VIBRATION ACTIVATED ALARM

A Project Report
Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of degree of
B.Tech. in Electrical & Electronics Engineering
under
Biju Pattnaik University of Technology

by

1. Praveen Kumar Gupta (1721229006)

2. Satya Prasad Nayak (1721229014)
3. Debashish Sahu (1601229144)

Under the Guidance of

Prof. Satyaprakash Rout
(Dept. of EEE & EE Engineering)

DEPARTMENT OF EEE & EE ENGINEERING

DRIEMS, CUTTACK, ODISHA -2018

1
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the Project entitled “VIBRATION ACTIVATED ALARM” has been
satisfactorily completed by Group-8 bearing Registration No. 1721229006, 1721229014, 1601229144
of EEE Engineering in DRIEMS has been completed successfully.

This is in partial fulfillment of the requirements of bachelor’s Degree in Electrical & Electronics
Engineering under Biju Pattnaik University of Technology, Rourkela, Odisha.

I wish him success in all future endeavors.

Prof. Satyaprakash Rout Prof. Krushna Chandra Sahoo

(Asst. Prof.) (Head of Department)
(Department of EE & EEE) (Department of EE & EEE)

2
 Acknowledgements

Any work started and carried out with systematic approach turns out to be a success. Any accomplishment
requires the effort of many people and this work outcome of such one strenuous effort. The project was a
challenge and was made more difficult due to number of varied reasons. Sum of which were beyond our
capability. At time we were left with no option regarding what do next. It was then the very assistance of
the faculty members who helped us out of the quicksand. We would be grateful to them for their
inspiration, encouragement and guidance in all stages of our project development process.

We feel extremely gratified to express out hearties thanks to prof. Satya Prakash Rout of EEE engineering
department for his constant encouragement and value able advice during the project development stages.
We wish to extend our thanks to all the faculty members who devoted their valuable time for our project
development.

Finally, we would to thanks prof. Satya Prakash Rout sir who tremendously contributed in this project
either directly or indirectly. We wish to express our sincere thanks to all those who may contributed in the
project completion plan.

1. Praveen Kumar Gupta (1721229006)

2. Satya Prasad Nayak (1721229014)
3. Debashish Sahu (1601229144)

3
 ABSTRACT

This inexpensive project can be used as knock/vibration activated alarm. Piezoelectric sensor plate cab be
fixed on table, door, cupboard, window etc. using cello tap or adhesive

When an intruder knocks on them, piezoelectric sensor, converts mechanical vibration into electrical
variations. Electrical pulses are under goes amplification by transistor amplifier stages. Final transistor
drives a piezo buzzer.

We chose this project as application in day to day life. There are many applications of the concept behind
this project. It cannot only be used for military purpose but also can be used day to day life like door knock
alarm, burglar alarm, safety alarm.

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 CONTENTS
1. INTRODUCTION

2. FIG. OF THE PROJECT

3. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

4. COMPONENT OF THE CIRCUIT

a. RESISTOR

b. CAPACITOR

c. PIZEO ELECTRIC SENSOR

i. Piezo electric switching working

d. DIODE

i. Diode 1N4148

e. LED

i. Working Principle

f. TRANSISTOR

i. BC557B

ii. BC547B

iii. BC549

g. BUZZER

5. CONCLUSION

6. ADVANTAGES

7. APPLICATION

8. REFERENCE

5
 Introduction

The circuit of Knock alarm uses a thin piezoelectric plate, senses the vibration generatedon knocking a
surface (such as a door or a table) to activate the alarm and can also be used tosafeguard motor
vehicles. The piezoelectric plate is used as the sensor. Piezoelectric material is used at the input in
ordertoc o n v e r t a n y m e c h a n i c a l v i b r a t i o n i n t o e l e c t r i c a l v a r i a t i o n , i t a v o i d s f a l s e t r i
g g e r i n g . W h e n someone knocks on the door, the piezoelectric sensor generates an electrical
signal, which isamplified by transistors. The amplified signal is rectified and filtered to produce a low-
level DCv o l t a g e , w h i c h i s f u r t h e r a m p l i f i e d b y t h e r e m a i n i n g t r a n s i s t o r s . T h e f i n a l
o u t p u t f r o m t h e collector of PNP transistor is applied to reset pin 4 of 555 Timer that is wired as an
astable multivibrator. Whenever the collector of transistor T6 goes high, the astable multi vibrator activates
tosound an alarm through the speaker. When the circuit receives an input signal due
to knocking,t h e a l a r m g e t s a c t i v a t e d f o r a b o u t 7 s e c o n d s . T h e p l a t e c a n b e f i x e d o n
a d o o r , c a s h b o x , cupboard, etc. using adhesive. A 1-1.5m long, shielded wire is connected
between the sensor plate and the input of the circuit. A led is placed at the output of the IC
555 Timer. The circuitoperates off a 9V or a 12V battery.

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Figure of the Project

Fig.1

Fig.2

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Circuit diagram:

Fig.3

8
List of Components

Serial Number Component Specification Reference

Description
01 Resistor 680E R1
02 Resistor 120E R2
03 Resistor 220K R3
04 Resistor 22K R4
05 Resistor 1K R5, R8
06 Resistor 2K7 R6
07 Resistor 100K R7
08 Resistor 4K7 R9, R12
09 Resistor 10K R10
10 Resistor 270K R11
11 Resistor 1M R13
12 Capacitor 22/25v C1
13 Capacitor .1KPF(104) C2, C5
100KPF
14 Capacitor 100/25V C3, C4
15 Capacitor .001(102) 1KPF C6
16 Diode IN4148 D1, D2
17 LED 5mm Red LD1
18 Transistor BC557B Q1
19 Transistor BC547B Q2, Q3, Q4, Q5
20 Transistor BC549 Q6
21 Buzzer VK27CT Buzzer
22 Sensor 35mm 2 C/O Piezo
23 Supply 9v Battery Supply
24 PCB VK 560 PCB PCB

Table.1

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 Resistor:
A resistor is a passive two-terminal electrical component that implements electrical resistance as a circuit
element. In electronic circuits, resistors are used to reduce current flow, adjust signal levels, to divide
voltages, bias active elements, and terminate transmission lines, among other uses. High-power resistors that
can dissipate many watts of electrical power as heat, may be used as part of motor controls, in power
distribution systems, or as test loads for generators. Fixed resistors have resistances that only change slightly
with temperature, time or operating voltage. Variable resistors can be used to adjust circuit elements (such as
a volume control or a lamp dimmer), or as sensing devices for heat, light, humidity, force, or chemical
activity.
Resistors are common elements of electrical networks and electronic circuits and are ubiquitous in electronic
equipment. Practical resistors as discrete components can be composed of various compounds and forms.
Resistors are also implemented within integrated circuits.
The electrical function of a resistor is specified by its resistance: common commercial resistors are
manufactured over a range of more than nine orders of magnitude. The nominal value of the resistance falls
within the manufacturing tolerance, indicated on the component.

Fig.5
Fig.4

Capacitor:
A capacitor is a passive two-terminal electrical component that stores potential energy in an electric field.
The effect of a capacitor is known as capacitance. While some capacitance exists between any two electrical
conductors in proximity in a circuit, a capacitor is a component designed to add capacitance to a circuit. The
capacitor was originally known as a condenser.The physical form and construction of practical capacitors
vary widely, and many capacitor types are in common use. Most capacitors contain at least two electrical
conductors often in the form of metallic plates or surfaces separated by a dielectric medium. A conductor
may be a foil, thin film, sintered bead of metal, or an electrolyte. The nonconducting dielectric acts to
increase the capacitor's charge capacity. Materials commonly used as dielectrics
include glass, ceramic, plastic film, paper, mica, and oxide layers. Capacitors are widely used as parts
of electrical circuits in many common electrical devices. Unlike a resistor, an ideal capacitor does not
dissipate energy.
When two conductors experience a potential difference, for example, when a capacitor is attached across a
battery, an electric fielddevelops across the dielectric, causing a net positive charge to collect on one plate
and net negative charge to collect on the other plate. No current flows through the dielectric, however, there
is a flow of charge through the source circuit. If the condition is maintained sufficiently long, the current
through the source circuit ceases. However, if a time-varying voltage is applied across the leads of the
capacitor, the source experiences an ongoing current due to the charging and discharging cycles of the
capacitor.

Fig.6

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 Piezo Electric Sensor
A sensor that utilizes the piezoelectric effect, to measure changes in acceleration, strain, pressure, and
force by converting them into electrical charge is called as a piezoelectric sensor. Piezo is a Greek word
which means ‘press’ or ‘squeeze’. Piezoelectric effect causes the occurrence of electric dipole moments in
solids due to the pressure applied to certain solid materials such as piezoelectric crystals, ceramics, bone,
DNA, and some proteins that generates electric charge. This generated piezoelectricity is proportional to
the pressure applied to the solid piezoelectric crystal materials. In this article, we will discuss about one of
the most frequently used piezoelectric sensor applications, that is, piezo sensor switch. These piezoelectric
sensor switches are weatherproof as they are completely sealed from the environment. As, stainless steel is
used for construction of piezo sensor switches, they can withstand the damage and are resistant to heavy
use.

Piezo Knock Sensor Switch Circuit Working:-

Piezo knock sensor generates voltage proportional to the amount of stress, such as vibration or knock
applied to piezoelectric crystal. It is used to detect knocks and hence it is also called as a piezo knock
sensor.

Fig.7 Fig.9
Fig.8

The piezoelectric sensor switch is an alternative for impact or vibration detection and momentary switch
applications. Strain is induced on the laminated piezo film sensor element due to the direct contact of the
force applied to the stainless-steel cantilever beam. Piezoelectric sensor element will generate an output that
activates a normally opened, built-in circuit. If a circuit is activated, then it resembles a contact switch
closure and due to corrosion, bouncing and pitting the contact points exhibits

Pressure is applied to the surface of the piezoelectric sensor switch that deflects about 2microns and this
applied pressure is converted into an electrical signal by the piezoelectric crystal. This electrical signal
generated by the piezoelectric sensor material is given to the electronics embedded in the piezoelectric
sensor switch housing for amplification.

It is a polarized electronic component, which consists of two leads: one positive and the other negative lead
that are connect with a 1M ohm resistor between them. The Piezoelectric sensor knock circuit is designed to
turn on or turn off the load connected to the circuit by applying knocks to activate the piezo knock switch.

Diode:
A diode is a device which only allows unidirectional flow of current if operated within a rated specified
voltage level. A diode only blocks current in the reverse direction while the reverse voltage is within a
limited range otherwise reverse barrier breaks and the voltage at which this breakdown occurs is called

11
reverse breakdown voltage. The diode acts as a valve in the electronic and electrical circuit. A P-N junction
is the simplest form of the diode which behaves as ideally short circuit when it is in forward biased and
behaves as ideally open circuit when it is in the reverse biased. Beside simple PN junction diodes, there are
different types of diodes although the fundamental principles are same. So,aarrangement of diodes can
convert AC to pulsating DC, and hence, it is sometimes also called as a rectifier.

Fig.10
1N4148:
Features:
 Hermetically sealed leaded glass SOD27(DO-35) package
 High switching speed: Max. 4ns
 General application
 Continuous reverse voltage: Max. 75V
Application:
 High speed switching

Limiting value-

Symbol Parameter condition Min. Max. Unit

Vrrm Repetitive - - 75 V
peak reverse
voltage
Vr Continuous - - 75 V
ReverseVoltage
If Continuous See fig.2; note - 200 mA
forward current 1
Ifrm Repetitive peak Square wave;
forward current Tj=25c prior
to surge; see
fig.4 - 4 A
t=1us - 1 A
t=1ms - 0.5 A
t=1s

Ptot Total power Tamb=25c; - 500 mW

dissipation note 1
Tstg Storage temp. - -65 +200 C

Tj Junction temp. - - 200 C

Table-2
Electrical Characteristics:
SYMBOL PARAMETER CONDITION MIN MA UNIT
. X.
Vf Forward See fig.3
voltage If=10mA - 1 V
1N4148 If=5Ma 0.62 0.72 V
1N4448 If=100Ma - 1 V

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Ir Reverse current Vr=20V; see fig.5 - 25 nA
Vr=20V; - 50 uA
Tj=150c;

Ir Reverse Vr=20V; - 3 uA
current; Tj=100c;
1N4448
Cd Diode F=1 MHz; Vr=0; s - 4 pF
capacitance
trr Revere When switched - 4 ns
recovery time from If=10mA to
Ir=60mA;
Rl=100ohm;
measured at
Ir=1mA
Vfr Forward When switched - 2.5 v
recovery from If=50mA;
voltage Tr=20ns
Table-3

LED (Light Emitting Diode):

Fig.11 Fig.12

A light-emitting diode (LED) is a two-lead semiconductor light source. It is a p–n junction diode that emits
light when activated. When a suitable current is applied to the leads,electrons are able to recombine
with electron holes within the device, releasing energy in the form of photons. This effect is
called electroluminescence, and the color of the light (corresponding to the energy of the photon) is
determined by the energy band gap of the semiconductor. LEDs are typically small (less than 1 mm2) and
integrated optical components may be used to shape the radiation pattern.
Appearing as practical electronic components in 1962, the earliest LEDs emitted low-intensity infrared light
Infrared LEDs are still frequently used as transmitting elements in remote-control circuits, such as those in
remote controls for a wide variety of consumer electronics. The first visible-light LEDs were of low
intensity and limited to red. Modern LEDs are available across the visible, ultraviolet,
and infrared wavelengths, with very high brightness.
Early LEDs were often used as indicator lamps for electronic devices, replacing small incandescent bulbs.
They were soon packaged into numeric readouts in the form of seven-segment displays and were commonly
seen in digital clocks. Recent developments have produced LEDs suitable for environmental and task
lighting. LEDs have led to new displays and sensors, while their high switching rates are useful in advanced
communications technology.
LEDs have many advantages over incandescent light sources, including lower energy consumption, longer
lifetime, improved physical robustness, smaller size, and faster switching. Light-emitting diodes are used in

13
applications as diverse as aviation lighting, automotive headlamps, advertising, general lighting, traffic
signals, camera flashes, lighted wallpaper and medical devices.They are also significantly more energy
efficient and, arguably, have fewer environmental concerns linked to their disposal.
Unlike a laser, the color of light emitted from an LED is neither coherent nor monochromatic, but the
spectrum is narrow with respect to human vision, and for most purposes the light from a simple diode
element can be regarded as functionally monochromatic.

Working Principle:

Fig.13

A P-N junction can convert absorbed light energy into a proportional electric current. The same process is
reversed here (i.e. the P-N junction emits light when electrical energy is applied to it). This phenomenon is
generally called electroluminescence, which can be defined as the emission of light from
a semiconductor under the influence of an electric field. The charge carriers recombine in a forward-biased
P-N junction as the electrons cross from the N-region and recombine with the holes existing in the P-region.
Free electrons are in the conduction band of energy levels, while holes are in the valence energy band. Thus,
the energy level of the holes is less than the energy levels of the electrons. Some portion of the energy must
be dissipated to recombine the electrons and the holes. This energy is emitted in the form of heat and light.
The electrons dissipate energy in the form of heat for silicon and germanium diodes but in gallium arsenide
phosphide (GaAsP) and gallium phosphide (GaP) semiconductors, the electrons dissipate energy by
emitting photons. If the semiconductor is translucent, the junction becomes the source of light as it is
emitted, thus becoming a light-emitting diode. However, when the junction is reverse biased, the LED
produces no light and—if the potential is great enough, the device is damaged.

Transistor

A transistor is a semiconductor device that exhibits all the properties of a switch, allowing or blocking the
flow of electrons. It has three terminals, one for input, one for output and one for controlling switching. It is
the fundamental building block of modern electronic devices and is commonly found in circuit boards as
discrete parts or embedded into integrated circuits.

The transistor is composed of a semi conductive material, usually silicon, and at least three terminals for
connecting to the external circuit. It was invented in 1947 by William Shockley, Walter Brattain and John
Bardeen, who were jointly awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics for catapulting technological development.

14
Their achievement is responsible for such modern appliances as wide screen TVs, smartphones, tablets and
other electronic computing devices.The most basic function of a transistor is as an electronic switch, which
allows electrons to flow from its collector side out through the emitter side. The base or middle of the
transistor acts as the real switch control electrode through which electron stimulation rapidly changes the
material from an insulator to conductive state, thereby allowing the flow of electricity.Transistors are created
through a chemical process known as doping, where the semi conductive material either gains an extra
negative charge (N-type) or extra positive charge (P-type). There are two configurations for this, either PNP
or NPN with the middle material acting as the base or flow control. A very small change in the current or
voltage in the middle base layer results in a large amount of electricity flowing through the whole
component. In this aspect, it can be used as an amplifier.

Fig.14

BJTs have three terminals, corresponding to the three layers of semiconductor—an emitter, a base, and
a collector. They are useful in amplifiers because the currents at the emitter and collector are controllable by
a relatively small base current. In an n–p–n transistor operating in the active region, the emitter–base
junction is forward biased (electrons and holes recombine at the junction), and electrons are injected into the
base region. Because the base is narrow, most of these electrons will diffuse into the reverse-biased
(electrons and holes are formed at and move away from the junction) base–collector junction and be swept
into the collector; perhaps one-hundredth of the electrons will recombine in the base, which is the dominant
mechanism in the base current. By controlling the number of electrons that can leave the base, the number of
electrons entering the collector can be controlled. Collector current is approximately β (common-emitter
current gain) times the base current. It is typically greater than 100 for small-signal transistors but can be
smaller in transistors designed for high-power applications.
BC 557B

Features
 Low current (Max. 100mA)
 Low voltage (Max.65V)

Application:
 General purpose switching and amplification

Description:
PNP transistor in a TO-92; SOT54 plastic package.
15
 NPN complements BC546 and BC547

1 3
2
3 2

1
M
A
M
2
8
Simplified outline (TO-92; SOT54) 1

and symbol.

Limiting Value:
SYMBOL PARAMETER CONDITIONS MIN. MAX. UNIT
Vcbo Collector-base Open emitter
voltage
BC556 - -80 V
BC557 - -50 V
Vceo Collector- Open base
emitter voltage
BC556
BC557 - -65 V
- -45 V
Vebo Emitter-base Open collector - -5 V
voltage
Ic Collector - - -100 mA
current(DC)
Icm Peak collector - - -200 mA
current
Ibm Peak base - - -200 mA
current
Ptot Total power Tamb<=25c - 500 mW
dissipation
Tstg Storage - -65 +150 C
Temperature
Tj Junction temp. - - 150 C
Tamb Operation - -65 +150 C
ambient temp.
Table-4

BC546:
Features:
 Low current (max. 100mA)
 Low voltage (Max. 65V)
Application:
 General Purpose and switching amplification
Description:
NPN transistor in a TO-92; STO54 plastic package. PNP complements: BC556 & BC557

16
 h 1 3
a 2
n 3
d
b 2
o
o
k
,
1
M
A
h M
a 1
l . Simplified outline (TO-92; SOT54) 8
2
f
p 1
a
g
e

Fig.16
Limiting value:

Symbol Parameter Conditions MIN. MAX. UNIT

Vcbo Collector-Base Open
voltage emitter - 80 V
BC546A; BC546B - 50 V
BC547
Vceo Collector-Emitter Open base
voltage
BC5546A; BC546B - 65 V
BC547; BC547B; - 45 V
BC547C
Vebo Emitter-Base Voltage Open
BC546A; BC546B collector - 6 V
BC547; BC547B; - 6 V
BC547c
Ic Collector Current(dc) - - 100 mA
Icm Peak collector current - - 200 mA
Ibm Peak Base Voltage - - 200 mA
Ptot Total power Tamb<=25c; - 500 mW
dissipation Note 1
Tstg Storage temp. - -65 +150 C
Tj Junction temp. - - 150 C
Tamb Ambient Temp. - -65 +150 C

Table-5

BC549:
Features:
 Low Current (Max. 100mA)
 Low voltage (Max. 45V)
Application:
 Low noise stages in audio frequency equipment
Description:
NPN transistor in a TO-
92; SOT54 plastic
1
package
handbook, 3
PNP halfpage
2 complements:
3 2 BC559

1
17 1
8
2
. Simplified outline (TO-92; SOT54)
1 And symbol
 Limiting value: Fig.17

SY PARAM CONDI M M U
MB ETER TIONS I A N
OL N X I
. . T
VCB collect open
O or-base emitter
voltage
BC5 − 30 V
49
BC5 − 50 V
50
VCE collect open
O or- base
emitter
voltage
BC5 − 30 V
49
BC5 − 45 V
50
VEB emitter open − 5 V
O -base collector
voltage
IC collect − 10 m
or 0 A
current
(DC)
ICM peak − 20 m
collect 0 A
or
current
IBM peak − 20 m
base 0 A
current
Ptot total Tamb≤ 25 − 50 m
power °C; note 0 W
dissipat 1
iFon
Tstg storage − +1 °
temper 6 50 C
ature 5
Table-6

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 Buzzer

Fig.18

Piezo buzzer is an electronic device commonly used to produce sound. Light weight, simple construction
and low price make it usable in various applications like car/truck reversing indicator, computers, call bells
etc.
Piezo buzzer is based on the inverse principle of piezo electricity discovered in 1880 by Jacques and Pierre
Curie.
It is the phenomena of generating electricity when mechanical pressure is applied to certain materials and
the vice versa is also true. Such materials are called piezo electric materials. Piezo electric materials are
either naturally available or manmade. Piezoceramic is class of manmade material, which poses piezo
electric effect and is widely used to make disc, the heart of piezo buzzer. When subjected to an alternating
electric field they stretch or compress, in accordance with the frequency of the signal thereby producing
sound. a very commonly used piezo buzzer also called piezo transducer operating at DC voltage.
Encapsulated in a cylindrical plastic coating, it has a hole on the top face for sound to propagate. A yellow
metallic disc which plays an important role in the producing sound can be seen through the hole.
Conclusion

When ever a mechanical input is given as the input of piezo electric material thus variation converted into
electrical variation and when it is interfaced with a circuit which amplifies, rectifies, filters those signals
and buzzer is produced.

Advantages

•Simple circuitry.

• Cheap in cost

• Highly reliable

• No need of micro controllers.

• Can be operated under +9 Volts or +12Volts

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• Piezo electric sensor used in the circuitry can handle high temperature of the order 80°C.

•Easily operated.

• It uses readily available, low-cost components.

Application

• Can be used as protective shield to the locker to avoid the robbery.

• Used as door bells.

• Can be used to safeguard motor vehicles.

Reference

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