submitted by me to the
Department of Economics Vinoba Bhave University, Hazaribag for partial
fulfillment of the requirement for the Award of Masters Degree in economics, is
my own original work and that has neither been submitted obviously to any other
institution, including this University nor has been published any time anywhere
before.
Sweta Kumari
Reg No.A-H65191/2013
Roll no.-170111013022
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CERTIFICATE
Date: Supervisor
Assistant Professor
V.B.U. Hazaribag
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I wish to acknowledged with immense sense of gratitude and indebtedness for
the guidance to my supervisor Dr. Ifsha Khurshid for his precious Supervision.
Insightful analysis , inspiring guidance and encouragements during this research
work. I wish to thanks him for the critical suggestions during my work. I could not
imagine having a better advisor and mentor for my desertion study without his
support this thesis would not have completed.
I would also like to express my gratitude to Dr. Prakash Chandra Deogharia to his
support , true inspiration, critical reviews, appropriate direction, motivation
,advice and liberal help from time to time during the period of research.
I am also thankful to all the teachers in the department, namely, Dr. Vinita Rani
Ekka, Dr. Umendra Singh and Dr. Ifsha Khursid for there co-operation, help and
support. They supported me for time to time by giving valuable suggestions. I
could not overlook the staff of my Department, specially, Mr. Mangal baxla who
was of great help to me in various ways.
I convey my deep sense of regard to my parents , Smt. Manju Devi and Shri or
indirectly to the Deonandan Prasad. It is my pleasure to express my thanks to all
those who contributed in all those who directly or indirectly to the success of this
study.
SWETA KUMARI
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CONTENTS
CHAPTER
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CHAPTER 05 Socio Economic profile of 63-65
Hazaribag
Bibliography 74-75
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CHAPTER-I
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Role of MNREGA on seasonal migration on rural area of
Jharkhand: A case study of Hazaribag District
Introduction
The economy of India is a developing mixed economy. It is the world’s sixth
largest economy by the nominal GDP and the third largest by purchasing power
parity (PPP). The country ranks 141st in per capita GDP (nominal) with $7,783 as of
2018. After 1991 economic liberalization , India achieved 6.7% average GDP
growth annually. In financial year 215 and 2018 India’s economy because the
world’s faster growing major economy.
The population of the India in the year 2017, 1.3366 billion increasing population
year 2018. 1,354,051,854. India is the 3rd largest by purchasing power parity
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are adjusted for PPP. This this adjustment attempts to convert nominal GDP into a
number more easily comparable between countries with different currencies.
One way to think of what GDP with PPP represents is to imagine the total
collective purchasing power parity to Japan if it were used to make the same
purchases in U.S. markets. This only works after all Yen are exchanged for Dollars.
Otherwise , the comparison does not makes sense.
The following example illustrates this point. Suppose it costs $ 10 to buy a shirt in
the U.S. , and it cost € 8.00 to buy the same shirt in Germany. To make an apples
to apples comparison , the € 8.00 in Germany needs to be converted into U.S.
dollars. If the exchange rate was that the shirt in Germany cost $ 15.00, the PPP
would be 15/10, or 1.5 for every $1.00 spent on the shirt in the U.S., it takes $1.50
to obtain the same shirt in Germany.
HDI
The human development Index (HDI) was developed by the United Nation as a
metric to assess the social and economic development levels of countries. Four
principal areas of examination are used to rank countries: mean years of
schooling , expected years of schooling ,life expectancy at birth and gross national
income per capita. This index makes it development levels over time and to
compare the development levels of different countries.
For the first time since independence , the absolute increase in population
is more in urban areas that in rural areas.
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Level of urbanization increased from 27.81% in 2001 census to 31.16 % in 2011
census.
Here is data table and static for the urban and rural population and percentage of
urban and rural population of India according to provisional data.
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Statement of the problem
Few people are still engaged in agriculture and they are monsoon dependent so
they remain employee for about 8-9 month while they suffer unemployment for
the left few month. This has resulted in the transition of people from rural areas is
called seasonal migration.
Government schemes try to stop this rural urban migration such as:
IRDP launched on October 2nd ,1980, all over the country and accordingly all the
15 blocks of Bough Kondhamal District have been covered under the scheme.
Since then prior the above period , IRDP was in operation in 8 block of the district
since 1978-79. The IRDP continues to be a major poverty alleviation programmed
in the field of rural development . the objective of IRDP is to enable identified
rural poor families to cross the poverty line by providing productive assets and
inputs to the target groups. The assets and input to the target groups . the assets
which could be in primary, secondary or territory sector are provided through
financial assistance in the form of subsidy by the Govt. and term credit advanced
by financial institutions. The programme is implemented in all the blocks in the
country as a centrally sponsored schemes funded on 50-50 basis by the centre
and state. The government schemes is merged with another schemes named
S.G.S.Y since 01.04.1999.
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Swarnjayanti Gram Swarojgar Yojana
Country India
Ministry MRD
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REGP (Rural Employment Generation Programme)
Jawahar Lal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission was a massive city-
modernization scheme launched by the Government of India under Ministry of
urban development. It envisaged a total investment of over $ 20 billion over
seven years named after Jawaharlal Lal Nehru , the first Prime Minister of India.
The schemes was officially inaugurated by Prime Minister Manmohan Singh on
3rd December 2005 as a programme meant to improve the quality of the life and
infrastructure in the cities. It was launched in 2005 for a seven year period (upto
march 2012) to encourage cities to initiate step for bringing phased
improvements in their civic service levels. The government has extended the
tenure of the mission for two years. i.e. from April 2012 to March 31,2014.
PMJDY ( Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana), Prime Minister’s people money
schemed is India’s National Mission for financial inclusion to ensure access to
financial services , namely Banking serving and Deposit Accounts, Remittance,
Credit , Insurance, Pension in an affordable manner. This financial inclusion
campaign was launched by the Prime Minister of India Narendra Modi on 28th
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August 2014. He had announced the scheme on his first Independence Day
speech on 15th August 2014.
Country India
Seasonal Migration
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Seasonal Migration is very common in agricultural cycles. It includes to migration
such as moving or cattle to higher elevations during summer to escape the heat
and find forage. Human labour often moves with fruit harvest or the other crops
that require manual picking.
While the culture of many crops has become entirely mechanized, others, such as
fruits and vegetables still require manual labour at least for harvest and some
such as tobacco still need manual labour for its culture. Much of the work was
once provided by family members or boarding students, but they are less
available now, and farms are larger . now, migratory workers provide much of the
hand labor required in agriculture in the U.S and the other countries. Labour
contractors arrange with farmers to provide the necessary help at the seasonal
time , often with foreign National whose employment opportunities are more
limited in their home areas.
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Seasonal Migration in India
The NSS defines migrants as those for whom the last usual place of residence in
different from the present place of residence of a person is defined as a place
when the person stayed continuously for a period of six month or more. However
there are persons who do not change their UPR but undertake short term
movements. In NSS 64th round information was collected regarding the short term
movements of the people who had stayed away from the village town for one
month or more less than 6 months during the last 365 days for employment in
seasonal migration in India. The sector wise distribution of both male and females
seasonal migrant.
Migration in Jharkhand
Migration creates condition for deep rooted changes in the social and cultural life
of both the migrant community as well as the lost community for over a hundred
year. The tribles of chotanagpur and santhal Pargana region of Jharkhand have
been steady migrating out of their home, land in search of livelihood because of
the development policies of the government big dam and industries were
established acquiring the land the forests of tribals . The tribals are dependent on
the land of and forests for displaced were compelled migrate to urban are : for
their bread and butter at very low wages women who play a very important role
in bringing up their family and children are also adversely affected by these
development programmes ; Though the early history of tribles out migration is
obscure it is generally believed that Jharkhand was the destination of the tribal’s
in the early time. The reason was relatively isolated from other region of the
country. Different tribles migrated from the rest of the world oraon entered this
area as late as 14th contrary after the fall of Rohtasgarh Fort with the most
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numerous tribles of the region from Hazaribag to the lamin-e-koh which took
place in late 18th century started the modern phase of migration in this region.
Since the early 19th century , seasonal and permanent out migration from this
area was reported these is evidence of regular seasonal migration of will collies of
Hazaribag and chotanagpur to the Bengal District as trible economy access future
to food in the village pushes the tribles out to seasonally migrate where as the
expansion of labour demand in irrigated agriculture as well as in the urban
industrial sector pull them to migrate in search of higher wages but such
explanations will be partial for societal level a complex process operates that over
as migration.
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Objectives
1. To study the impact of MGNREGA on rural employment
2. To study the impact MGNREGA on seasonal migration.
HYPOTHESIS
METHODOLOGY
The major source for the secondary data will be various published sources like
Jharkhand annual report, census report 2011, Jharkhand economic survey,
different website, document of Jharkhand agricultural council.
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CHAPTER-II
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REVIEW OF LITERATURE
INTRODUCTION
Therefore, an attempt has been made to review the literature on the subject so as
to establish the relevance of the present study
Studied the impact of the NREGP on rural livelihood. The analysis look at the
direct and indirect effect of NREGP on employment generation and poverty
reduction in local areas. The survey recorded income and expenditure level by
type of household (large, small and marginal farmer, agricultural labour, service).
The survey also recorded production activities undertaken by the inhabitants.
Studied the impact of the NREGP on rural –urban migration. It analyzed migration
as a negative force, focusing on distress migration. Distress migration takes places
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when people have to go cities to find work because they cannot survive on what
they can do in their own villages.
GOPARAJU (2009)
ASCI (2009)
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Conducted a study to understand MGNREGA’s process procedure and impact. The
study was oriented towards identifying good practices that could be scaled up for
strengthening the programmed Research was undertaken in six block of 3 district-
Anatpur, Adilabad and Guntur of Andhra Pradesh. The positive finding of the
study included, increase in groundwater in Anantpur as a result of the asset
created, improved agricultural yield across all three district and reduction in
migration. The study also showed the problem the programme faced including
delays in wage payment and poor quality of assets.
AMBASIA(2010)
In his study on MGNREGA and rural governance Reform: Growth and Inclusion
through Panchayats: focused on the constitutional 73rd Amendment Act and the
establishment of the local governance system in India through three-tier
Panchayati Raj Institution (PRIs) that marked a new chapter in the history of
democratic decentralization in India. The vision behind this has been that these
local government institution will be the pivot fostering inclusion in an era of high
economic growth. This study argues that the challenges of inclusion are
formidable and the articulation of this vision has been hampered by an ineffective
devolution of funds , function and functionaries to the PRI’s. in this context , it
examines the experiences of the MGNREGA to see how its overcomes have fallen
short of its potential due to inadequate support structure at the grassroots. It
then attempts to spell out a blueprint of reform that are needed for MGNREGA
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to realize its true potential. Since fund to PRI’s are not so much of an issue after
MGNREGA, functionaries are the real bottleneck, which must be taken care by re-
vision by the cutting edge of the implementation of the Act. The study also
examines in detail the development of Information Technology (IT) for MGNREGA
and suggest how it can be strengthened. It purposes that to ensure proper
monitoring ,evaluation, development of human resources and their development
; IT innovation and for grievances redness, a national authority for MGNREGA is
needed to anchor and support implementation. It further argues that white such
support and resources deployment are necessary condition; rural development
and the empowerment of the poor can’t happen through techno-managerial
provisioning alone but grassroots mobilization. In the task of mobilization and
support to GSs and PRIs for making MGNREGA can effectively transform
governance at the grassroots and also empower rural communities overtime such
reform can become the way forward for all intervention targeting the rural
power.
AZAM (2011)
Focused on the “The Impact of Indian job Guarantee Scheme on labor market
Outcome evidence from a natural Experiment. Public work programmed, aimed at
building a strong social safety net through redistribution of wealth and generation
of meaningful employment, are becoming increasingly popular in developing
countries. The NREGA enacted in August 2005, in one such programme. This
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paper assesses causal impact (Intent-to-Treat) of NREGA on public work
participation; labour force distribution, and real wage of causal worker by
exploring in phased implementation across Indian state. Using Nationally
representative data from the national sample survey (NSS) and Difference-in –
Difference framework find that there is a strong gender dimension to the impact
of NREGA: it has a positive impact on the labour force participation and this
impact on the labour force participation and this impact is mainly driven by a
much sharper impact on female labour force participation. Similarly NREGA has a
significant positive impact on the wages of female causal worker/real wages of
female worker increased experienced in non-NREGA districts w; however the
impact of NREGA on wages of causal made worker has been marginal (about 1%).
Using data from the pre-NREGA period. The author also performed falsification
exercise to demonstrate that the main conclusion are not confounded by pre-
existing differential trends between NREGA and non- NREGA districts.
Tested the impact of MGNREGP on scheduled caste and scheduled tribes, studies
conducted in 8 states as Tripura ,Rajasthan, Chhattisgarh, Mizoram, Orissa , Tamil
nadu, Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal to highlight issued related to MGNREGA
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and scheduled caste and scheduled tribes in each of the states. The studies also
elaborated the issue of MGNREGA implementation.
In their article NREGA and rural water management in India: Improving welfare
effects. NREGA is being analogized by many in the academic development and
policy arena as a ‘silver bullet’ for eradicating rural poverty and unemployment by
way of generating demand for productive labour force in village and private
incentives for management of common property resources. The study arouses
that the nature of water management activities are planned and implemented in
different regions, without any consideration to their physicians scion economic
realities of the region concerned ; are creating several negative welfare effects. It
identifies three broad and distinct regional typologies in India for different regions
and proposes the types for water management work under NREGS for each
typology which has the potential to generate labour demand ,while producing
welfare effects.
BASU (2011)
( i ) productive efficiency
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The author’s framework provide a theoretical basis for the evaluation of a
number of conflicting observation and empirical result on the impact of an EGS on
agricultural wages, employment and put-put and underscore the importance of
the relative productivity of worker in the EGS programme vis-à-vis their
counterpart engaged in agricultural production in determining the success of
these programmes.
BBERG (2012)
Tested the impact of the Indian government, on agricultural wages. The rollout of
NREG in three phases is used to identify difference-in-difference estimates of the
programme effect. Using monthly data wage from the period 2000-11 for a panel
of 249 district across 19 Indian states , we found that on average, NREG boost the
real daily agricultural wage rate by 5.3%. it takes six to 11 month for an NREG
intensity stock to feed into higher wages. The wage effect appear to be gender
neutral and biased toward unskilled labour. It is positive across different
implementation after controlling for rainfall, district and time fixed effects, and
phase-wise linear, quadratic; and cubic time trends.
Assessed the ‘Social safety Nets and Nutrient Deprivation. An analysis of the
NREGP and the public Distribution System in India. Using primary data collected
during 2007-08, the author examined the nutritional status with respect to the
two macro nutrient as well as various micro nutrients of rural household in 3
states- Andra Pradesh , Maharastra and Rajasthan. They have found that by and
large there are serious deficiencies with regard to consumption of various
nutrient is all the 3 state. With this as a background; they model the impact of the
two policy intervention (NREG and PDS) on nutrient intake. In addition to OLS and
IV estimation for each. Nutrient of each state ; they also conducted system
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estimation for each nutrient for all states. Finally in order to assess the impact on
an index of under nutrition, both the nutrient inmate relation and how the
proportion of undernourished very must be taken into account.
BORDOLOI (2011)
Focused on the impact of MGNREGA on wage return, Food Security and rural
urban. Migration- Assam. The study was carried out in 5 district of Assam. To
study the impact of MGNREGA on wage differential and migration as well as to
assess the scheme processes and procedure. MGNREGA does not have a
significant impact on migration because it is unable to meet the demand from
wage seekers . one the positive side; the scheme has reduced gender differential
in wages, majority of beneficiaries perceive the assets created under the
MGNREGA as beneficial.
In 2006-07 alone MGNREGA has created more than half a million productive
assets, mostly water and soil conservation structure. Each of them has the
potential to herd poverty out from the villages.
On the other hand ,the Act has not been able to generate the kind of employment
demand as expedited. It has created only an average of 43 days of employment in
2006-07. Thus it is important to understand the complex socio-economic and
governance challenge of these districts.
On Public work and wages in rural India. This study is based on an analysis of the
NSSO’s 64th round data that showed that real wages specially for women
increased in rural area after implementation of the scheme. Labour cost account
for less than half and usually around one third of total agricultural cost.
MGNREGA has positive effect on women worker in rural labour market. It has
caused gender gap to come down.
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In their study on “ Changing Gender Relation: A study of MGNREGA across
different state; presented the impact of MGNREGA on gender relation in 102
districts in 27 state. The study found that gender relation in favour of women
increased in the post- MGNREGA period “Self-estee,”, self image and confidence
level of women has improved through their participation under MGNREGA’s
consolidated these changes. Gender Relation Index (GRI) consisting of social;
economic and political dimension at both household and community levels
increased for women after implementation of MGNREGAs.
DREZE (2011)
In his article an ‘Breaking the Nexus of corruption’, in the battle for employment
Guarantee, the essay looked at the effectiveness of the transparency safeguards
under MGNREGA. In the initial stage of implementation of the scheme, claims
were often made that MGNREGA funds are not reaching the poor based on
misleading of a CAG report. The field studies undertaken indicate positive finding
and show an improvement, fewer instances of corruption and leakage under
MGNREGA than programmes like the National Food for work Programme.
GHOSH (2011)
ATTEMPTED THE STUDY THE “Impact of NREGA on wage rates , Food Security and
rural urban migration in west Bengal; The study aims to compare wage
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differentials between MGNREGA activities and other wage employment activities
and the pattern of migration from rural to urban areas across five districts of west
Bengal. The MGNREGA wage was found to be highest than the wage for
agricultural workers in the state and this led to distortion of the wage labour
market. The study postulates that the net effect of MGNREGA has been negligible.
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CHAPTER-III
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MIGRATION IN INDIA: CAUSES AND CONSEQUENCES
INTRODUCTION
Migration is a natural process that often happen depending on the socio-
economic ,demographic, cultural , and political and environmental factors related
to the migrant people. Migration is not a mere shift of people from one place of
residence to another. It is most fundamental to the understanding of
continuously changing space content and space relationships of areas (Gosal
1961). Bogue (1959) considers it an instrument of cultural diffusion and social
integration which yield more meaningful redistribution of population. Smith
(1960) has started about three-fold impacts of migration on (1) the area of out-
migration (2) the area of in migration and (3) the migrants. The persons of the
areas of out-migration decrease while the population of in-migration increasing.
The migration from rural to urban areas has been increasing slowly with
industrialization and modernization in India. The main reason for migration is
business related migration. The male migration constitutes the highest level of
migration in India due to employment purpose. The female usually migrates as
accompanists of males through several other factors like after marriage or family
transfer, but with the recent survey single female are also slowly increasingly
moving out in search of a jobs. There are many definitions of migration, According
to Lee, “Migration is permanent or semi-permanent change of residence.”
According to Weinberg, “ Human migration as change of place permanently or
temporarily for an appreciable duration as in case of seasonal worker. According
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to Safa, “ Migration is normally viewed as an economic phenomenon through
non-economic factors obviously has some bearing (Singh, 1989)
Migration process has been one of the most dynamic human activities from the
very beginning of human life. In early days people moved from one forest to
another in search of forest products. When most of people divorced the forest life
and adopted civilized life they developed relationship with domesticated animals
and fertile land. As a result, mobility of mankind for developing cultivation. The
people moved from early civilized area to other parts of the world , partly for
agricultural purposes or for trade and partly for investigation. Migration of the
people to big cities from all the corners of the country with different social and
cultural background. When such people meet in cities and stop living together, a
new cosmopolitan culture develops. Such cultures are more liberal, impersonal,
self-centered and more materialistic.
Migration data were recorded at the time of first census in 1881based on the
place of birth. In 1961, modification were made to include place of birth and
duration of residence. In 1971, additional information on place of last residence
and duration so stay at the place do enumeration were incorporated in 1981
census and modified in consecutive censuses. In the census of India, migration is
enumerated on the following tow basis (1) place of birth; if the place of birth is
different from the place of enumeration (known as life-time migrant)
(2) place of residence ; if the place of last residence is different from the place
known as migrant by place of last residence.
(1) Long term migration: long term migration resulting the relocation of an
individual or household
(2) Short term migration: involving a black forth movement between a source
of destination. Mostly short term migration belongs to socially
economically deprived groups such as Scheduled castes and Scheduled
Tribes having negligible education attainment, limited assets and resource
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deficits. Between 2001-11 from 2.4 percent in 1991-2001. About 45.31
crore (37%) people in India are migrants and above 80 percent migrants are
males (srivastava, 2011). The north Indian states of Uttar Pradesh and Bihar
have highest percentage of rural population with 18.6 and 11.7 percent of
people living in villages in 2011. These states are largest migrants relocates
from Uttar Pradesh to Maharashtra, Delhi , West Bengal , Punjab and
Haryana. Other major migrants sending states are Rajasthan ,Madhya
Pradesh , Andra Pradesh and Jharkhand. All the major sending states are
chateracterized by low, social and economic development. Cities of
Mumbai, Delhi and Calcutta are largest destination for internal migration in
India. Seasonal migration vary by area and Industry. Numbers of people
from drought prone areas including Andra Pradesh, Karnataka migrate
seasonally to work in brick making construction tile factory and crop
cutting. About 90 percent of laborers in construction industry are internal
migrants. Seasonal Migration is also attracted by agricultural work such as
rice harvest in west Bengal, Sugar cane in Gujarat.
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Causes of Migration
Urbanization:
Marriage:
Employment
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India: Migration by reason, 2001-11
Education
Due to lack of educational facilities in rural areas for higher education. Many of
them settle down in the cities for earning a livelihood after completing their
education. In 2011 census about 1.71 percent people migrated for education
Lack of security
Political disturbances and interethnic conflicts drive people away from their
homes . large number of people has migrated out of Jammu and Kashmir and
Assam during the last due to disturbed conditions these. People also migrate on a
short term basis in search of better opportunities for recreation, health care
facilities etc
Two principle factors push and pull are responsible for migration. The push factor
are poverty, lack of work opportunities, exhaustion of natural resources and
natural calamities, scarcity of cultivated land, inequitable land distribution, low
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agricultural productivity etc pull factors attract migrant to an era (area od
destination like employment and higher education opportunities higher wages
facilities, better working conditions. Millions of people migrated from their far-off
villages to the big cities of Kolkata, Mumbai and Delhi. The appealing living
conditions like slums, lack of safe water, absence of sanitation, overcrowding with
the attendant increase in crime, insecurity for women ,sexual abuse and exposure
to frequent epidemics are the immediate outcome of this population shift.
CONSEQUENCES OF MIGRATION
Migration affects both area of origin of migration and the areas of destination of
the migrant population. The consequences of migration can be defined as.
i. Demographic consequences:
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the areas. Migration affects the receiving areas becomes more
productive causing dependency ration the source areas. Braib drain is
another consequences of migration. Skilled people migrate from poorer
countries to developed countries in search of better economic
opportunities in search of better economic opportunities. People
migrating out send remittance to their families at home and add toe
economic prosperity.
iv. Environmental consequences: Large scale movement of people from
rural to urban areas causes overcrowding in cities and puts heavy
pressure on resources. It causes haphazard growth of cities and causes
slums locking basic infrastructural facilities such as safe drinking water,
electricity sewage etc, overcrowding is also responsible for any
environmental problems of air, water ,land and noise pollution,
disposable and management of solid wastes.
v. Other consequences: Migration enhances remittances to the south
region but causes heavy loss to human resource in terms of skilled
labour. Eg. Behind women enjoy empowerment effects increased
interaction in society including their partnership as workers and decision
making of households.
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Rural Migration: A critical problem:
The village is the backbone of our country, which is the cornerstone of the
country. As if talking about building a strong building the foundation is first
strong thanked. In otherwords, it can be said that priority should be given to
rural structure to harness the foundations of the country and to make its
overall development. That means that rural areas should be connected to the
wave of development. Here, on the other hand, if you talk about the current
perspective, then in the last few decades , there has been an increase in the
migration from the rural areas which is turning into full migration, as time goes
on. As a result , many negative facts are coming out, in which the village has
been found to be extinct. Although migration and migration from rural areas is
increasing. This is revealed by the data obtained from the rural areas, but it is
extremely important to know the migration before this. It is also important to
consider the effects and consequences of migration. By definition migration is
an indicator of social change. It has two forms-
Internal
People are migrating to raise the livelihood, education, living and family
status. The main feature of Indian society is Joint Family tradition and society”
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seeing the data here ,there is a disruption in the joint families due to the
migration.
Due to migration and migration in modern times, old social elements have no
value. Modernization and urbanization and industrialization have changed
“social values”. The joint family is becoming a family convert. As well as
migration problems like social disruption, family dissolution and religious
disintegration are being born.
However , keeping in view the importance of the block of the your field of
study area then in present tine there is a long term migration from the rural
areas to short term migration. That is why family and social dissolution are
promoting some villages are also ended due to migration. So many villagers
are also on the verge of end. Solid steps to save need to raise, because the
rural areas are the basis of India. Therefore it is very important to prioritize the
villages. This thing is not hidden from anyone that the villages are feeling.
According to the 1971 census 79.78 % of the population resided in the villages,
which are reduced to 68.70 & according to 2011 census. These figures clearly
show how population is going out of the way, due to which many social
problems as arising.
The rural population is rapidly running towards the cities because every person
is looking for a good life. Apart from this, other reason can also be considered
responsible for the migration., for example- the decline of small cottage
industries from the rural areas, the end of agriculture, landless cultivators,
poverty problems, social inequalities, desire for more wages, attractiveness of
cities, unemployment etc. have come out in many areas due to study various
schemes are being run by the government of India to curb these travels such
as :- bharat Nirman, MNREGA, Self help Groups, Swarnjayanti Gram Swarojgar
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Yojana, one lump sum aid, Micro small Term Loan scheme, Scheduled castes,
Scheduled Tribes, Women’s Handicapped Assistance Scheme etc. but all of
these programme have not yet seen any special effect, still the migration from
the villages is still going on in a very large scale which is a matter of concern.
To prevent these problems awareness about rural people should not be spread
about the schemes being run by the government, i.e the knowledge of the
Scheme and facilities being implemented by them for the people. Providing
training and financial assistance for the Self-employment of the villages, the
distribution of small and cotton industries which are closed on the verge of
closure etc.
The government should promote tourism in villages to which the people will
get small jobs. For the all round development of the villages, corruption has to
be stopped so that the development of villages is not misused. Former Prime
Minister Mr. Rajiv Gandhi said that the money that is sent to the people from
the government, the public gets only 20 paisa from that Rs.1 and ends in the
rest. Therefore, it should be given a little bit of attention.
Today our country’s growth rate is going up by more than 8 % but is there any
impact of this growth in the villages . the village is till backward due to same
unemployment, illiteracy, communalism, caste etc.
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We have to add the villages to this wave of development, so that all of them
can be saved. I hope that soon these problems will be solved or many people
will be overcome with disappearance of the village and the country can face a
huge problem.
Detailed information was gathered from all members of 624 households, thus
enabling analysis of both individual and household levels. The findings indicate
the seasonal migration among rural laborers is wide spread.
Income from migrant labor accounts for sending almost 60 % of total annual
income of households sending at least one grant laborer. Such findings are in
accordance with the explanations derived from the new economics of
migration
We can thus learn that migration related decisions should not evaluated only
on the basis of utility maximization of individual migrants, but also on the basis
of risk reducing by households.
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Causes and impacts of seasonal migration on rural livelihoods.
Both urban and rural areas as places of destination and rural villages as origins
of migrants have been considered. Data were collected using a questionnaire
survey, key informant interviews, focus group discussions and household case
studies. Shortage of farmland, debt, lack of viable non-farm activities locally,
on the desire to earn additional income are the major reasons for seasonal
migration of labour.
Social networks and information flows are also important factors in migration.
The research found that single men are predominantly involved in migration
while the participation of women is negligible.
The timing of movement which coincides with the agricultural slack season at
home makes the impact of seasonal out migration on agriculture minimal.
Rather than viewing it as a livelihood option of the rural poor which
contributes to reducing poverty and improving the livelihood of the poor,
migration is still perceived negatively, and there has been little awareness of
its significance.
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Reasons for seasonal migration
Seasonal migration is very common in agricultural cycle. It includes migration
such as moving sheep or cattle to higher elevations during summer to escape
the heat and find more forage. Human labor often moves with fruit harvest or
to other crops that require manual picking.
Much of the work was once provided by family members or boarding students,
but they are less available now, and farms are larger. Now, migratory workers
provide much of the hand labor required in agriculture in the US and other
countries
Labor contractors arrange with farmers to provide the necessary help at the
seasonal time, often with foreign nationals whose employment opportunities
are more limited in their home areas.
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Seasonal non-agricultural migration
Some researchers suggest that snow birds, Canadian and US citizens climtes
during the winter, exhibit patterns of seasonal migration. Although they are
moving for non-agricultural reasons, they move with the seasons. For example,
many residents of Contrarian, Canada move to Florida, US during the winter.
The practice actually dates back to colonial times, when Bostonians of means
would often go (by sea) to Charleston or Savannah for winter. Later, the
wealthy in the growing country maintained several seasonal residences and
shifted residence with the seasons to avail themselves of the best time to be at
each location, and they named their time there “the season” . in British India,
Ceylon and Malaya, the cooler hill stations became the place of residence for
Europeans during the hot summers, and Simla become the summer capital of
the British Raj.
According to NSSO report: In India , nearly 29 percent of the the persons were
migrants with significant rural-urban and male-female differentials.
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33 percent, and it was highest among those classified in the social
group “others”, nearly 38 percent.
(4) For rural male, migration rate was lowest nearly 4 percent among
the not literates, and was nearly 14 percent among those with
educational level “graduate and above”. For urban males also, it was
lowest for among the “not literates” 17 percent and 38 percent for
those with educational level ‘graduate or above’ level
(5) Among the migrants in the rural areas, nearly 91 percent had
migrated from the rural areas and 8 percent had migrated from the
urban areas. Whereas among the migrants in the urban areas, nearly
59 percent migrated from the rural areas , and 40 percent from
urban areas
(6) Nearly 60 percent of urban male migrants and 59 percent of urban
female migrants had migrated from rural areas.
(7) The most prominent reason for female migration in both the rural
and urban areas was marriage: for 91 percent of rural female
migrants and 61 percent of the urban female migrants The reason
was marriage. The reason for migration for male migrants, was
dominated by employment related reasons for both rural and urban
areas. Nearly 29 percent of rural male migrants and 56 percent of
urban male migrants had migrated due to employment related
reasons.
(8) Higher percentage of persons were found to be engaged in
economic activities after migration: for males the percentage of the
workers increased from 54 percent before migration to 62 percent
after migration in rural areas and from 46 percent to 70 percent in
urban areas. While for females it increased from 20 percent to 33
percent in rural areas and from 8 percent to 14 percent in urban
areas
(9) For rural males, self employment had emerged as main recourse to
employment after migration. The share of self employment in total
migrants increased from 16 percent before migration to 27 percent
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after migration, while the shares of regular employees and casual
labors remained almost stable in both before and after migration.
In case it is not it must be provided within the block and the laborers must be
paid 10 percent of their wages as extra wages to meet the additional travel
and living expenses MGNREGA too could became a predictable source of local
employment and therefore reduces distress migration.
Research seems to indicate that the agriculture labor shortage is not caused
entirely by MGNREGA, data from Financial Year 2010-11 suggests that 10
percent of the works in the scheme have been generated during the
agriculture lean season on the other hand , data from some studies
demonstrates that there has been a change in the composition of the
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MGNREGA labour force where more agricultural labour is participating in the
scheme. An analysis of the quantum of MGNREGA works provided across the
year also indicates a powerful seasonal fluctuations, with a disproportionately
higher share of works being done during the agricultural off-season.
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Analysis of MGNREGA:
MGNREGA has had a more direct and positive impact on reducing distress
migration as compared to migration taken up for economic growth and other
reason studies indicate that MGNREGA has reduced migration by providing
work closure to home and decent working conditions. A study conducted on
Anantpur, Andra Pradesh observed that the scheme bought down the
migration levels from about 27 percent to 7 percent in the sample village due
to availability of work. Another case study from Bastar notes that in one block
the number of people migrating declined from 4500 to 500 as a result of
employment being provided close to home by MGNREGA. A survey of 240
households in the district of Sidhi in Madhya Pradesh also confirmed these
findings; migration had reduced in sample areas by 60 percent due to the
availability of work.
The impact of the MGNREGA may be more on the population that migrates for
employment; as per the National Census data 2001 around 15 percent of the
households migration for employment.
In Punjab, while there has been a reduction in the in-flow of labours, there is
significant impact of MGNREGA and out-flow of labour. This may be because ,
to begin with only a limited percentage of population migrates out of the
state for migration.
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growth of this households. A majority of the studies on the subject note that
the scheme has cause mostly a reduction in distress migration, and
opportunistic or inspirational migration in search of better and more lucrative
opportunities continue as before particularly because MGNREGA cannot
match the wages of skilled labour in cities.
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CHAPTER-IV
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GOVERNMENT SCHEMES
The ministries of the Government of India have come up with various useful
schemes from time to time. These schemes could be either central, State specific
or joint collaboration between the centre and the states. They are detailed below:
Limitations:-
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3. Inability of science and technology to solve by itself, the problem of rural
poverty.
The target group under IRDP consists of small and marginal farmers, agricultural
laborers, rural artisans, scheduled castes and scheduled tribes and socially and
economically backward classes behaving annual income below Rs. 11,000 defined
as poverty-line for the eighth plan.
In order to ensure that benefits under the programme the more vulnerable
sectors of the society, stipulated that at least so percent of the coverage should of
women beneficiaries and three percent of age should be of handicapped persons.
The optional strategy of IRDP intended to follow the “ha hold approach” rather
the “individual approve. The poorest households are identified and the economic
upliftment of these household is soar through a package of activities involving
allowing members with the particular attention being given to women.
The IRDP is implemented through dis “rural Development Agencies (DRDAs) and
level agencies at the grass root level. The giving body of DRDAs includes local
MP’s , MLA , chairman of zila parishads, heads of district development
department, representatives of SCs/ and women.
Some of the import “integrated rural development programme inch National rural
Employment Minimum Needs Programme (MNP), Training rural Youth for self –
employment (TRYSEM), 197 development of women and children in rural
(DWCRA , 1982 ) , swarnajayanti Gram Swarajgar Yojana, Pradhan mantra Gram
Sadak Yojana, sampoorna gram rozgar yojana and national food for work
programme etc.
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The IRDP was first proposed in the cent budget of 1976-77. The programme with
some notifications was introduced on an expanded scale 1978-79 beginning with
2300 blocks. Another 3 blocks were added during 1979-80.
(SGSY)
Country India
Ministry MORD
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Since its inception , over 2.25 million self-help-groups have been established with
an investment of Rs.14,403 Crore(US $ 2.2 billion), profiting over 6.697 million
people.
The SHGs are aided , supported are trained by NGO’s , CBOs individuals , banks
and self-help promoting institutions, Government-run District level development
Agencies _DLDA) and the respective State Governments also provide training and
financial aid.
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SJSRY annually. The target under skill development of the urban poor is very small
considering that number of urban poor was estimated at 81 million in 2004-05
and that Nationally a target of 500 million persons to be skill-trained by 2022 has
been fixed by the National council on skill development.
The CDSs will also identify viable project suitable for that particular area. These
CDSs may also set themselves up as Thrift and Credit societies to encourage
community savings, as well. These bodies will try to link local resource generation
efforts with wider institutional finance. It is expected that these bodies will be
registered under the Societies Registration Act or other appropriate Acts to
provide them direct access to funds under various schemes as also wider finance
and credit base. A maximum expenditure at the rate of Rs. 100 per member for
the first year, and rs.5 per member for each subsequent year will be allowed for
activities connected with the CDSs. The CDSs being a federation of different
community based organization shall be the entire gamut of social sector inputs to
their areas including but not limited to health, welfare, education etc through
establishing coverage between schemes being implemented by different line
departments within their jurisdiction.
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REGP Rural Employment Generation Programme
Indian Government has always been serious in providing enough employment
opportunities to the rural unemployed labour force. It is established that the
development of the rural India is crucially important for the overall development
of the country. The rural India population from where all the natural assistance
and wealth is drown towards the urban crowd has been neglected to years. It is
the right of the rural population to enjoy adequate opportunities to earn their
livelihood and live a decent standard of life. Rural employment generation
programme was another major step by the government of India which was a
great success story. The main purpose was to alleviate poverty room rural areas
by providing employment opportunities to rural people thus improving their
livelihood. It successeded in its objectives of job creation by elimination poverty in
many backward areas of the country.
Rural Employment Generation Programme (REGP) came into vision on 1st April
1995. It was crucially recommended by the high power committee which was
thereafter fully launched by thru Prime Minister of India with the main agenda of
creating and flourishing two millions jobs in the rural areas of the country it was a
good show. The target group consisted of the rural poor and unemployed in the
town where the population count is not more than twenty thousand as per the 91
census. The legislation words include that any area termed as a village based on
the earning of the state, irrespective of the population should be under the
purview of this schemes . many industries were setup in rural backward areas
where the fixed capital investment is not more than fifty thousand rupees and
who use or do use power for manufacturing are eligible for financial assistance
under this schemes.
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Enhance entrepreneurial skills and wisdom among the employed youth of the
rural locations
The main purview of this scheme is the village industries setup in the backward
and rural locations of the country. The main idea behind the entire effort and
investment is to improve the condition of the industries in the rural area and also
increase the count of the industries in such are. This would in turn help in
generating more and more jobs both skilled and unskilled for the rural population.
The criterion for eligibility for funding under the scheme is quite simple. The
applicant must be an individual who is rural artisan or otherwise and concerns like
cooperative societies, trusts etc. and will be eligible for a project upto twenty five
lakh rupees. This schemes eliminated the entry of partnership firms public or
private limited companies joint ventures etc. various ways of help like capital
subsidy in the form of margin money upto 25% of the project cost till ten lakhs
and balance project upto 10 percent of twenty five lakh. The idea is that the
borrower would need to spend ten percent of the cost and rest ninety percent
would be paid by the Government via banks assigned for this work .
IMPLEMENTATION
The scheme is controlled and managed by the KVIC with the help of many
partners such as :
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To start with the success story about 23453 project were financed while it was
24747 in count the very previous year. Andra Pradesh was ranked as the most
efficient state in employment generation followed by Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan,
Madhya Pradesh, West Bengal and Haryana.
To cater to the needs of meeting the margin money claims of the enterprises an
amount of INR two hundred ninety two crore was sanctioned. After which, again
an amount of INR three and a half crier was spent for aligning backward and
forward links for the REGP units across the country. NBFCs and BFCs extended a
great financial assistance of INR sex hundred sixty five crore which helped in the
construction of the business units.
Under MGNREGA households are entitled to 100 days of paid work every year.
However they can only access every year. However, they can only access this
employment if they have a MGNREGA job card and if they request employment
from their Gram Panchayat local village council. The PACs Kaam Mango Abhiyaan
(work demand campaign) aimed to educate and mobilize socially excluded
communities to demand work under this government scheme. In total , PACs has
gelped 851,778 people to apply for MGNREGA work and 664,603 people have
actually received MGNREGA work-330,379 people got paid on time and in full.
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A lack of awareness
The main reason for the lack of take up of the scheme is that community
members do not know about it or do not understand the process for demanding
work. In addition Gram panchayat (who supposed to run the scheme at a
community level) have not proactively encouraged it or planned works under it.
This scheme provides 100 days employment to the adult members of any rural
household in every financial year, which is ready to do public work related
unskilled wages on the statutory minimum wage of 220 rupees per day. In the
financial year n2010-11, the expenditure of the central government for this
scheme was Rs.40,100 crores
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CHAPTER-V
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SOCIO ECONOMIC PROFILE OF HAZARIBAG
HAZARIBAG
HAZARIBAG CITY
COUNTRY INDIA
STATE JHARKHAND
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Hazaribag wild Life Sanctuary
Tourists can visit wildlife Sanctuary in hazaribag. It is very spacious and beautiful.
Its area is approximately 184 sq. km. for its beauty it is known all over the world.
Here tourists can see different species of plants and animal. In this Sanctuary,
mainly bhalu, Samba< nilgai, chital and kaka are found. The time of April-July is
ideal for roaming because its greenery increases manifold at this time.
CANARY HILL
There are several hills in hazaribag in which the canary hill chief is located. There
are also three lakes on this hill which make it beautiful in its beauty. A building
has been constructed on the hill. The beautiful scenery of hazaribag can be seen
from this building which makes tourists spell bound. These scenes are so beautiful
that tourists do not forget to capture these photos in their cameras.
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CHAPTER VI
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ROLE OF MGNREGA ON SEASONAL MIGRATION IN JHARKHAND
The study attempts to examine the out migration from Jharkhand aafter its
formation both within and outside the state. The study highlights that migration
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has many forms and each form is rooted in the socio-economic conditions of the
areas of the origin. The state has skittle benefitted from international out
migration like other states such as Punjab Kerala and Gujarat. The emigration of
Jharkhand has been the least in country. Thus it is pretend to highlight that
globalization of labour has little benefitted the state. On the other hand, long
term internal migration which is mainly influenced by the nature of urbanization
in this state and regional disparities in the pattern of urbanization in the country
has benefitted the better off sections with relatively higher economic and
educational status.
Jharkhand has an urban population of about 7.9 million constituting about one-
fourth of the total population of thee state. The spatial distribution urban urban
population of Jharkhand is concentrated in three Million plus cities namely
Ranchi, dhanbaad and Jamshedpur. The lopsided distribution of urban population
among the size class of urban centers reflects not only huge urban inequality but
also the nature of economic development and opportunities for the deprived and
marginalized sections comprising the two fifth sections of the population of
Jharkhand.
Natural increase contributes nearly 40% of the urban growth ,while the net rural
to urban classification adds 50% to the urban growth during 2001-2011. In this
situation net rural to urban migration is likely to contribute just 10% to the urban
growth. These indicates about the emerging pattern of urbanization in Jharkhand
lacking vigor of urban transformation.
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construction workers domestic servants and in the transport and hotel industry
mostly outside the state of Jharkhand.
RANCHI: The economic survey of India has revealed that Jharkhand lost close to 5
millions of its working age population between 2001 and 2011 due to migration.
More than 5 % of the working age population migrates annually to other states in
search of better employment opportunities ,education aor because of loss of
traditional livelihood.
The net outflow of the working age population is the highest among states in the
country.
West Bengal serves as a home to the highest number of migrants. West Bengal
has developed industrial sector and a sprawling metropolitan capital. Bihar and
Uttar Pradesh have been identified as states with the second and third highest
inflow of migrants from Jharkhand respectively in the survey.
A high net migration, greater than 15% was observed in the district of Dhanbad,
Lohardaga and gumla. More than 90,000 people travel from Dhanbad to Howrah
each year, which has been identified as the top route for migration in eastern
India.
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The reason the economic survey cities , for this is that both men and women from
impoverished families travel to other places for employment opportunities
leaving behind their children and other members of the family. The same pattern
has been observed in Jharkhand.
Agriculture basic point has lost its benefits in rural areas of Jharkhand. No money
in hand to run the family and feed to all small scale industries too lost its value. All
situations in negative side education facilities are poor . so to rush to nearby
states or areas very natural process. All this happened due to government
negligence and lack of interest. On the other hand , a group of persons are
operating with all promises to ensure to give handsome money and facilities if
they refer to go outside state. And this is happening. This is very logical and
correct. But wrong part is this when girls are lured to wrong situations. This need
check to move for betterment cannot be termed as bad migration but now
government has started taking care and it has come down but livelihood this
always happens and will happen this may be termed good migration.
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CHAPTER-VII
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FINDING AND CONCLUSION
Impact of the MGNREGA, evidence clearly indicate that the scheme has impact on
the income, expenditure pattern, savings, migration, assets creation in the village,
assets creation on the private lands of SCs and STs status of women and social
relationship MGNREGA has also brought in benefits to the households as well as
to the community.
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transparency in muster roll and payment of wages only through bank and post
office accounts to prevent corruption.
This assets built under MGNREGA have to e targeted to better serve the needs of
the local population. There needs to be a blueprint that clearly outlines the
essential infrastructure for each district black bad village and the scheme should
be used as a tool to create this infrastructure. A positive side , there has been a
rise in employment days and wages in Rajasthan.
There has been some good work done under MGNREGA, MGNREGA in family
here to stay and will help serve a very important purpose of providing a lifeline to
poor and underemployed rural people but the administration needs to show
more seriousness and professionalism in its attitude towards the scheme.
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