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UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA SABAH

ABSTRACTS EBOOK
FYP-CIVIL ENGINEERING

2014
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Head of Civil Engineering Program: Prof. IR. DR. Abdul Karimi Mirasa

Coordinators of FYP : Ms. Hidayati and Dr. Harimi Djamila

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UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA
SABAH

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING
FINAL YEAR PROJECTS
ABSTRACTS EBOOK

Civil Engineering Program


Compiled by Dr. HARIMI DJAMILA

2013/2014

COPYRIGHT@ 2014

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Content:

Supervisor: Dr. Nurmin Bolong


Environment
List of Topics Pages

GEOPOLYMER CERAMIC FROM LOCAL CLAY FOR 8


WATER FILTRATION
STUDY ON NANOTECHNOLOGY AND PRODUCTION 9
OF ELECTRON NANOFIBER
PHYSICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF DEEP BED 10
COLUMN FILTRATION USING EMPTY FRUIT
BUNCHES (EFB) TO TREAT URBAN STORMWATER

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Supervisor: Dr. Harimi Djamila
Buildings, Energy and Environment

List of Topics Pages


PREDICTION OF INDOOR COMFORT TEMPERATURE 11
IN UMS LIBRARY
INVESTIGATION ON THE DYNAMIC ASPECT OF 12
NATURAL AIR MOVEMENT BY USING SECONDARY
DATA IN TRACY, CALIFORNIA
Prediction of Window Temperatures for Indoor 13
Thermal Comfort Analysis
PREDICTION OF INDOOR COMFORT TEMPERATURE 14
IN UMS HOSTEL
PREDICTION OF INDOOR COMFORT TEMPERATURE 15
IN SKTM CLASSROOMS
PRDICTION OF INDOOR AIR TEMPERATURE IN 16
NATURALLY VENTILATED BUILDINGS

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Supervisor: Mr. Jodin Makinda
Geotechnics
List of Topics Pages
Characteristics of The Soil Sediment Based on 17
Particle Size Analysis.
Engineering Properties of Soil Treated With Soil-Fly 18
Ash Columns
Design of Slope Using Manual Calculation and 19
Geotechnical Software
Engineering Properties of Soil Treated with Soil 20
Fibre Column
Engineering Properties of Soil Treated With 21
Cement-Soil Column

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Supervisor: Prof. NSV Kameswara
Rao/Dr Lim
Geotechnics & Dynamic Vibration
List of Topics Pages
Correlation of Shear Strength, Compressive 22
Strength and Physical Properties with Angularity of
Granular Particles
Non Destructive Monitoring of Mortar Hydration 23
Using Peizoelectric (PZT) and Ultrasonic Pulse
Velocity (UPV)
PWAS GENERATED LAMB WAVE SPEED 24
DISPERSION CURVE PROPAGATION ON
ALUMINIUM THIN PLATE
Simulation of PZT Generated Lamb Wave 25
Dispersion Curve by Propagation On a Thin Plate
Structure: A Numerical Approach.
Laterally Loaded Piles – FEM Analysis and Model 26
Tests
Correlation of CBR Tests with Field Plate Load 27
Tests
Application of Piezoelectric in Monitoring Mortar 28
Compressive Strength
Piezoelectric Sensor for Structure Health 29
Monitoring (SHM) Analysis using ANSYS
mechanical (FEM) and Comparison with Matlab
Simulation.
MICROPILE GROUND IMPROVEMENT BY USING 30
MICROPILE (SANDY SOIL)
Abstract: - Soft Copy Not Available
FOUNDATIONS SUBJECTED TO INCLINED LOAD
FOUNDATIONS SUBJECTED TO INCLINED LOAD. 31
TUNING OF PZT GENERATED LAMB WAVE 32
PROPAGATING ON A THIN PLATE STRUCTURE
FINITE ELEMENT MODELLING OF THE 33
PIEZOELECTRIC WAFER ACTIVE SENSORS (PWAS)
INTERFERENCE OF ADJACENT FOUNDATIONS DUE 34
TO DIFFERENT LOADS, SHAPES AND DEPTHS

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Supervisor: : Professor Ir. Dr. Abdul Karim
Mirasa/Ms. Hidayati
Building, Construction, Materials, Environment,
Management
List of Topics Pages
The implementation of Green Building Technology in Sabah and 35
Sarawak.
Identification of Alkali Silica Reactivity of Aggregate from 36
Different Quarries in KK
THE IMPLEMENTATION OF GREEN BUILDING TECHNOLOGY IN 37
WEST MALAYSIA
Development of Correlation Charts between Rebound Hammer 38
and Pundit for Concrete Strength in Sabah
Damage Concrete Structure in West Coast Sabah due to Alkali 39
Silica Reaction (ASR)
ASSESSMENT STUDY ON ALKALI SILICA DAMAGE OF STUDENT 40
ACCOMODATION BUILDINGS IN UMS
Performance of Palm Oil Fuel ASH(POFA) in Suppressing the 41
Alkali Silica Reaction
Comparison Between Different Types of Precast System 42
Assessment Study on AlkaliSilica Reaction (ASR) Cracking of 43
Buildings in UMS
THE IMPLEMENTATION OF INDUSTRIALIZED BUILDING SYSTEM 44
(IBS) CONSTRUCTION IN SABAH AND SARAWAK
STUDY ON THE QUALITY OF CONSTRUCTION 45
IN SABAH

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Supervisor: Miss SALINAH DULLAH
Construction, Materials, Management
List of Topics Pages
A Review on Bridge Constructions Using IBS 46
Technology in Sabah.
Slab-Tensioning Technology in Sabah 47
The Implementation of IBS Construction in West 48
Malaysia
THE STUDY OF BEBO SYSTEM BRIDGE 49
Effect of Silica Fume on Palm Oil Fuel Ash (POFA) 50
Reinforced Concrete Beams

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Supervisor: Associated Professor Dr Nurmin Bolong

Name: Dayang Haniza Binti Awang Patra

Metric No: BK10110055

Topic: GEOPOLYMER CERAMIC FROM LOCAL CLAY FOR WATER FILTRATION

Abstract: Geopolymers are being considered for a variety of applications including low
producing CO2 cements, fiber reinforced composites, refractories and as precursors to ceramic
formation. In this study, the geopolymer ceramic paste was made by mixing local metakaolin
clay, as a source of aluminosilicate, with different types of alkaline solution and curing in a
sealed environment. Then, the amorphous paste was crushed and molded prior to firing at
elevated temperature. The objectives of this study are to to study efficiency of geopolymer in
water filtration application, to compare the efficiency of geopolymer water filter and commercial
ceramic membrane water filter and to analyse the effect of the material used to the synthesis of
geopolymer. The study found that the geopolymer can be used as water filter. When comparing
to commercial ceramic membrane water filter, geopolymer water filter was worse in terms of
efficiency.Lastly, the molar mass of alkali activator used was the major contribute to the
geopolymer produce.

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Name: Asnih Binti Abidin

Metric No: BK10110025

Topic: Study on Nanotechnology and Production of Electron Nanofiber

Abstract: Electrospinning is a method for producing micro and nano sized synthetic fibers
through the use of electrostatic forces. This phenomenon has been known since early in the
20th century, but has had an increase in interest since the 1990’s due to their potential
applications in textiles, electronics, and the biomedical field. Titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanofibers
will electrospun from electrospinning process that fabricated using ethanol solution and
polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP). During this electrospinning process, there many morphology of
nanofiber produced in terms of polymer concentration and molecular weight. The parameters
that can be seen in this electrospinning process are voltage supply and feeding rate or flow
rate. The morphology of TiO2 nanofiber will be analyzed using scanning electron microscope
(SEM). From the SEM pictures, it conclude that when the applied voltage is higher, the diameter
lowest diameter along with increasing molecular weight. The diameter is increase when the flow
rate used is increased also along with the molecular weight.

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Nancy Chua Yin Yee

Metric No: BK10110191

Topic: PHYSICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF DEEP BED COLUMN FILTRATION USING


EMPTY FRUIT BUNCHES (EFB) TO TREAT URBAN STORMWATER

Abstract: Oil palm empty fruit bunches (OPEFB) as filter medium is recommended in this study
due to its fiber characteristic. Several research has used OPEFB in various applications in
improving water quality by reducing the concentration of turbidity and suspended solid, as well
as removal phenol, 2,4-Dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP) and dyes. This work utilised OPEFB to treat
urban stormwater for reuse purpose by capitalizing on the deep bed filter column. The urban
stormwater samples were collected from Sembulan River, which flows through the Kota
Kinabalu city area. The investigation found that the sample is classified under Class III in
Interim National Water Quality Standard (INWQS). The stormwater is then filtered through
combination design of OPEFB and river sand (RS) and their performance are evaluated in terms
of Total Suspended Solid (TSS), turbidity, colour and temperature. Different mix-ratio
combination in river sand (RS) and OPEFB were conducted and indicated that the optimum mix
design abilities to reduce 44.0% TSS, decrease 48.6% turbidity and remove 52.2% colour at
mix ratio of 50% OPEFB and 50% RS deep filter column design. This study also reveals that
with water wash treatment, better result was gained with TSS removal up to 58.4%, turbidity of
62.7%, and colour of 64.8%. The optimum mix-ratio filtration media also able to produce
effluent filtration of stormwater sample to be classified as Class I.

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Supervisor: Dr Harimi Djamila

Adoree Megan Bensing

Metric No: BK10110004

Topic: PREDICTION OF INDOOR COMFORT TEMPERATURE IN UMS LIBRARY

Abstract: This study explores the indoor comfort temperature, specifically in the University
Malaysia Sabah (UMS) Library building. The thermal comfort study in this research does not
only consider the six key factors affecting occupant’s thermal comfort, but also the heat
exchange processes of occupant’s body toward the indoor environment. This research focused
on the prediction of thermal comfort by using the regression and Predicted Mean Vote (PMV)
analysis. To obtain the required data, a survey was conducted with 100 UMS student.
Appropriate tools were also used to collect data regarding the physical climate room. Once all
the data was acquired, they were brought to PMV analysis. The PMV method involved the use
of a software programme called ‘de Dear’ which was developed by Professor Richard from the
University of Sydney, Australia. The software is available online and its validation was done by
comparing the result with the regression analysis. The results of this study identify which indoor
temperature is most suited for UMS students whom are the major occupants at UMS Library.
This has effect in providing pleasant thermal environment to the students.

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Masnih Binti Mansur

Metric No: BK10110149

Topic: INVESTIGATION ON THE DYNAMIC ASPECT OF NATURAL AIR MOVEMENT BY


USING SECONDARY DATA IN TRACY, CALIFORNIA

Abstract: The purpose of study is to investigate the dynamic characteristics of natural air flow in
an outdoor area. This is due to growing environmental awareness and energy demand to the
present day. Designers were using more practical and intuitive methods in finding solutions for
indoor climatic control due to the energy crisis that become one of the crucial issues in the
world. The study area is located in Tracy, California (Google.Org 2011). Objectives of the study
are to investigate the similarities and the differences of wind profile and to describe methods to
characteristic of natural and mechanical airflow in the terms of descriptive analysis, turbulence
intensity and Weibull distribution using secondary data from Tracy, California.

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Siti Rabiah Binti Samsu

Metric No: BK10110276

Topic: Prediction of Window Temperatures for Indoor Thermal Comfort Analysis

Abstract: The project objectives are: (1) Investigating the heat transfer through window at the
time of solstice (21st June, 21st December) and at the time of equinox (21st March, 21st
September) and (2) To estimate and compare the window surface temperatures and heat gains
based on glass thicknesses (2mm, 19mm) and frame types (aluminium, wood). The results of
this study can be used as a benchmark to make the proper choice of glass types (clear glass
with thickness of 2 and 19 mm) and frame materials of the window (aluminium and wood) for
thermal comfort of the buildings. The scope of this work is more focused on predicting glass
temperature in Kota Kinabalu, Sabah area. The required climatic data include hourly bulb
temperature and hourly solar radiation. The type of glass is clear glass of 2 and 19 mm
thicknesses. Two window frames are considered. These are wooden and aluminium frames.
This study will focus on four orientations East, West, North and South. The selected dates for
the predictions are 21st March, 21st June, 21st September and 21st December. The collected
data will be analysed using Microsoft Excel as a tool to predict the window surface temperatures
.The obtained and calculated data in this research are analysed and presented in graph and
table. No experiment has been carried out in this research. It was concluded that, those glass
windows which have 19mm glass thickness with wood frame types give the lowest value of
surface window temperature (ts) and heat gain (Q) while the highest is the windows which
having 2mm glass thickness with aluminium frame types. The 2mm glass thickness gave the
highest surface temperature and heat gain to the window compare to 19mm glass thickness,
whereas, it was observed that the wood frame types gave the lowest surface temperature and
heat gain to the window compared to aluminium frame types. Overall average windows
temperature was ranging from 26 to 30°C. The heat gain of a window values were varied
linearly with the total transmittance of the glass windows due to solar radiation received at the
window. The transmittance of the glass varied with the different thicknesses of the glass (2mm,
19mm).

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Sabarinah Binti Batling

Metric No: BK10110262

Topic: PREDICTION OF INDOOR COMFORT TEMPERATURE IN UMS HOSTEL

Abstract: This study is prediction of comfort temperature in UMS hostel located in main campus
of Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu. The objectives of this research are to predict the
comfort temperature, acceptable indoor temperature and preferred indoor temperature in UMS
Hostel. This research will be carried out only in UMS hostel and the 120 of subjects been
selected. The subjects were about 19 to 29 year olds. Data was collected in two approaches
which are subjective and objective measurements. The subjective method is based on
questionnaires that have been elaborate for this study. Meanwhile the objective measurement is
field measurements of environmental parameters using anemometer and hygrometer. The air
temperature was between 29.9 0C – 32.2 0C with relative humidity range from 56 % to 73 %.
In addition, the air movement was 0.07 m/s to 0.62 m/s. The acceptable temperature in this
study was 30.6 0C. The range of clothing ensembles in this study was between 0.24 clo to 0.44
clo and metabolic rate was 1 Met.

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Saleha Binti Abdul Han

Metric No: BK10110266

Topic: PREDICTION OF INDOOR COMFORT TEMPERATURE IN SKTM CLASSROOMS

Abstract: This thesis presents the study of thermal comfort that have been carried out in SKTM
(Faculty of Engineering) classrooms, University Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia.
It focuses on thermal comfort, which may have a significant effect on the students’
performance, in terms of attention, comprehension and learning levels. The aim of the study
was to investigate the thermal comfort and acceptability as well as to predict the differences
thermal comfort requirements between genders in the classrooms. The study was made in 3
weeks in May of 2014, from 8am to 10pm, during lesson hours. This study employed subjective
and objective assessments through questionnaire and physical measurements. The thermal
comfort variables were measured when the students were filling in the subjective
questionnaires on thermal comfort. A total of 481 sets of questionnaire responses were
obtained. The measured environmental parameters are temperature, air movement and relative
humidity values. The subjective responses concerned the respondents’ judgments about their
thermal environment. The regression analysis revealed that the air temperature in neutral scale
was 27.98°C for classrooms with air conditioning, while for classrooms mechanically ventilated
(fan) was 28.79°C. Air conditioned classrooms have lower temperature acceptability than
classrooms with fan. It was also found that the comfort temperature and acceptability for
males and females are different.

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Name: Puteri Shareena Ayu Binti Mohd Yusah

Metric No: BK10110243

Topic: PRDICTION OF INDOOR AIR TEMPERATURE IN NATURALLY VENTILATED


BUILDINGS

Abstract: The indoor temperatures in naturally ventilated buildings vary according to the
outdoor climatic conditions, building designs and building materials. Thereby, the prediction of
the indoor temperatures is important for the assessment of occupants’ thermal satisfaction
toward their indoor environments. Givoni presented formulas for predicting daily maximum
average and minimum indoor temperatures. Givoni procedure in its simplest form is a multiple
regression models. This method was chosen for the present study due to its simplicity. This is
because it does not require building thermal design software to be generated and most
importantly because it provides good results close to the predicted values by software.
However, in this study only least linear regression was applied for understanding the thermal
behaviour of the selected houses in Kota Kinabalu, Sabah. This is crucial step in the Givoni
suggested procedure prior development of more robust models for indoor temperature
predictions; three houses were selected based on their building types and materials to carry out
this study. it was found that is possible to predict the indoor temperature of the houses by this
methodology. Several regression models were developed for the predictions of daily maximum,
minimum and average indoor temperatures in this study. The validity of the predicted models
was addressed and comparisons between models were made according to the accuracy of the
models. Further improvement might be possible by introducing other variables such as solar
radiation and other parameters.

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Supervisor: Mr. Jodin Makinda

Noorhafizah binti Rasid

Metric No: BK10160342


Topic: Characteristics of The Soil Sediment Based on Particle Size Analysis

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Noranisah Binti Norjain

Metric No: BK10110208


Topic: Engineering Properties of Soil Treated With Soil-Fly Ash Columns

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Joanne Joseph Madis

Metric No: BK10110112

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Topic: Design of Slope Using Manual Calculation and Geotechnical Software

Cholik Boy Madais

Metric No: BK10110048

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Topic: Engineering Properties of Soil Treated with Soil Fibre Column

Abstract: Introduction of soil fiber column as soil reinforcement is one of the technique to
improve the performances of poor soil different from other soil column reinforcement such as
cement column, Fly ash column and lime column. The performances of reinforced soil will be
largely dependent on the inclusion of fiber and the soil, the percentage of fiber used and the
time of curing of the soil fiber column. Therefore, this research focused on the performance of
fiber stabilizer on the engineering properties of clay, determining the effective percentage of
fiber to give higher maximum dry density and optimum water content, and to study the effect
of curing time of fiber column to the shear strength and consolidation settlement of clay. There
are four experiments were conducted on this research which is Atterberg limit, compaction test,
triaxial test and consolidation test. On the Atterberg limit test, the results show that the effect
of fiber inclusion on clay soil, where the plastic limit decrease and the liquid limit increase as the
fiber content increase. The result then lead to the increased of plasticity index of the clay. For
the compaction test, the OWC was increased and the MDD was decreased as the percentage of
fiber increased from 3% to 5%. From the result, the 3% fiber content was the effective
percentage that gives higher value of MDD. For triaxial test, the deviatory stress and shear
strength of the clay soil was increase when 3% of fiber content used. Further addition of fiber
content cause the deviatory stress and shear strength decreases. This shows that the 3% fiber
was the effective percentage to give higher value of shear strength. The test also proves that
increasing the time of curing will increase the shear strength of the clay. The time of curing also
has affecting the consolidation test. As the time of curing increased, the void ratio of the
sample decreased and the value of consolidation settlement also decrease. Therefore, all the
results can be conclude that the percentages of fiber used and the curing period will affect the
engineering properties of clay soil.

Dayang Siti Zubaidah binti Mohd Hanan

Metric No: BK10110056

Topic: Engineering Properties of Soil Treated With Cement-Soil Column


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Abstract: To date, handling problematic soil is a very challenging problems faced by soil
engineers in order to meet the necessity requirement for a strong construction materials.
Consequently, soil stabilization has been introduced in order to improve the engineering
properties of the soil to meet the requirement. Cement stabilization has widely being used to
improve not only problematic clay for construction use, but also for other purposes such as
increasing sub base strength, improving slope stability and many other examples. Soil Column is
one of method usually used to apply soil stabilization. The main objective of this research paper
is to investigate the engineering properties of problematic soil stabilized with cement-column.
The soil untreated soil sample was tested with several laboratory test such as Consistency Test,
Standard Proctor Test, Triaxial Test and Consolidation Test and the results were compared with
soil samples treated with 3% and 5% cement stabilizer in soil column to investigate the effect
of different percentage of cement-soil column to the engineering properties of the problematic
soil. The same soil samples were tested for 7 and 28 days curing period respectively to
investigate the effect of curing period of cement-soil column to the engineering properties of
stabilized problematic soil. The results reveals that the value of liquid limit of soil samples
increases with the increase of both percentage of cement stabilizer and curing period. On the
other hand, the value of plastic limit decreases with the increment of also both the percentage
of cement stabilizer and curing period which leads to the decrease of plasticity index. The result
shows that the maximum dry density of the treated soil sample shows an increasing value of
maximum dry density with the increasing percentage of cement stabilizer and longer curing
period. However on the other hand, the value of moisture content decreases with the increasing
percentage of cement stabilizer and longer curing period time. The value of shear strength of
the treated soil increases with the increasing percentage of cement stabilizer. However the
result shows a drop of shear strength with 5% of cement stabilizer after 28 days. The cohesion
and angle of friction of the specimens also increases with the increasing percentage of cement
stabilizer and curing period. The value of coefficient of consolidation, cv decrease with the
increasing percentage of cement stabilizer and curing period of the soil. On the other hand, the
hydraulic conductivity and the coefficient of volume compressibility, mv of the soil sample
decreases with the increasing percentage of cement stabilizer and curing period.

Supervisor: Prof. NSV Kameswara Rao

Mohamad Riduan Bin Osman

Metric No: BK10110157

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Topic: Correlation of Shear Strength, Compressive Strength and Physical Properties
with Angularity of Granular Particles.

Abstract: This study concerns to the correlation of granular particle and their properties and
strength. Sand is used as samples the granular particle consisting of sea sand and river sand;
obtain from three different locations, Papar, Kota Kinabalu and Tuaran. The testing will
determine whether the angularity of sand particle shape is related to the strength of the soil
itself. The testing of the sample consists to two parts which is material testing and concrete
testing. While material testing is divided to two sub-parts which is physical testing and
mechanical testing. The material testing is includes compaction, sieve analysis and direct shear
box, and the concrete testing is consisting of compressive strength test. By using microscope,
sample from Papar was known as sub-rounded with low sphericity, sample from Kota Kinabalu
relatively very angular with medium sphericity and sample from Tuaran is relatively angular also
with medium sphericity. Compaction test result showed that samples from Kota Kinabalu have
the highest optimum density with 3518 Kg/m3 followed by sample from Papar with 3504 Kg/m3
and sample from Tuaran with only 3287 Kg/m3. While, compressive strength tested to the
concrete cube shows that Sample from Kota Kinabalu and Tuaran having the highest shear
strength which is 3.472 KPa and sample from Papar is only 3.444 KPa. This test is supporting
the theory of the higher sphericity will affect the strength of soil structure. In future, the study
of sand in Sabah can be explored more, covering several other tests.

Name: Azlan Bin Benjamin

Metric No: BK1011002

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Topic: Non Destructive Monitoring of Mortar Hydration Using Peizoelectric (PZT) and
Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity (UPV)

Abstract: Introduction of piezoelectric test is one of the structural health monitoring. Interest in
structural health monitoring (SHM) has increased as related to both research and
implementation. It represents an attempt of deriving the actual condition of a structure or
system by aiming of not just knowing its performance has deteriorated but rather to be able to
asses remaining performances levels and life. This ability in the future will enable the operation
of civil infrastructure decided in less time, more efficient, more accurate and save cost.
Experiments were conducted based on the piezoelectric test and ultrasonic pulse velocity test.
This test will monitor the hydration of the mortar(specimen) by assessment of its velocity
through the days. Different method of experiments has shown different range of velocity. As for
UPV test, it was already know in the industry and had set the range of its velocity to the quality
of the specimen. At the 28 days of hydration the velocity of the specimen using PZT with 100
mm spacing is 2775.31 ms-1 and for 160 mm spacing is 2827.45 ms-1. While for UPV test
shows 3575.2 ms-1 of velocity which means it is in good quality of specimen.

Koh Boon Hao

Metric No: BK10110124

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Topic: PWAS GENERATED LAMB WAVE SPEED DISPERSION CURVE PROPAGATION
ON ALUMINIUM THIN PLATE

Abstract: After a long period of service, most of the engineering structures will face
deterioration and damage problem in that particular structure such as civil, aerospace and
marine structures. Regular structural maintenance often performs over a period of time to
prevent the failure on the structure itself. Hence, structural health monitoring (SHM) technology
is introduced to detect the potential hazardous damages and also to ensure the serviceability
and sustainability of the structures itself. Traditional nondestructive evaluation (NDE)
techniques are difficult to use in operation due to the cost, size and weight of necessary
devices. A new non-destructive evaluation (NDE) method using piezoelectric wafer active
sensors (PWAS) Lamb waves based for structural health monitoring has been proposed to
overcome the limitations of the conventional methods as it allows the inspection of large area
from one single location. However, the nature of Lamb wave makes the interpretation and
analysis of the wave result very complex due to their dispersive and multimodal natures. One of
the fundamental theories, Lamb wave dispersion curve analysis has been done by several
researchers. However, the speed dispersion curve is hard to achieve practically. The speed
dispersion curve is demonstrated through the experiments on the aluminium thin plate where
flat and inclined aluminium plates were used. Signal processing was implemented on the data
collected in order to get a clearer time of flight. The experimental values were then compared
with the theoretical values that obtained from MATLAB. In this study, the Lamb wave velocity
dispersion curve is successfully plotted, and compared with the theoretical velocity dispersion
curve.

Chuah Chong Wei

Metric No: BK10110051

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Topic: Simulation of PZT Generated Lamb Wave Dispersion Curve by Propagation
On a Thin Plate Structure: A Numerical Approach.

Wong Jia Jun

Metric No: BK10110310

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Topic: Laterally Loaded Piles – FEM Analysis and Model Tests

Abstract: Piles are designed for lateral loads due to wind action, ground movement, wave
action, impact of ship and so on. Therefore, it is of importance to determine the lateral load
resistance capacity of pile foundation. In this study, the lateral load resistance is investigated by
conducting finite element method (FEM) analysis and model test. The foundation medium used
is sandy soil. A series of laboratory tests, such as sieve analysis, specific gravity test, direct
shear test, standard proctor compaction test and California Bearing Ratio (CBR) test are
conducted to determine the relevant soil parameters. The model pile is a single pile with square
and circular cross-sectional area with different diameter or width and length. The pile diameters
or widths (D) considered are 8 mm, 10 mm, and 15 mm and the pile lengths (L) considered are
200 mm, 250 mm, and 300 mm. Lateral loads are applied in the single pile by a lateral load
model test. The pile is deflected due to the lateral load. Also, Plaxis 3D Foundation is used to
create finite element model to determine its deflection under lateral load. Finally, the lateral
deflection of pile obtained by experiment and the lateral deflection of pile obtained by FEM
analysis are compared to determine the validity in estimating the lateral deflection using FEM
software. The effects of diameter, embedded length, and shape of pile on lateral load capacity
are investigated.

Awang Mohd. Taufiq Bin Awang Ali

Metric No: BK10160357

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Topic: Correlation of CBR Tests with Field Plate Load Tests

Abstract: California Bearing Ratio (CBR) test and Plate Load test is relatively a test that is
commonly used as a strength indicator of the sub-grade soil, sub-base and base coarse material
that is useful in designing the thickness of flexible pavement. The main objective of this
research is to correlate CBR tests to evaluate modulus of elasticity of soils and compare the
results with lab plate load test as well as available field plate load tests. The soils that have
been choose for this research is a sandy type soil. Some experiment will be conduct according
to the type of soil which will help this research to reach the goals.

Mohd Izwan Bin Jabri

Metric No: BK10110170

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Topic: Application of Piezoelectric in Monitoring Mortar Compressive Strength

Yeaw Zhi Liang

Metric No: BK10110312

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Topic: Piezoelectric Sensor for Structure Health Monitoring (SHM) Analysis using
ANSYS mechanical (FEM) and Comparison with Matlab Simulation.

Abstract: Structure health monitoring (SHM) is emerging as a vital and important tool for
engineers to manage and improve the safety of all kind of structures. Human lives are being
endangered everyday with structure failures resulting from aging buildings or faulty structures.
With the importance of SHM growing from time to time, many people have done research on
different methods for structure health monitoring using the advancement of technology
available nowadays. A lot of methods are being developed and compared before being
implemented successfully in the construction and mechanical industry.

In this research, a method of SHM which is using piezoelectric sensors that can generates Lamb
wave for detecting structure damages or cracking damages is being analysed. Ansys which is a
powerful Finite Element Method software is being used to analyse the effectiveness of this
Finite Element Analysis method for SHM using piezoelectric sensor. To measure the
effectiveness of this method, the results obtained will be compared with results obtained from
Matlab simulation, while other fellow research group mate will compare with experimental
result. Aluminium plate with two piezoelectric which is acting as a sensor and actuator will be
used for this research. The feasibility of using Ansys for Finite Element Analysis to analyse
piezoelectric sensor for SHM will be tested which may prove to be a useful tool for future Finite
Element applications.

Jeffrey Teo Shi Hao

Metric No: BK10160330

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Topic: MICROPILE GROUND IMPROVEMENT BY USING MICROPILE (SANDY SOIL)

Abstract: - Soft Copy Not Available

Abstract according to the submitted technical paper

Micro piles are widely recognized as a common remedial option for underpinning structures with
foundation problems and as well as a common foundation option. This research is to study the
behavior of effect in the capacity of micro piles, embedment length and carry out laboratory
tests for ground to improvement sandy soil by using micro piles. The study shows the
effectiveness of improving the sand around piles in increasing the embedment length of piles
and diameter of piles in the groups. The study outlines the behavior of 9 in total 3 x 3 pile
groups with different pile lengths or different embedment lengths, different pile spacing and
different pile diameter in the group. The study is also analyzed using FEM 3D foundation
Softening Percentage and the result s from Laboratory and finite element analysis are
compared.

Tee Lian Herng

Metric No: BK10110294

33
Topic: FOUNDATIONS SUBJECTED TO INCLINED LOAD.

Abstract: In this research, the model studies of the shallow foundation of different shapes
under different inclination load on the natural soil medium were investigated. Inclination load
are the combination of vertical load and horizontal loads. The characteristic of the soil such as
spring constant, modulus of subgrade reaction and modulus of elasticity of the soil were
determined by using the plate load test. Three types of shape of plate which are circular,
square and rectangular were used in this study. The bearing capacity, vertical displacement and
horizontal displacement is varied when different shape of plates under different degrees of
inclination load. The bearing capacity and vertical displacement of the footing decrease by
increasing the degree of inclination load. However, the horizontal displacement increased by
increasing the inclination load. The circular plate has largest displacement compared to the
square plates and rectangular plate when the width of square and rectangular plates equal to
diameter of circular plate.

Lee Meng Yong

Metric No: BK10110135

34
Topic: TUNING OF PZT GENERATED LAMB WAVE PROPAGATING ON A THIN PLATE
STRUCTURE

Abstract: In the field of Structural Health Monitoring (SHM), a reliable and cost effective method
is needed to ensure the structural integrity of aging structures. Current SHM methods are
mostly passive, which means it does not continuously monitor the health of a structure, instead
it performs check on structures based on scheduled time. To continuously monitor health of
structures, a small, cheap and reliable method is needed. The use of smart material, Lead
Zirconate Titanate (PZT) which is a type of ceramic brings two-fold advantage in SHM, firstly
because it is small, cheap and reliable, and secondly it can act as both the actuator as well as
detector. Lamb wave which is a type of surface wave which propagates on thin-plate structures
has been gaining popularity due to its ability to propagate through a long distance. However,
Lamb wave is a very complex wave due to its multimodal and dispersive nature. Thus, in order
to perform crack detection, the wave speed of each mode of Lamb wave needs to be
determined. The wave speed dispersion curve will first be obtained by my research teammate,
Chuah Chong Wei. Using the wave speed obtained, I performed the tuning of Lamb wave to
selectively activate only one mode of the Lamb wave (symmetric or anti-symmetric) using
Matlab. The tuning of the Lamb wave in this study will be entirely based on the amplitude
matching effect between the symmetric and anti-symmetric Lamb wave modes. From the wave
speed dispersion curve obtained by my research teammate, below 1000 kHz, only the S0 and
A0 mode exist. Thus, analysis will be done at frequencies up to 1000 kHz only. The plot of the
strain response vs. frequency was first obtained using the result from the Matlab analysis. The
plot shows that the strain response of both the Lamb wave modes will increase and decrease
with different frequencies, and thus proving that the ‘sweet spot’ can be obtained at certain
frequencies to activate only one Lamb wave mode. It was also found that the strain response of
the symmetric mode was higher than that of the anti-symmetric mode, which thus more
favorable in crack detection as higher strain response means it can propagate longer distance.
From observation, a perfect sweet spot was selected at around 320 kHz where the strain of the
symmetric mode peaks whereas the anti-symmetric mode was near zero. To confirm the result,
an FEM simulation on a half plate model based on the laboratory setup was carried out by my
other research teammate, Lee Sze Shan. The FEM result showed an almost similar strain
response but with a slight difference, however the result agreed with the Matlab result whereby
at 320 kHz, the strain symmetric mode strain response is high whereas the strain response for
the anti- symmetric mode is almost zero. Further studies are needed for the tuning of Lamb
wave above 1000 kHz, and to improve the analysis of the laboratory studies to enable analysis
above 100 kHz.

Lee Sze Shan

Metric No: BK10110137

35
Topic: FINITE ELEMENT MODELLING OF THE PIEZOELECTRIC WAFER ACTIVE
SENSORS (PWAS)

Abstract: Lamb wave propagation in plate structures is used as an important tool for non-
destructive structural health monitoring. It is a first step towards establishing an entire
structural health monitoring system and to provide experimental verification of the proposed
models. This project is mainly focus on using finite element (FE) modelling to simulate the
transient waves in an integrated piezoelectric wafer transducer plate, particularly Lead Zirconate
Titanate (PZT) bonded on the aluminium plate. PZT ceramic patch are paste on the aluminium
plate acting as both actuator and sensor to generate and collect Lamb waves. The converse
piezoelectric effect of the actuator is treated as an equivalent bending moment applied to the
host plate. In between the wave mode is determined from the theoretical dispersion curve. This
step is to ensure the speed is compared correctly with the experimental test. Furthermore,
experimental work is compared to verify the accuracy of the analytical model. Experimental
results show that single-mode Lamb waves in the plate can be successfully generated and
collected through the integrated PZT patches. As a result from comparison, the analytical result
is reliable to show the wave propagation.

Sylviana binti Sulong

Metric No: BK10110281

36
Topic: INTERFERENCE OF ADJACENT FOUNDATIONS DUE TO DIFFERENT LOADS,
SHAPES AND DEPTHS

Abstract: This study is mainly concerned with the effect of interference of adjacent foundations
due to different loads, shapes and depths. Three pairs of wooden plate will be tested with
different shapes, loads applied and depths. The settlement of soil will be observed through this
study. The results obtained from the laboratory test will be compared with the theoretical
results using Terzaghi’s bearing equation. The proximity of footings on sand enhances the
responses of foundations both in terms of settlement and ultimate bearing capacity. For two
foundations in proximity, the settlement will be increasing due to increasing of interference.
Besides that, the ultimate bearing capacity of interfering foundations decreases with increase in
spacing. For square footings the maximum increase in ultimate bearing capacity should be
about 40% greater than that of the isolated footing. In the case of circular footings an
enhancement in bearing capacity of footing is about 58%.

Supervisor: Prof. Ir. Dr. Abdul Karim Mirasa


Louisa Mae

37
Metric No: BK10110141

The implementation of Green Building Technology in Sabah and Sarawak.

Abstract: This research focuses on the implementation of Green Building Technology in Sabah
and Sarawak. The purpose of the research is to determine the level of awareness as well as to
understand the benefit and limitation. In addition to this, the level of demand among the
educated and experienced engineers is also evaluated. Preliminary study is done in literature
review chapter. It would aid in comprehending the topic of this research and at the same time
conveys the direction of the research. Then, the methodology came afterwards where a proper
method of study is portrayed. Companies of consultants and contractors are selected
throughout Sabah and Sarawak. Survey in the form of questionnaire is conducted to assist in
the study. Using the SPSS, the data obtained is analysed with descriptive analysis. Results then
have shown that respondents are aware and possess basic knowledge; hence the awareness
creates a higher demand in green building technology.

Rynneld Bin Rinu

Metric No: BK10110260

38
Topic: Identification of Alkali Silica Reactivity of Aggregate from Different Quarries
in KK

Abstract: In this research, a potentially highly reactive aggregate, and a potentially moderately
reactive aggregate (sandstone) from two different quarries were used in the determination of
ASR expansion of concrete. Two different aggregates (sandstone) samples from two locations
of quarries in Kota Kinabalu area collected and used as aggregates in the mixture of the mortar
bars to be tested and the results compared. The ASR expansion identified by two standard tests
for determines ASR expansion, Accelerated Mortar Bar Test (AMBT) and Autoclave test. The
standard that been use for identified the reactivity degree through the expansion in AMBT is
ASTM C1260-05, and the reactivity degree in autoclave test is from the assumption through the
expansion of the mortar bars.

Aggregates that are susceptible to ASR can be used in hydraulic cement concrete provided
measures are taken to avoid the potential deleterious aspects of ASR. The primary measures
are the use of pozzolans or slag, and limiting the alkali content of the concrete. Recent studies
have suggested that lithium-based admixtures may also be used to avoid ASR-related
expansions. Several tests are available to assess the effectiveness of the various mitigation
strategies, but the results they provide need to be evaluated within the context of the testing
scheme and its relationship to the materials and field conditions under consideration.

Jessi A. Candia

Metric No: BK10110109

39
Topic: THE IMPLEMENTATION OF GREEN BUILDING TECHNOLOGY IN WEST
MALAYSIA

Abstact: This thesis is mainly concerned with the implementation of Green Building technology
in West Malaysia and also to study the level of awareness that is in the construction industries.
In addition, this study also discovered the driving factors, limitations, readiness and various
green materials used. In order to know get the information, survey were made with several
sections divided according to the requirement of the objectives stated and the respondents
answered by using Likert scale and was sent to the developers/engineers in West Malaysia by
e-mails and online surveys. Results showed in bar charts and tables where higher scale votes by
the respondents were taken as the most accurate/true information. For objective one, 65 % of
the developers/engineers have high awareness on the benefits of Green Building technology
and 64 % on environmental protection. Also, several driving factors, limitations, readiness were
also shown. For objective 2, 47 % of the green companies and 65 % of the non-green
companies agreed that there are many Green Building technologies that had been applied in
West Malaysia and that it must need to be applying regularly. For objective 3, green materials
were mentioned like woods, green roofs, precast concrete and etc were also discovered.

Fatin Suraya Binti Suhaili

Metric No: BK10160358

40
Topic: Development of Correlation Charts between Rebound Hammer and Pundit for
Concrete Strength in Sabah

Abstract: Concrete strength is influenced by few factors. One of the factors is the type of
aggregates used in mixing concrete. Aggregates from Sandstones and Granite are used in this
research due to the major usage in Sabah’s construction. Besides, the research on precision
evaluation by using the Non-Destructive Test which consist of Rebound Hammer and Portable
Ultrasonic Non-destructive Digital Indicating Tester (PUNDIT) by applying statistical analysis.
These test applies simple linear and multivariate linear regressions to produce the calibration
and its relationship upon Rebound Hammer, PUNDIT, compressive strength and standard cubic.
There are three types of concrete mix design which is 20MPa, 30MPa and 40MPa. In this
research, there are 126 samples cubes had been prepared from three diferrent locations in
Sabah which is Sipitang, Tamparuli and Tawau and tested using NDT method. The formulation
produced from the NDT correlation is used to get the estimated strength for the concrete cube.
Due to test yielded, it is shows the difference of concrete strength value for each concrete
strength especially the aggregate. Thus, the results is then considered deliberately. The
combination of Rebound Hammer and PUNDIT gave the approach approximation on concrete
strength and reduce the range of magnitude. Therefore, it increase the result reliability. Overall,
there are few suggestion in increasing the reliability between the specimens.

Mohd. Azizan Bin Ajimin

Metric No: BK10110164

41
Topic: Damage Concrete Structure in West Coast Sabah due to Alkali Silica Reaction
(ASR)

Abstract: A study has been conducted at West Coast Sabah to identify and to testify the
presence of Alkali Silica Reaction (ASR) on existing concrete structures. Alkali silica reaction is
one of the most recognized deleterious phenomenons in concrete that results in excessive
expansion, cracks, loss in mechanical properties and serviceability problems. This paper reports
overview of alkali-silica reactivity (ASR) in concrete including background, chemistry behind
ASR, factors affecting ASR, and symptoms of ASR. The structures that susceptible to ASR were
evaluated using on-site test which is Chemical Test and Non-Destructive Test such as Rebound
Hammer Test and Ultra Pulse Velocity (UPV) Test.

Nana Ertha Sualim

Metric No: BK10110190

42
Topic: ASSESSMENT STUDY ON ALKALI SILICA DAMAGE OF STUDENT
ACCOMODATION BUILDINGS IN UMS

Abstract: Alkali Silica Reaction (ASR) can cause serious expansion and cracking in concrete,
resulting in major structural problems. Three major factors of ASR in concrete were the alkalis
contained in the pore solution, reactive amorphous or poorly crystallized silica present in certain
aggregates, and water. Environmental relative humidity, porosity of the concrete, and presence
of mineral admixtures were also the factors of ASR occurrence. The objectives of this study are
to investigate the existence of Alkali Silica Reaction (ASR) damage on UMS hostel buildings, and
to evaluate the performance structure affected by ASR. Testing methods such as chemical test
(staining method) and non – destructive testing (Rebound Hammer and Ultrasonic Pulse
Velocity) have been conducted on site which is located at the hostel buildings in UMS. Existence
of ASR in hostel buildings in UMS has been proven as 89% of the selected locations showed
positive result of ASR. The locations that were proven to be positive ASR have poor
performance in compressive strength and quality.

Eddy Syaizul Rizam Bin Abdullah

Metric No: BK10110066

43
Topic: Performance of Palm Oil Fuel ASH(POFA) in Suppressing the Alkali Silica
Reaction

Abstract: Due to the grow in vegetable oil demand from all over the world, huge of palm oil
products produced. This will cause a million of ones of solid waste in form of oil palm shells or
also known as palm oil fuel ash (POFA) is formed. Thus issue arising on the way to disposal of
these agricultural wastes which can cause environment issue. This study was done to identify
the potentials of these wastes as partial replacement in concrete. The main objective for this
study is to study the effect of the POFA in preventing expansion due to the Alkali-silica reaction
(ASR). POFA is identified by past researchers as materials that can reduce the ASR reaction.
Compressive strength test and Accelerated Mortar Bar test, AMBT (ASTM C1260) is used to get
the result on compressive strength value and percentage of expansion of the sample. When
POFA is added to the mixes in mortar, the expansion of mortar is reduce and at the optimum
percentages of POFA added, the compressive strength is higher than the control mortar sample.

Noradila Fareza Binti Abd. Mutalib

Metric No:BK10110207

44
Topic: Comparison Between Different Types of Precast System

Abstract: Nowadays, precast concrete system had been used widely around the nationwide
including Malaysia itself. Although the precast system is started a bit late in Malaysia from other
country, but in increasing year implementation of this system had growth and become popular.
Prefabrication technology not only provides various advantages in the construction industry but
also considered the surrounding environment. Over the years precast concrete system had
growth and implemented in construction of low-rise buildings, multi-rise buildings, residential
buildings, industrial buildings, etc. The main aim of this research is to compare the different
types of precast system use in Malaysia and other countries. Besides, various countries that had
fulfil the implemented of precast system in the housing program and others construction of
buildings include Australia, Singapore, Denmark, Hong Kong, Indonesia and also Malaysia. Due
to the increase in population growth precast system become popular in construction industry.
This research also emphasizes the different types of connection installed between the precast
elements in order to achieve the stability of the building structures.

Name: Mohammad Shazuan Bin Azamy

Metric No: BK10110161

45
Topic: Assessment Study on AlkaliSilica Reaction (ASR) Cracking of Buildings in UMS

Abstract: This research is to assess UMS building that suspected to having cracks that cause by
Alkali-Silica Reaction (ASR). Usually ASR occurs when concrete pore water, some aggregate
constituents, and alkali cations (NA and K) released by the cement react with one another. As
the alkali content of the pore water increases, dissolution of the silica phases increases,
resulting in a release of silica to form the gel. Gel formation results in a volume increase, which
causes internal pressure in the concrete and eventually forms fractures. Two chemicals testing
are used on this study in order to confirm that cracking in UMS building are caused by ASR. The
chemical testers are Potassium Permanganate and Rhodamine B. After been confirmed by
chemical testing and its found that the cracks are positively ASR, structure performance for the
building will be evaluated next using Rebound Hammer and Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity (UPV).
Result for this study indicates that assessed buildings in UMS that is ODEC, SPPS and SKTM are
affected by ASR.

Syazwan Bin Madso

Metric No: BK10110278

46
THE IMPLEMENTATION OF INDUSTRIALIZED BUILDING SYSTEM (IBS)
CONSTRUCTION IN SABAH AND SARAWAK

Abstract: This study is mainly concerned with the implementation of Industrialized Building
System (IBS) in Sabah and Sarawak. The objectives of the study is to investigate the
awareness, implementation rate perception, limitations, readiness and to find the most
important item that is associated with a certain aspect of IBS which is its advantages,
conventional method disadvantages, factors contributing to the lack of IBS awareness and
factors of not ready to implement IBS. The scope of the research is the state of IBS
implementation in the construction industry in Sabah and Sarawak. Literature review is done to
get more idea of what is IBS. Questionnaire survey is then distributed manually and by online to
respondents in both state. After that, the data obtained from questionnaire survey is analyzed
using Statistical for Social Science (SPSS). It was found that the awareness of IBS in Sabah and
Sarawak is positive; the implementation rate perception is low; and the limitations of IBS are
lack of local precast manufacturer, unfamiliar system and high early cost. Sabah and Sarawak
is also not yet ready to implement IBS fully; and the most important item for the advantages of
IBS is shortened construction time; important item for conventional method disadvantages is
requiring skilled worker for better output quality; important item for factors contributing to the
lack of IBS awareness is lack of IBS implementation in local construction industry; and lastly,
important item for factors of Sabah and Sarawak not ready to implement IBS is the lack of local
precast manufacturer.

Name: DHAMSON POLUS MASUNDANG

Metric No: BK10110060

47
Topic: STUDY ON THE QUALITY OF CONSTRUCTION IN SABAH

Abstract: This study is mainly focus on the study of construction quality in Sabah. This study
has three objectives. The main objectives are to determine the level of construction quality in
Sabah, to identify the main factors affecting the construction quality and to propose the best
way to control the construction quality in Sabah. This study has using interview with the expert
panels and distribution of questionnaire survey as a methodology. 5 panels from Public Work
Department, CIDB, consultants and contractors are selected based on their wide experience in
construction in the whole Sabah. While for questionnaire distribution, 100 questionnaires are
distributed randomly to the Public Work Department, Consultants and contractors in whole
Sabah. The conclusion made from this study is the level of construction quality in Sabah is in a
good level (above the average level). The main factors affecting the construction quality in
Sabah are the inconsistent number of workers on site, lack of skilful workers and the workers
do not been trained enough, lack of supervision on site and poor storage of materials.
Therefore, the both the contractors and client should together take some action to control the
quality of construction in Sabah.

Supervisor: Miss. Salinah Dullah

Alycia Joanna Dahum

48
Metric No: BK10110018
Topic: A Review on Bridge Constructions Using IBS Technology in Sabah.

Abstract: This study is mainly concern about the factor due to locations in bridge constructions
using Industrialized Building System (IBS) technology in Sabah. Besides that, the limitations of
IBS Technology in bridge and ways to overcome it are also discussed in this research.
Interviewed were conducted with three different panels from Jabatan Kerja Raya (JKR),
Construction Industry Development Board (CIDB) and Hume Concrete Marketing Sdn. Bhd. Kota
Kinabalu branch. The results of the interviewed helps in identifying the factor due to locations in
bridge constructions using IBS technology as well as the limitations and ways to overcome it.
Apart from that, two case studies were selected in this research. The cases are the bridge
construction at Lalampas, district of Tongod, Sabah, Malaysia and the bridge construction at
Jalan Marak-Parak, Melinsau Poring, Ranau, Sabah, Malaysia. Case studies were conducted to
gain more knowledge on the construction of IBS technology in bridge as well as to support the
information obtained from interview.

Hafizah Awang Atim

Metric No: BK10160359

49
Topic: Slab-Tensioning Technology in Sabah.

Abstract: This study is mainly concern about the awareness on implementation of slab post-
tensioning in Sabah. Besides that, the limitation and barrier of slab post-tensioning application
and the solution in improving the limitation and barrier of slab post-tensioning in Sabah are also
discussed in this research. Questionnaire was given to consultant company, contractors,
developer and government sector that related to civil engineering field to help in identifying the
awareness on implementation of slab post-tensioning in Sabah. Apart from that, the
observations during site visit and interview with professional engineer have been conducted at
project Proposed Mixed Commercial Development with Purpose Built Medical Centre and
Related Facilities at Coastal Highway, Kota Kinabalu. Based on the site visit and interview the
limitation and barrier of slab post-tensioning application in Sabah are also identified. In
addition, the solution in improving the limitation and barrier of slab post-tensioning in Sabah is
also elaborate in this research.

Jolene Joseph Madis

Metric No: BK10110115

50
Topic: The Implementation of IBS Construction in West Malaysia

Annabel Fredoline Mojilis

Metric No: BK10110023

51
Topic: THE STUDY OF BEBO SYSTEM BRIDGE

Abstract: Industrialized Building System or well known as IBS is an alternative construction


system that has the goods in it by different aspects in the construction of bridge or building. In
addition to that, the Industrialized Building System (IBS) is a construction system that is
produced using pre-fabricated components and is methodically done by using machines and
other mechanical equipment in the factories. This study is done in order to the types of system
in bridge construction using IBS Technology, to identify the benefits and limitations of IBS in
bridge construction and to suggest ways to overcome the limitation. This study is basically to
focus the usage of IBS on bridge among construction industry expert in Sabah only. This
research based on literature review study, case study and interview only without involving
laboratory activities. The result of this study indicates that the types of system used in Sabah is
BEBO arch precast component bridging system and the length of span used is in the range of
6.5m (shortest) to 25m (longest) per span. The benefits of IBS in Sabah are fast construction,
minimal waste and cost of installation whereby the limitations of IBS in Sabah is cost effective
and acceptance from the construction industry expert.

Nurul Shahhadahtul Afizah Asman

Metric No: BK10110230

52
Topic: Effect of Silica Fume on Palm Oil Fuel Ash (POFA) Reinforced Concrete Beams

Abstract: Palm Oil Fuel Ash (POFA) is an agrowaste ash that contains a large amount of silicon
dioxide and has high potential to be used as a cement replacement. POFA can be used as a
pozzolanic material where it improves the durability, reduces cost due to less use of cement and
improve the strength. It will also be beneficial for the environment with respect to reducing the
waste disposal volume of landfills. Previous research had showed that silica fume admixtures
improve compressive strength of concrete. Percentages of silica fume added by weight of
cement in POFA concrete can cause poor workability on concrete. So superplasticizer is
combined in the mixtures to improve the workability. In this study, the control sample used is
POFA concrete with 30-μm fineness contains 20% POFA as a cement replacement with 1% of
superplasticizer. While others samples contain concrete POFA with different percentages of 5%,
10% and 15% of silica fume. POFA-1%SP without SF and POFA-1%SP with silica fume carried
out several tests including compression test, flexural strength test, the test load on the beam
and on the beam bending test. In conclusion, Silica fume added to POFA-1%SP will improve the
concrete strength and load capacity on beams. The addition of silica fume by 5% of cement is
the optimum usage.

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