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INTRODUCTION

RESEARCH PROCESS

1
OBSERVATION
Broad area of
research interest
identified

3 4 6 7
PROBLEM THEORETICAL 5 SCIENTIFIC DATA
DEFINITION FRAMEWORK GENERATION RESEARCH COLLECTION,
Research Variables clearly OF DESIGN ANALYSIS &
problem identified and HYPOTHESES INTERPRETATION
delineated labeled

8
DEDUCTION
2 Hypothesis
PRELIMINARY substantiated?
DATA Research questions
GATHERING answered?
Interviewing
literature survey

No Yes

9 10
11
REPORT REPORT
MANAGERIAL
WRITING RESENTATION
DECISION MAKING
INTRODUCTION TO STATISTICS

 Singular Sense

 Plural Sense

 Data Science
STATISTICAL METHODS

Statement of the problem

Collection of data

Organization of data
Classification of data

Presentation of data

Analysis of data

Interpretation
Statistics

Describing Making
Data Inferences

Visual Numerical Estimating Testing


Display Summaries Parameters Hypothesis
VARIABLES

 Independent variable

 Dependent variable

 Endogenous Variable

 Exogenous Variable
EXAMPLE

 Theory
 People with higher income buy more
expensive mobiles

 Independent variable
 Income

 Dependent variable
 Expenditure on expensive mobiles
TYPES OF DATA

Data

Sources Variables

Primary Secondary Univariate Bivariate Multivariate

Nature

Cross Section Time Series Panel Data


UNIVARIATE STATISTICS

 Descriptive Statistics

 Measures of Central Tendency

 Measures of Dispersion

 Measures of Distribution
BIVARIATE STATISTICS

 Linear Association

 Covariance

 Simple Correlation

 Simple Regression
MULTIVARIATE STATISTICS

 Association
 Multiple Regression

 Classification
 Discriminant Analysis

 Structure
 Factor Analysis
DECISION MAKING TREE – STATISTICAL TECHNIQUES
HAND NOTE FOR MAJOR RESEARCH QUESTIONS

1. DEGREE OF RELATIONSHIP AMONG VARIABLES

 Bivariate Correlation and Regression

 Multiple Regression

 Path Analysis
HAND NOTE FOR MAJOR RESEARCH QUESTIONS

2. SIGNIFICANCE OF GROUP DIFFERENCES

 t Test
 One-Way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)

 One-Way Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA)

 Factorial Analysis of Variance (Factorial ANOVA)

 One-Way Multivariate Analysis of Variance (Factorial ANCOVA)

 One-Way Multivariate Analysis of Covariance (MANOVA)

 Factorial Multivariate Analysis of Variance (Factorial MANOVA)

 Factorial Multivariate Analysis of Covariance (Factorial MANCOVA)


HAND NOTE FOR MAJOR RESEARCH QUESTIONS

3. PREDICTION OF GROUP MEMBERSHIP

Discriminant Analysis

Logistic Regression
HAND NOTE FOR MAJOR RESEARCH
QUESTIONS

4. STRUCTURE

 Factor Analysis

 Principal Component Analysis


SELECTION OF APPROPRIATE METHOD
1. Identify the variables in the research question.

2. Indicate which variables are the independent and


dependent variables and covariates.

3. Determine the type (categorical or quantitative)


of all variables. If a variable is categorical,
determine the number of categories.

4. Use the Slide No. 12 to identify

The appropriate row for the IVs,


The appropriate column for the DVs, and
The row and column intersection that indicates
the statistical test to be used.
EXAMPLE
Research Question: Does ethnicity significantly affect
reading achievement, math achievement, and overall
achievement among tenth grade students after adjusting
for family income?

Step 1: Identify the variables in the research question.


Does ethnicity significantly affect reading achievement,
math achievement, and overall achievement among tenth
grade students after adjusting for family income?

Step 2: Indicate which variables are the independent and


dependent variables and covariates.
Does ethnicity significantly affect reading achievement,
math achievement, and overall achievement among tenth
grade students after adjusting for family income?
EXAMPLE
Step 3: Determine the type (categorical or quantitative)
of all variables. This is dependent upon how you decide
to operationalize your variables.
DV DV
(IV) 2+ Quantita
Quantita
categori tive
tive
es

Doesethnicity significantly affect reading achievement, math


achievement,
DV Covariat
Quantita e
tive Quantitat
ive

and overall achievement among tenth grade students after


adjusting for family income?
EXAMPLE

Consequently, this research question includes the following:


one IV (2+ categories), 3 DVs (all quantitative), and one
covariate (quantitative).

Step 4: Use the Slide No. 16 to


Identify the appropriate row for the IVs
(Example: IV → categorical → one IV → 2+ categories with one
covariate),
Identify the appropriate column for the DVs
(Example: DV → quantitative → several DVs), and
Identify the row and column intersection that indicates the
statistical test to be used
(Example: The intersection of the preceding row and column
indicates that a
one-way MANCOVA should be conducted).
Queries ?

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