Internship Report: Vasuki Vocational Centre

INTERNSHIP REPORT – VASUKI VOCATIONAL CENTRE JULY 2018
Internship Report
Vasuki Vocational Centre
DEPARMENT OF CIVIL ENGEERING, DSATM

ABOUT THE COMPANY

VASUKI VOCATIONAL CENTRE
DEPARMENT OF CIVIL ENGEERING, DSATM PAGE 1

CHAPTER 1
DAY 1: INTRODUCTORY PROGRAMME
The summer internship began with an orientation programme. The programme was held
in the campus of Dayananda Sagar Academy of Technology and Management, on July
th
9 , 2018. The programme introduced the training staff to the interns and presented the
area of interest that would be undertaken. The objective of the programme was to brief
the interns on the schedule of the internship, interests that would be covered during the
internship, the requirements that they must fulfil, and their roles. Further, the programme
shed light upon the locations of the various sites that had to be visited. The outcomes of
the internship were established. As the programme continued, all those aspects were
discussed in detail. This was followed by an interactive session between the trainers and
the interns that displayed an understanding of and the grasp of the interns over
engineering concepts pertaining to the building construction processes, and their
parameters, such as types of buildings, types of materials, testing on materials before their
use, durations of various construction stages, safety measures, operation and
maintenance, and more. The details of this discussion are reported further.
1.1 CONSTRUCTION PROJECT PROCESS
The discussion started with understanding the outline of a construction project. It included
the ideas that go into planning, selection of materials, intricate execution of the project
according to the plan, managing the execution according to a schedule, requirement of
predicting all plausible outcomes, flaws or shortcomings, need for adopting safety
measures, actions to be taken to bring hazards under control, cost-time analysis,
requirement of maintenance, and many more aspects. The major phases in construction
are noted below:
1.1.1 Planning
Planning is the process of setting out designs that govern the construction of a building
and setting out tasks that help achieve the designs practically. It involves the creation,
maintenance and updating of ideas and concepts, and shaping them into reality. In the

construction of a building, planning may be of many kinds, such as design of the

building, planning for material procurement, setting up a schedule of work, and so on.
1.1.2 Materials, Sources and Alternatives
The next stage in construction process is choosing and procuring materials. It must be
considered that certain materials that are available locally may be more economical than
those that have to be procured from farther away. Also, the alternatives have to be
considered as per client or budget requirements, efficiency of materials, and various other
reasons. This phase decides the physical form and function of the structure being
constructed.
1.1.3 Management and Scheduling (Cost Analysis)
Scheduling is the process of synthesizing, sustaining and communicating schedules for

time and resource. It is the timetable for a project that shows how the work will advance
over a period of time. It considers factors such as resources and their limitations, while
also estimating ambiguity. Management is controlling how all the aforementioned
happens. This process consequently deals with the cost for time elapsed as well as
resources used, and with the cost of managing all of it.
1.1.4 Control Measures
It is obvious that safety is a primary concern. However, mishaps and accidents are almost
always prone to happen, and due to several reasons, few of which may not be avoidable at
all. Safety in these cases would be adopting certain control measures. Control measures
are actions taken to reduce the likelihood of or contain the potential damage caused by
such hazards.
1.1.5 Maintenance
Perhaps the most important process in occupied and functioning structures is the process
of maintenance. Maintenance involves actions such as performing checks, servicing,
repairing, etc. on equipment, installations, machinery, utilities, infrastructure of the
structure, and such, undertaken in order to ensure safety, and maintaining or improving
efficiency of the structure.

1.2 MATERIALS IN A CONSTRUCTION PROJECT
Building material is any material that is used in a construction of a building. Construction

materials can be generally categorized into two sources, natural and synthetic. Natural
materials are those that are unprocessed or minimally processed by industry, such as
lumber or glass. Synthetic materials are made in industrial settings after much human
manipulations, such as plastics and petroleum-based paints. Both have their pros and cons
that define their usability. Some notable building construction materials are reported
further.
1.2.1 Cement
Cement is a material that sets, hardens and can bind together all other building materials.
The different grades of cement are 53 grade cement, 43 grade cement, PPC cement, PSC
cement, etc. All these different grades of cement are manufactured by a number of brands
in India. Some well-known cement brands in India are ACC Cement, Birla Super Cement,
Ramco, Ultratech Cement, Dalmia etc.
1.2.2 Fine Aggregate
There are two types of sand available in India; River sand and Manufactured River (also
known as Robo Silicon Sand). River sand is extracted from river beds and manufactured
sand is made artificially. The manufactured sand also well-known as the M-sand is
gaining popularity due to the recommendation from the government and its fineness and
dust free quality and also due to the fact that river sand is scarce in nature and is
unavailable and costly.
1.2.3 Coarse Aggregate
Fine aggregates consist of river sand, M-sand or the slag sand used for construction. Coarse
aggregates are the fillers in concrete mixes. It is offered in 6 mm, 12 mm, 20 mm and 40
mm sizes in India. Coarse aggregates is also recognised as blue metal, jelly and crushed
stone. The purpose of the coarse aggregate is to act as the main load-bearing ingredient of
the concrete.

1.2.4 Water (Potable)
Water is an integral part of construction. If the water quality is not maintained, the
building gets damaged easily and it can be easily visible. Water plays a major role in
cement concrete production. It governs the hydration of cement, strength, workability and
overall durability of concrete. Water used in construction and curing should be free from
salts and solid particles. Potable tap water is generally used in making concrete.
1.2.5 Reinforcing Steel
Mainly TMT Steel, where TMT stands for Thermo-Mechanical Treatment, a metallurgical
process to produce high strength steel bars from low carbon steel. It plays an important
role in giving structure to a construction project. TMT steel comes in Fe 500 grade, Fe
500 D grade and Fe 550 grade which signifies the strength of the steel in ascending order
as mentioned here. Some famous Steel brands in India are Tata Tiscon, Kamdhenu, Jindal
Panther, A-One Steel, Bhuwalka, Prime-gold, Sail and Indus etc.
1.2.6 Building Blocks (Bricks, Concrete, etc.)
Bricks and Blocks are used for building walls. They come in different shapes, sizes and
strength based on different construction requirements. High strength bricks and blocks are
mainly used for load bearing walls as they have the capacity to withstand the pressure due
to the load.
1.2.7 Glass
Clear windows have been used since the invention of glass to cover small openings in a
building. They provided humans with the ability to both let light into rooms while at the
same time keeping inclement weather outside. Glass curtain walls can be used to cover
the entire facade of a building. Glass can also be used to in a wide roof structure in a
space frame.
1.2.8 Structural Metal
Metal is used as structural framework for larger buildings such as skyscrapers, or as an

external surface covering. There are many types of metals used for building. Steel is a
metal alloy whose major component is iron, and is the usual choice for metal structural

construction. It is strong, flexible, and if refined well and/or treated lasts a long time.
Corrosion is metal’s prime enemy when it comes to longevity.
1.3 MATERIALS TESTING
1.3.1 Aggregate
There are many tests which are conducted to check the quality of aggregates. Aggregates
are important component of concrete. Some tests on aggregates are listed below:
a. Sieve Analysis
b. Water Absorption
c. Specific Gravity
d. Crushing test
e. Abrasion test
f. Impact test
g. Soundness test
h. Shape test
1.3.2 Cement
Cement binds the concrete mix, therefore making it one of the most important material in
construction. Following are some tests that are conducted to determine quality of cement:
a. Fineness test
b. Soundness test
c. Standard Consistency
d. Initial and Final Setting Time
e. Strength test
1.3.3 Concrete
There are many tests which are conducted to check the quality of concrete too. These tests are
basically divided into two categories, tests on fresh concrete and tests on hardened concrete.
Following are some tests on concrete on the basis of their classification:

Tests on Fresh Concrete
a. Slump test
b. Compaction Factor
c. Vee-Bee test
d. Flow test
Tests on Hardened Concrete
a. Non-destructive Tests
i. Rebound Hammer test
ii. Penetration Resistance test
iii. Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity test
iv. Maturity test
b. Destructive Tests
i. Compressive Strength test
ii. Split-Tension test
iii. Flexural Strength test

CHAPTER 2
DAY 2: KOTHNUR – RESIDENTIAL DEVELOPMENTS 1
Progress in the internship programme was marked by visiting a multitude of sites located
th th th
in a residential locality – Kothnur, Bangalore – on 10 , 11 and 12 of July, 2018. The
various sites chosen by the team of instructors were undergoing developments at different
stages of construction. Site supervision and performing safety checks were the micro-
goals. Ongoing construction at all the sites were observed critically and every unfamiliar
concept was noted and discussed. A total of six under-construction sites were visited in
the two-day stretch, each with residential developments ongoing at different stages.
Particulars of these days have been detailed further for each site visited.
2.1 SITE 1: RESIDENTIAL-CUM-COMMERCIAL (60X40 FT)
2.1.1 Site Exploration
Reconnaissance Survey
The site dimensions were 60x40 ft. Preliminary checks done to determine the type of soil
and other issues at the site, which are to be rectified before any construction activity takes
place.
Marking of gridlines
Determining footing and column locations on site is done from whole to part, from
outside to inside. This is done in such a way that the errors do not add up as they do in
part to whole, in to out measurements.
Availability of materials
Ensuring that the construction materials are locally available and the sources are
reachable helps in reduction of eventual cost. The ease of access to the materials in the
market helps in cutting down costs.

Boundary markings
Marking of boundary lines is to be done few meters within the existing site boundary as a
safety measure.
2.1.2 Substructure
Foundation
The portions of a building structure generally constructed below the ground level that
transfers gravity loads to the Earth. In order to carry out construction of the foundation,
earthwork excavation is carried out. Retaining walls are provided to prevent soil in the
neighbouring sites from caving in. Dewatering is done if required. It should made sure
that the surface water does not flow into the excavated area.
Excavation is done till hard strata, PCC bed is laid, column marking is done and then
fabrication of column is carried out. After excavation, the soil is compacted (minimum 6
times), so as to prevent sinking of foundation or any sub-structure. Anti-termite treatment
is adopted to ensure that termite attacks are avoided.
Sump Tank (fully/partially underground)
Large water storage structures built underground depending on the number of houses and
demand for water. Bottom Reinforcement of 12mm and Top Reinforcement of 8mm
diameter bars are provided for Top Slab of sump tank. Chairs are provided so as the bars
are not touching each other, providing a clear cover of 25-40mm. Capacity of tank is
based on inner dimensions (1 cubic meter = 35.315 cubic feet).
2.1.3 Superstructure
The floors or levels in a building are decided based on type of building and type of project.
This development was meant for a residential building with space for commercial activities
on the ground floor. The building under construction was a G+2 storeyed building. In the
process of construction, certain activities need particular mention, given the plan for the
building is unique from any other. In this building, each floor had such notables. They were:

Ground Floor
a. Plinth Beam, Starter Concrete, Columns

b. Ceiling Slab, Sunken Slabs
c. Staircase
d. Lift-well, Sanitary Pipe Layout
First and Second Floors
a. Continued column from previous floor (starter concrete)

b. Beam
c. Roof Slabs
d. Staircase from previous floor
Terrace
a. Parapet wall, weaving

b. Starter concrete
c. Weather proofing coating
2.1.4 Processes and Components in Superstructure
Formwork and Shuttering
a. Formwork: is temporary or permanent moulds into which concrete is poured.

b. Shuttering: is where wooden planks or strips used as temporary structure to
contain the setting concrete in formwork. After curing for 15-20 days, de-
shuttering is carried out.
c. Shuttering Oil: used oils from garages makes it easy to remove the formwork
after concrete solidifies.
d. Joists, Jacks and Timber Supports: act as support structures, where they use a
coupling method (locking mechanism) by which the above floor is held in place
by the support structure.
Plinth Beam, Beam, Column and Slab
a. Beam laid above foundations at plinth level is called plinth beam. Usually of
1:3:6 or 1:4:8 (Cement: C.A.: F.A.). Plinth beams are provided at ground level.

b. Columns are fabricated till lintel level. Level tubes are used to maintain
uniformity in height of all columns.
c. Ceiling slabs are cast after columns and beams are ready. Sunken slab, or
drop-down slab, provided a little lower than existing slab, is made under
bathrooms and water closets for sanitary pipe purposes. Here, cinder is added and
tamped to prevent leakage of water from pipes.
Staircase
The main components of a staircase are rise and tread, that form the steps, mid-landing
and landing, flight of stairs, railings, balusters and newel posts.
In the building, folded staircase was used. A folded staircase is one in which a waist slab
is not provided, and the stairs literally fold into rise and tread alternatingly. A winder was
also observed, wherein the mid-landing is split into stairs to meet the height requirements.
Wall
The building blocks considered for walls of the building were concrete blocks
manufactured in size of 16*8*6 inches. The thickness of 6 inches is one of three options,
that is, one among 4, 6 and 8 inches of thickness. The chosen size was as per the
requirement of the main walls in the building. The parapet wall is connected to the roof
slab using weaving pattern at edges that allows directing the flow of water to rainwater
harvesting pipes.
Figure 2.1: Solid Concrete Block

Surface Treatment
Hacking is done, which is striking the concrete surface with a rod. This treatment process
helps in improving the gripping of plaster or packing materials. Bamboo mats are
provided for better outcomes in plastering, and they help in saving material and cost.
Weather-proof coating is done in order to withstand temperature conditions and prevent
water from seeping into the lower floors.
2.2.1 Plumbing and Electrical
Pipe lining is set into walls by cutting grooves in the walls, setting lining through the
grooves and fixing by plastering with cement mortar. Water outlets are provided onto
which water faucets are fixed. Sinks, shower faucets, geyser connections, etc. are
designed as per plan requirements. To check leakages in plumbing, 6 kg of water is passed
through the pipe for 6 hours, and if there is reduction in the quantity of water, it shows
that the connection has a leak that needs to be rectified.
For electrical conduits and wiring too, grooves are cut into walls. Linkages are provided
for lights, ceiling fans, and other connections, which in turn connect to switch boxes.
2.2.2 Finishing
Plastering and Smoothening
For plastering internal surfaces, lime slurry is used, which helps improve the performance of
painting. Plaster of thickness of 10-12 mm is used for ceilings, and 16-20 mm for walls.
For plastering external surfaces, cement mortar of suitable mix proportion is used.
External surfaces can have plastering of thicknesses varying from 20-30 mm, depending
on weather conditions and required amount of insulation.
Smoothening is done by a straight-edge, a tool that helps in maintaining a uniform level all
over. A tri-square or a 90-degree L-angle is used to check alignment at edges and corners.

Flooring
Floor base is decided as the first step. This is followed by providing required insulation.
Upon insulation layer, flooring material is laid.
2.2.3 General Design Considerations
a. Starter Concrete: It is to determine the exact location of the column

b. Lap Length: 0.6d, provided between floors for steady connection of columns
c. Column:
i. Long column: l/d > 12
ii. Short Column: l/d < 12
d. Reinforcement Bars:
i. Length of bar = 2(l + 9d)
Figure 2.2: Length of Bar
ii. Crank width, x = (0.25 to 0.33 times l)
Figure 2.3: Crack Width
2
iii. Weight of bar per unit meter length = (d / 162)

e. Anthropometric Design:
Figure 2.4: Placement of Utilities
f. Set-backs: Provided while construction for ventilation and as per By-Laws
2.3 ROAD CHARACTERISTICS
Highway construction is mainly done during summers since dry weather favours quicker
construction of road. During monsoons, the subgrade is penetrated with water and makes
it inconvenient for road construction.
Figure 2.5: Typical Cross-Section of Road
A cross-section of an arterial road has been shown in the figure 2.5. Table 2.1 shows
thicknesses of various layers of the pavement for that road. One tonne vibratory handheld
road roller was seen being used to compact soil and gravel in the construction, prior to
laying the base course. Semi-barrier type kerbs were provided.

Table 2.1: Thickness of Layers

CHAPTER 3
3.1 SITE 3: MULTI-TENANT RESIDENTIAL (60X60 FT)
3.1.1 Observations
The residential building being constructed on this site was in the stage of backfilling of
soil after completion of the foundation works. Certain observations were made in the
then-ongoing process, including various details of the foundation, types of equipment and
heavy machinery, borewell, and several precautionary measures that need to be taken in
this stage of construction.
3.1.2 Information Gathered
Coarse Aggregates
a. Uncrushed gravel or stone which is the result of natural disintegration and

crushed gravel or stone are usually called as coarse aggregates
b. Stones retained on 4.75mm sieve
c. Structural uses such as base layer or drainage layer below pavements and in
mixtures like asphalt and concrete
Excavation
This is defined as the removal of earth up-to a certain depth based on the type of
foundation to be laid and the type of soil. Usually dug until hard strata is obtained.
Water Seepage
This happens when there is high water content in the soil when excavation is done.
Removal is done by the process of pumping.

Shoring
This is the process of preventing the side walls of earth from collapsing into the excavated
site. Wooden planks are placed vertically and held in place to prevent any cave in’s.
Soil Compaction Test
This determines the maximum dry density; optimum moisture content and California
bearing ratio test of soil expected to have undergone compaction test.
Equipment and Machinery (Backhoe Loader, Boring Machines, Pumps, etc.)
a. Heavy equipment vehicle that consists of tractor like unit fitted with a loader
style bucket on the front and a backhoe on the back, helps in excavating to a depth
of more than 14 ft. It is also used in backfilling of the excavated site.
b. Boring machines are used to dig borewells for use of water in site operations.
c. Heavy duty pumps are used to pump out water, if any, from the excavated site.
Foundations
a. Sub-structure of a building used to transfer gravity loads to the earth.

b. Based on the type of soil particular foundations are chosen. Placed on a PCC
bed of 1:3:6 or 1:4:8 ratio
c. Followed by formwork and shuttering.
Borewell
Provided where excavation is done to use water for curing procedure of foundations and
other concrete materials and other such requirements.
Precautions
a. Anti-Termite treatment is done before laying the PCC bed.

b. Safety from side well collapse is a must in an excavated site
c. Coarse Aggregate should be of uniform strength and colour and should be
placed separately than the fine aggregate.
d. Measures taken while handling steel bars:

i. Steel bars should not be placed on plain ground, should be placed

45cm above the ground
ii. They should be placed in cradles and away from water to prevent
rusting of steel bars.
3.2.1 Observations
On this site, the building under construction was in the stage of construction of levels in
the superstructure, and up to two floors that had been constructed were awaiting plumbing
and electrical fixtures. Cube casting for hardened concrete tests was discussed. This
building was, unfortunately, showcasing substandard and negligent engineering and
construction techniques. The structure was a case of bad workmanship that would lead
one to question ethical beliefs of the contractor and supervisor. However, this situation
showed the importance of the smallest of details in construction. These details and
problems are elaborated further.
3.2.2 Discussions
Cube Casting
a. Cubes of varied sizes are cast to check their strength after they go through a
period of curing of 3 or 7 or 21 days.
b. Cube sizes:
i. 50*50*50 mm3
ii. 75*75*75 mm3
iii. 150*150*150 mm3
c. Tests carried out:
i. Compression Test
ii. Flexural Test
iii. Setting Time Test

Beams
a. A long sturdy piece of squared timber or metal used to support the roof or
floor of the building.
i. Plinth Beam – Floor
ii. Lintel – Roof
b. It primarily resists loads applied laterally on beams axis, bending is the main
mode of deflection with reaction points acting at beams support points.
3.2.3 Outcomes of Negligence
Improper Hacking
Striking the concrete surface with a rod that helps in improve gripping of plaster or
packing material. Small dents, closely packed should be made, this gives an efficient
plastering effect, whereas larger dents widely spaced gives a non-uniform surface and
increased overall cost. Hacking should be done within 2 days after de-shuttering is done.
Honeycombing
Honeycombing is a term used to describe areas of surface that are coarse and stony. It is
due to concrete not being able to cover all the places and creates hollow pockets, which
resemble a honeycomb structure. It is also caused by not providing enough vibrations
once the cement/concrete is poured.
Segregation
Particulate solids tend to segregate by virtue of differences in size, density, shape and
other properties of particles of which they are composed. They do not give a
homogeneous mixture and affects the durability of the structure.

CHAPTER 4
4.1 SITE 5: MULTI-TENANT RESIDENTIAL (50X60 FT)
4.1.1 Observations
This site had a residential building being constructed on it. Matters regarding curing were
discussed in depth. The concept of providing starter concrete was understood. Lap
connections for reinforcing bars were studied, and their requirements were learned.
4.1.2 Inference
Curing
Curing is the process maintaining adequate moisture content and temperature in concrete
at early stages so that it can develop properties the mixture was designed to achieve.
Curing begins immediately after placement and finishing so that the concrete may
develop the desired strength and durability.
Concreting is an exothermic process and for this curing is carried out to prevent
segregation as it also prevents any loss moisture which results in increased strength and
decreased permeability and mitigating cracks.
There are many ways to cure concrete members, and choosing from them depends on the
member that requires to be cured. Some methods of curing include:
a. Covering surface with Hessian or Gunny bags

b. Sprinkling of water
c. Ponding method
d. Membrane curing
e. Steam Curing

Starter Concrete
Starter is a base structure before casting of an RCC column to keep column in fixed
position and to erect formwork for column. Wooden box or steel frame of internal size
exactly matching with column size is placed in position after casting footing. Centre line
is checked and concrete of specified grade is poured in this mould. This ensures columns
are casted as per drawings and without eccentricity.
Figure 3.1: Starter Concrete
Lap Connection
A lap is required when two pieces of reinforcing bar (rebar) are overlapped to produce a
constant line of rebar. According to IS 13920 Code Specifications, the minimum length of
lap = 0.6d (where d is the diameter of the rebar).
4.2 SITE 6: MULTI-FAMILY RESIDENTIAL (50X60 FT)
4.2.1 Site Plan
It is a landscape architectural design with detailed engineering drawings developed to

propose improvements to a given plot. It includes
a. Building blueprint
b. Travel-ways

c. Parking
d. Drainage facilities
e. Sanitary sewer lines
f. Water Lines
g. Trails, Lighting
h. Landscaping and garden elements
4.2.2 Non-Destructive Tests
A wide group of analysis techniques have been developed to evaluate the properties of
any material, component or system. Non-destructive tests are those which are conducted
on an existing structure, without causing any damage to the structure.
Non-Destructive Testing Methods
a. Penetration method
b. Rebound hammer method
c. Pull out test method
d. Ultrasonic pulse velocity method
e. Radioactive methods
Purposes of Non-Destructive Testing
A variety of Non-Destructive Testing (NDT) methods have been developed or are under
development for investigating and evaluating concrete structures. These methods are
aimed at estimation of strength and other properties; monitoring and assessing corrosion;
measuring crack size and cover; assessing grout quality; detecting defects and identifying
relatively more vulnerable areas in concrete structures.
Many of NDT methods used for concrete testing have their origin to the testing of more
homogeneous, metallic system. These methods have a sound scientific basis, regardless
of which, heterogeneity of concrete makes interpretation of results somewhat difficult.
There could be many parameters such as materials, mix, workmanship and environment,
which influence the results of measurements. Moreover, these tests measure some other
property of concrete, such as hardness, and the results are interpreted to assess a different
property of concrete, such as strength, which is of primary interest.

Thus, interpretation of results is very important and difficult job where generalization is
not possible. As such, operators can carry out tests but interpretation of results must be
left to experts having experience and knowledge of application of such non-destructive
tests.
4.2.3 Electrical and Plumbing Line
Electrical Lines
Electrical lining includes power supply and distribution, control systems, lighting etc. The
wires are passed through water resistant pipes to prevent any short circuits and small fires
Plumbing Lines
This system allows movement of fluids, involving pipes, valves, plumbing fixtures. They
include supply of potable water supply, water recovery and treatment systems, sanitary
pipes, etc. Pipe leakage is checked by passing a particular amount of water for a period of
6 hours and if there is any reduction in quantity of water, pipe is checked for leakage and
is rectified.
4.2.4 Plastering
Plaster is a building material used for the protective or decorative coating of walls and
ceilings and for moulding and casting decorative elements. The most common types of
plaster mainly contain either gypsum, lime, or cement, but all work in a similar way.
Weather proofing agents are added along with plaster to improve temperature adjusting
nature. Set thicknesses for plastering building surfaces are:
a. 12mm for Ceiling

b. 15mm for internal walls
c. 20mm for external walls

CHAPTER 5
DAY 5: HAROHALLI – BASANT BETONS
As the summer internship progressed to the fourth day, an industrial visit to one of the
three production plants of Basant Betons, located in Harohalli, was organised by Vasuki
Vocational Centre, in association with the department of Civil Engineering, Dayananda
th
Sagar Academy of Technology and Management, on July 13 , 2018. Basant Betons
produces an extensive range of superior grade landscaping products used in construction
of buildings. Their range covers products such as pavers, grass pavers, permeable pavers,
slabs, flags (including flags for the drainage systems), kerbs, water channels, paving tiles,
mosaic tiles, designer tiles, blocks (including decorative ones), natural stone and several
others including pre-cast. The visit introduced the interns with the production processes
that back these products. The observations of the processes learned are reported further.
Figure 5.1 Flowchart showing Production Process in the Plant

5.1 PRODUCTION PROCESS
The production process at any manufacturing unit is expected to be efficient and cost-
effective. Every stage in production must be optimised for ensuring great efficiency, and
this would naturally involve orderly management, timely checks and quality inspections.
The process at the production plant of Basant Betons is detailed further.
5.1.1 Procurement of Raw Material
Cement, GGBS, aggregate, chemicals, reagents, pigments, etc., are procured from various
locations and distributors. Upon arrival of raw materials to the production unit, an initial
quality inspection and order tally is performed to secure the process. Any faults, losses
and quality unacceptance is immediately accounted for by the management.
Cement of 53 Grade is generally used. Grey cement is used as it is readily available.

White cement is similar in characteristics of grey cement but is not readily available and
the best quality is transported from Rajasthan. Additives are added to improve reaction
rate. Potable water is most preferred in construction process. Pigments, procured from
LANXESS and Bayferrox, are added to give an aesthetic, decorative finish to final
product but does not give any additional strength to pavers
5.1.2 Storage of Raw Material
Storage requirements vary with the type of raw material to be stored. While coarse and
fine aggregate can be stored in bins under a shed, exposed to the environment but
avoiding direct contact with rain, it is of utmost importance to store cement in dry
surroundings, ensuring that it is not in contact with any moisture.
In the production plant, aggregates are stored in bins of specific sizes which are
connected to the main machine and hoppers are provided to each bin through which
required quantity of aggregates can be extracted during production process, while cement
and GGBS are stored in vertical silos. These silos are directly connected to the main
motor through which they are fed directly into through pipes. Pigments and other
chemical reagents are stored in barrels and packages.

5.1.3 Product Requirement System Input
The production unit was largely automated. Commands were required to be given to the
machines in order to obtain an output. Based on commands, various presets and inputs, a
massive range of products, with various material mixes, many products can be made to
match a variety of requirements.
Therefore, a line of action is registered as a command, as per requirements. The machines

proceed to a cyclic production pattern, starting with batching of materials, to mixing, to
placing, curing and output batching.
5.1.4 Batching
The storage units were subdivided for materials used in major parts. Aggregate was
separated based on size, in ranges of 0.2-2 mm, 2-4 mm, 4-6 mm, 6-12 mm. For
cementitious materials, different silos were allocated for grey cement, white cement and
GGBS. Chemicals and pigments were also separately grouped. All these storage units
were connected to the mixing bucket by hoppers. The hoppers we operated by the
machine, based on production input requirements.
Upon obtaining the input, the machines would collect and batch all materials required by
weight. A demonstration at the plant showed the machine batching required amounts of
materials, separately for both face mix and base mix for a set of pavers of a certain size
and strength.
5.1.5 Mixing
After batching for a particular mix, bucket-attached pulleys transfer the required
proportions of materials in separate mixing bins dedicated for face mix and base mix. The
materials passed through pipes include cement, water, additives, colour, etc.
At first, a dry mix is prepared of all the aggregate, in the mixing bin. A moisture probe
determines the amount of moisture already present in the mix. This helps in indicating the
exact amount of water to be added. Chemical, colour, cement, GGBS, and other additives are
then added to the mix. Lastly, the determined amount of water is added. With all the contents
in the mixing bin, mixing process is initiated and run for required amount of time.

The demonstration showed that the required paver comprised of 10% of face mix and
90% of base mix. Two mixing bins of capacities 500 kg and 5000 kg were working
simultaneously to prepare face mix and base mix respectively.
The base mix was being prepared in a mixer of capacity 5000 kg. The efficient mix amount
was 3000 kg, and mix of the same weight was being prepared. 100 lt of net water content was
required for this mix. Rotatory action of 3 blades at 2800 rpm prepared the mix in a time of
40 seconds. The design production rate of the mixer was 1 sq m mix in 20 seconds.
The face mix of 250-300kg was being prepared in a mixer of capacity 500 kg,
simultaneously. The face mix consisted of colouring agents discharged by Finke System,
in addition to the cementitious materials that are added in both face mix and base mix.
5.1.6 Placing: Molding and Compacting
Another automated process following mixing is where the mix for the product is cast.
Two hoppers, one with base mix and the other with face mix, with automated controls,
supply required amounts into the molds.
The sequence of action in the demonstration was pouring of the base mix in molds,
primary compaction by vibration, and removal of any extra amount, followed by grating.
This was followed by pouring of the face mix into the molds, secondary compaction by
vibration, and removal of any extra amount on top.
After the required molds we formed, a converter belt transferred then into the curing
chamber. On the way to curing chamber, outputs with visible imperfections were
discarded, while the rest would make it to the curing chamber. The discarded outputs
would later be remolded after set procedures of breaking and remixing.
5.1.7 Curing
A dedicated stream curing chamber of capacity 5000 sq m, with controlled environment

ensured effective and efficient curing method. The curing chamber is set at a temperature
of 33° C and relative humidity of 90%.
Smaller products like pavers would require about 24 hours of curing, while bigger
products like kerb stones would require about 48 hours of curing.

It is unlikely to have a curing period of over 48 hours, except due to mishaps, power
surges, power cuts, or switching on operations after a weekend break (including
adjustment time). Some larger components like slabs, water channels, etc., may require
curing periods of over 48 hours.
5.1.8 Shot Blasting
Upon curing, the product is then batches and stored for a certain amount of time for strength
gain. After 21-28 days, the product attains the design strength to put to use. However, they're
not fit for use since they have a very smooth surface. Pavers are supposed to produce friction.
Thus, upon strength gain, the pavers are put through the process of shot blasting or sand
blasting for roughening the surface. Shot blasting is defined as an operation wherein a steam
of abrasive material is forcibly propelled against a surface, under high pressure, to roughen a
smooth surface, shape a surface or to remove surface contaminants.
In this production plant, the abrasive material used in shot blasting was minute steel balls
of diameter reading from 0.1-0 .75 mm, and shot blasting was mainly done to roughen
smooth surfaces and shape them.
5.1.9 Testing
A product from each batch is taken up for testing. The product should confirm to various
IS specifications including strength, resistance to impact, abrasion and crushing, water
absorption and more.
At the production unit, compression test and abrasion test were demonstrated and
compared with standard permissible values.
Compression test result was 61.5 N/mm2 of stress withstood. Minimum requirement is 35
N/mm2. Abrasion test involved abrasion in 22 revs/cycle at 16 cycle/face.
If the output from any batch were to fail these tests, the entire batch would either used in
lower grade requirements or entirely discarded.

5.1.10 Storage Piles
The batches that pass all specification tests are stored in piles and combinations for
distribution or as per client orders. The storage area is covered by a shed to avoid direct
contact of rainwater which may cause efflorescence in the early stages.
5.1.11 Supply
Transportation of the products is a costly affair. As a result, transportation by road is

limited to upto 1000 km. Exports to other countries is rare. Products from this plant were
supplied locally to residential, commercial, institutional buildings, or for public places
like footpaths and parks.
5.2 MAINTENANCE: PROBLEMS AND REMEDIES
Sone major problems faced in the production plant are related to electricity supply and
spare machine parts. These are bigger threat than any other problems because they
normally cannot be predicted. Troubleshooting is a variable in terms of ease of doing it.
These are major disadvantages in big production units. However, there are remedies to
resolve these issues and precautionary measures to avoid them altogether. Maintenance
can therefore be classified into two categories, as reported further.
5.2.1 Scheduled Maintenance
This involves a timely check on all machineries on a daily, weekly or monthly basis. It
includes greasing, changing corroded parts, cleaning mix bins, etc. The mixing bins
mentioned earlier are cleaned on a daily basis, taking about two hours daily.
5.2.2 Repair
Repairs are unscheduled maintenances. They are undertaken when there is an

unprecedented breakdown, power surges or power cuts. The machines at this production
unit are German technology, largely made for working in uninterrupted power supply;
therefore, when a machine made for such specifications undergoes power loss, many
systems are damaged.

Repairs are also required when certain parts breakdown suddenly with no warning of
failure. In such cases, spare parts have to be ordered which take extremely long to arrive;
during this, major processes or at times the entire production comes to a standstill.
However, since all these machines are connected remotely to the headquarters, and are
continuously monitored, warnings and troubleshooting becomes relatively easy.
5.3 PRODUCTS
a. Pavers, grass pavers

b. Paving times
c. Garden edging
d. Kerbs
e. Water channels
f. Mosaic times
g. Natural stone
h. Rubber molded products
i. Flags
j. Blocks
k. Flats

CHAPTER 6
DAY 6: ELECTRONIC CITY – OFFICE BUILDING SERVICES
th
The fifth working day of the summer internship, on July 14 , 2018, involved studying the
amenities and services of an office building located in Harita IT Park, Electronic City. To start
with, certain components of the office building were observed that were different from any
other buildings studied during the internship. It was understood how the requirements for
office buildings vary from the requirements of residential buildings, not only in terms of
functions, but also in terms of building components and services. The amenities for office
buildings are very different from those for buildings with another purpose. The observations
for all those components, services and amenities are reported further.
6.1 BUILDING COMPONENTS AND PROCESSES
Column Capital
In architectural terms capital forms, the top most member of a column. It mediates
between the column and the load thrusting down upon it, broadening the area of columns
supportive surface.
Slabs
Common structural element of modern buildings. A flat slab of 300mm thickness is used.
These slabs are placed and connected by paper joints. Basement is laid in layers, with
each layer of 300mm size.
Soling
Consists of digging the earth to a required depth and laying crushed stone quarries
adjacent to another and filling the gaps with sand. After laying for entire area,
consolidating with heavy rollers or ramming is done. Over this either pier or regular
foundation is carried out. It is the most common technique for soil stabilization. It helps
in enhancing the bearing capacity of soil.

Vacuum Dewatering Flooring (VDF)
It is a system of lying high quality concrete floors with superior cost-effectiveness. The
key to the use of this method is the dewatering of concrete by vacuum process. This
method gives high strength, longer life, and better finish is suitable for high abrasion and
heavy traffic. Ceiling of basement, plastering is not carried out instead plywood is used
and placed to give a smooth finish and painted over.
Brick-Bat Coba (Water Proofing)
Average thickness 110mm, 70mm near rainwater pipe and 150mm at ridge. Gaps between
brick bats are generally kept between 15 and 20mm, these gaps are filled with cement-sand
mortar (1:4) and mixed with water proofer. Usually done at terrace/roof and basement.
Hunching
Most important way to prevent water from seeping into the joints on terrace. Water seeps
through the joint easily and can penetrate and decrease the durability of concrete. Hence,
hunching is adding a slope to horizontal and vertical components.
6.2 SERVICES AND AMENITIES
6.2.1 Ventilation and Air-Conditioning
Jet fans were provided in basements to ventilate and extract smoke from enclosed or
underground car parks and basements. This extraction is carried out without using ducts
resulting in tremendous cost saving, power saving and increased installation efficiency.
The building was expected to receive central air-conditioning system.

6.2.2 Electricity and Electricals
Electrical Substation and Meter Yard
A substation is a part of an electrical generation, transmission, and distribution system.

Substations transform voltage from high to low, or the reverse, or perform any of several
other important functions. The main electrical component of the building that receives
electricity from the substation is enclosed within a yard known as meter yard.
Vacuum Circuit Breaker
This is a kind of circuit breaker where arc quenching takes place in vacuum medium. The
operation of switching on and off of closing of current carrying contact and inter-related
arc interruptions takes place in vacuum chamber called vacuum interrupter.
Figure 6.1: VCB
Transformer
A transformer is an electrical device that transfers electrical energy from one circuit to
another by electromagnetic induction. It is most often used to step-up or step-down
voltage levels.

Low Tension Panel
It is an electrical distribution board that receives power from generator or transformer and
distributes the same to various electrical and electronic devices and distribution board. LT
panel plays a critical role in the continuity of the electrical supply for load appliances like
fans, motors, etc to provide luxury life for human beings.
6.2.3 Rainwater Harvesting
Rainwater harvesting is the process of storing rainwater underground for various purposes.
For this office building, following are the provisions for rainwater harvesting:
Figure 6.2: Process of storage of Rainwater underground
a. The capacity of tank is 100,000 lt.

b. Treatment of rainwater is through aeration process, in this process air is passed
into the tank where water is collected.
c. Through this process all the sludge comes and forms a layer on the surface of
water.
d. This sludge is removed by certain chemicals and the clean water is supplied
for sanitary and garden purposes.
6.2.4 Sewage Treatment Plant
The office building was provided with two STPs, one with a capacity of 100,000 lt, and
other with a capacity of 500,000 lt. The provisions for treating sewage water are:
a. The water to be treated is passed through 4 tanks, each tank is responsible for
a part of purification process
b. Water is passed/transported in chlorinated polyvinyl chloride (CPVC) pipes,
which are thermoplastics produced by chlorination of PVC resin. They are more
flexible and can withstand higher temperature.
c. Purification is done by the aid of pumps that pass the sewage through a
set of tanks: i. Filter Feed Pump: Boiler Method

ii. Activated Carbon Pump: Filters are generally employed in the process
of removing organic compounds and/or extracting free chlorine from
water, thereby making the water suitable for discharge or use in
manufacturing process.
iii. Mechanical Filter: Particles are trapped in a synthetic material inside
of the filter such as nylon. Helps in improving water clarity. They do not
remove chemical contaminants.
iv. Chlorine Dozer: Chlorine is an effective disinfectant. Residual
Chlorine is used and breakpoint is point at which free chlorine is available
for continuous disinfection.
6.2.5 Fire Hydrant System
A hydrant is an outlet provided in water pipe for trapping water mainly in case of fire.
They are located 100m to 150m apart along the roads and also at junctions. It consists of
3 distinct systems:
a. Electrical Run Pump: is used, but extra care is to be taken for such process and
should be done by skilled professional.
b. Jockey Pump: is mainly to maintain the water level all over the fire hydrants.
c. Diesel Run Pump: Automatically takes over the operation when a fire is
detected in the building. If for some reason diesel pump is not working.
Figure 6.3: Typical Cross-Section of Fire Hydrant

6.2.6 Fire Escape
A staircase is to be provided at the external part of building, connected to each floor. The
stairs should be made of steel material as steel has high temperature resistance. It acts as
an entry point for fire fighters to enter the building with ease. Each floor is provided with
sprinklers and a fire detecting alarm, if any fire is detected, the water is passed through
the sprinklers on each floor in order to act against the fire hazard.
6.2.7 Chiller Unit
It is a machine that removes heat from a liquid via a vapour-compression or absorption

refrigeration cycle. In AC systems, chilled water is distributed through heat exchanges, or
coils in air handles or other type of terminal devices which cool the air in their respective
places. Aluminium ducts are used. They are built on or adjacent to the building.

CHAPTER 7
DAY 7: J P NAGAR – RESIDENTIAL DEVELOPMENTS 1
Advancing in the internship programme, three sites located in J P Nagar, Bangalore, a

th
residential area, were visited on 16 of July, 2018, of which one was revisited alongside
th
visiting a new site in the same area, on 18 of July, 2018. The sites chosen to be visited
twice were undergoing developments at foundation stage. Site supervision and safety
checks as well as estimation of earthwork in excavation were the micro-goals. Ongoing
construction at all the sites were observed critically and every unfamiliar concept was
noted and discussed. Particulars of these days have been thoroughly detailed further for
each site visited.
7.1.1 Earthwork in Excavation
Earthwork in excavation is the process of removing earth to form a cavity in the ground
using tools, equipment or explosives, mainly for laying of foundation structures.
Safety measures taken while excavation is done:
a. Shield: A structure able to withstand a cave in and protect employees.

b. Shoring: A structure that supports the sides of an excavation and protect
against cave in
Figure 7.1: Shoring
c. Sloping: A technique that employs a specific angle of incline on sides of

excavation. The angle varies based on assessment of impacting site factor

Figure 7.2: Sloping
7.1.2 Setback
A distance from a curb, property line or structure within which building is prohibited.
Usually carried out for the reasons of public policy such as safety, privacy and
environmental protection. They prevent landowners from crowding the properties of
neighbouring buildings or plots and allow safe placement of pipelines and help prevent
wetlands.
Figure 7.3: Setback
7.1.3 Gridline Marking
Once the site has been subjected to initial survey and desk study, the site is cleared of any
debris or obstructions. Position and orientation of structure is generally based on the
drawings.

Controlling dimensions and references on the plans will determine positioning of

building, practically foundations They also include overall length and width, internal
structure movements.
Controlling points of the structure can be marked. Markings usually consist of building
corners, and horizontal and vertical points. The intersection of gridlines marks the centre
points for isolated or pad foundation
3-4-5 Method: this method is to ensure square corners and that the they follow Pythagoras
2 2 2
Theorem (a + b = c ).
Figure 7.4: Gridline Marking
7.1.4 Laying of Foundation
PCC Bed: Plain cement concrete is used to provide rigid impervious bed to RCC
foundation where earth is soft and yielding. Usually of 3” thickness.
RCC Footing Bed: Reinforced cement concrete foundation is a sub-structure that supports
the building or structure standing above them.
Pedestal Concrete: A concrete pedestal is a compression element provided to carry loads

from supported elements like columns to footing below the ground. Pedestal width is
greater than its height.

Figure 7.5: Pedestal Concrete
Plinth Beam: Plinth-beam is a reinforced concrete beam constructed between the wall and
its foundation. They are mainly provided to prevent the extension or propagation of
cracks from the foundation into the wall above when the foundations suffer from
settlement. They distribute the load of the wall over foundations evenly.
Combined Footing: They usually support two columns or three columns not in a row.
They are used when 2 columns are so close that single footing cannot be used or when
one column is located at or near a property line.
Figure 7.6: Combined Footing
7.1.5 Floating Column
Usually columns rest on foundations to transfer load from slab and beam. Floating
column rest on the beams, means the beam which support the column act as foundation.
That beam is called transfer beam.

This is widely used in high storied buildings which is used for both commercial and
residential purpose. This helps to alter the plan to top floors to our convenience, for this,
the transfer beam is designed with more reinforcement.
7.1.6 Material Estimate
Earthwork Calculations
a. Site size: 60x40 ft

b. Excavated depth: 8.5 ft
3
c. Volume: 60x8.5x40 = 20400 cubic ft = 578 m
3
d. 1m = 35.28 cft
Grid-Line Length
a. A-G = 38.75 ft = 38’9” = 11.8 m

b. A-C = 24.58 ft = 24’7” = 7.5 m
c. C-F = 12.92 ft = 12’11” = 3.9 m
d. 1-3 = 26.50 ft = 26’5” = 8.1 m
e. 1-5 = 31.67 ft = 31’8” = 9.6 m
f. Outer to outer
i. East-West = 53.67 ft = 53’8” = 16.3 m
ii. North-South = 33.67 ft = 33’8” = 10.2 m

Figure 7.7: Grid-marking for Footing Placement
PCC Calculations (PCC 4” thick on all sides)
• F1: Footing Dimensions: 8.42x7.5 ft

• PCC dimensions: 9.08x8.17x0.33 ft
3
• Volume of concrete, P1 = 24.72 cft = 0.7 m
• F2: Footing Dimensions: 10x6.5 ft

3
• F3: Footing Dimensions: 5.5x4.67 ft

3
• CF1: Footing Dimensions: 20.67x8 ft

3
• CF2: Footing Dimensions: 31.17x15.5 ft


3
• CF3: Footing Dimensions: 8.25x15.5 ft

3
3
Total Volume of PCC required = P1 + P2 + 2(P3) + P4 + P5 + P6 = 350.21 cft = 9.95 m
Base Concrete Calculations
• F1: Footing Dimensions: 8.42x7.5x2.5 ft

3
• VF1: Volume of Concrete = 152.61 cft = 4.32 m
• F2: Footing Dimensions: 10x6.5x2.5 ft

3
• F3: Footing Dimensions: 5.5x4.67x2 ft

3
• CF1: Footing Dimensions: 20.67x8x2.5 ft

3
• VCF1: Volume of Concrete = 413.4 cft = 11.71 m
• CF2: Footing Dimensions: 31.17x15.5x2 ft

3
• CF3: Footing Dimensions: 8.25x15.5x2.5 ft

3
Total Volume of Base Concrete Required = VF1 + VF2 + 2(VF3) + VCF1 + VCF2 +
VCF3 = 2065.84 cft = 58.54 m
Column Concrete Calculations (up-to 8 ft)
• C1, C2, C3: Column Dimensions: 1x2 ft

3
• VC1, VC2, VC3, Volume of Concrete = 1x2x8 = 16 cft = 0.45 m
• C4: Column size: 0.67x1.5 ft

3
• VC4: Volume of Concrete = 0.67x1.5x8 = 8 cft = 0.23 m
• C5: Column Size: 0.67x1.75 ft

3
• VC5: Volume of Concrete = 0.67x1.5x8 = 9.33 cft = 0.26 m
Total volume of column concrete for first lift =10(VC1) + 4(VC5) + 2(VC4) = 213.32cft
3
= 6.1m (VC)
Pedestal Concrete Calculations (Pedestal 12” each side, 12” deep)
• C1, C2, C3: Column Size = 1x2ft

• Pedestal Dimensions: 3x4x1ft
3
• VP1, VP2, VP3: Volume of concrete = 12cft = 0.34m
• C4: Column Size = 0.67x1.5ft

• Pedestal Dimensions: 2.67x3.5x1ft
3
• VP4: Volume of concrete = 9.35cft = 0.27m
• C5: Column Size = 0.67x1.75ft

• Pedestal Dimensions: 2.67x3.75x1ft
3
• VP5: Volume of concrete = 10.01cft = 0.28m
Total volume of pedestal concrete = 10(VP1, 2, 3) + 2(VP4) + 4(VP5) = 178.75cft =

3
5.07m (VP)
Concrete Required (by weight)
a. Grade of concrete used for base, pedestal and column is given as M25 Grade
(Mix for M25 = 1:1:2)
b. Grade of concrete used for PCC can be M10 Grade (1:3:6)
3
c. Assume density of concrete = 2400 kg/m
d. Wastage Factor = 1.25

i. Total volume of concrete for base, pedestal, column = VF + VC + VP =

3
58.54 + 6.1 + 5.07 = 69.71m (V1);
Total weight of concrete for base, pedestal, column = V1ρ = 1,67,304 kg;
4 parts in mix 1:1:2
• One part = 167304/4 = 41,826 kg
• One part including wastage factor (1.25) = 5,22,825 kg
ii. Final Requirements for base, pedestal, column
• Cement = 52,300 kg
• FA = 52,300 kg
• CA = 1,04,600 kg
• Water = 42,600 kg
3
iii. Total Volume of concrete for PCC = 9.95 m
Total Weight of Concrete = 9.95x2400 = 23880 kg
10 parts in mix of 1:3:6
• One part = 23880/10 = 2388 kg
• Including wastage (1.25) = 2985 kg
iv. Final Requirement for PCC
• Cement = 298.50 kg
• FA = 8995.0 kg
• CA = 17910 kg
• Water = 149.25 lt
7.1.7 Estimation and Costing
Construction cost estimating is the process of forecasting the cost of building a physical
structure. Client considering large projects often seek multiple cost estimates, including
those prepared by contractors and those calculated by independent estimators.
Estimation is the process of finding an approximation, which is a value that is usable for
some purpose even if input data may be incomplete, uncertain or unstable. The value is
nonetheless usable because it is derived for best information available.

A schedule of values can clarify billing and improve cash flow. Billing against a schedule
of values (SOV) is a standard procedure for large, commercial contractors but is often
misunderstood and not frequently used in residential model.
Estimates Type
a. Preliminary or approximate or rough Estimate

b. Detailed Estimates
c. Quantity Estimates
d. Design Estimates
Bills
a. Running Bill
b. Final Bill
Procedure for Running Bill
a. Prepare the Bill of quantities of each item

b. Enter actual quantity executed against each activity
c. Check whether executed quantity is lesser than that of planned or
budgeted quantity Note: If executed quantity is more than budgeted
quantity then before claiming the extra quantity of that particular activity a
deviation approval has to be taken and rates may be modified with mutual
acceptance of contractor and client
d. Multiply the quantity and rate to get the final amount of the activity in the
construction project
e. Do grand total of claimable amount
f. Make Deductions for applicable items and net bill is obtained and add the
taxes as applicable
g. The bill is now ready

Sample Bill
A sample bill was processed with accordance to given quantities at assumed rates, as
shown in table 7.1.
Table 7.1: Sample Bill of Estimation and Costing
Sl.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Flooring
Term to generically describe any finished material applied over a floor structure to provide a
walking surface. Flooring is the general term for a permanent covering of a floor.
Primer
A primer or undercoat is a preparatory coating put on materials before painting. Priming

ensures better adhesion of paint to the surface, increases paint durability and provides
additional protection for the material being painted. Forms a binding layer to receive the
paint.
Putty
It is a material with high plasticity, similar in texture to clay or dough, typically used in
domestic construction and repair as a sealant or filler. Painters putty is typically a linseed
oil-based product used for filling holes, minor cracks and defacements in wood only.
Defects in Electrical Layout:
a. Improper installation or exposed wires create chances of short circuiting.

b. Improper curing can cause water entering the conduits.
c. The pipes through which the wires are passed should be checked for cracks.
HVAC: Heating, Ventilation & Air Conditioning
HVAC system is essential to regulate the temperature and air in buildings or homes. Its
main purpose is to ensure a comfortable indoor environment.

CHAPTER 8
DAY 8: JIGANI – INDUSTRIES AND MULTI-FAMILY
RESIDENCE
th
On the 17 of July, 2019, an apartment complex ‘Banashree Arka Forest View’ in Anekal
Taluk, Jigani, was visited to study site preparations, controls and lift well design.
Structural elements like retaining walls and lift wells were observed too. Discussions on
the site involved understanding of requirements of SBC of soil for construction. After the
developing apartment complex was studied, two industrial units were also visited: Granite
cutting and polishing factory, and glass cutting factory. The purpose of these visits was to
understand the process behind a product finished on the basis of standard sizing as well as
certain user requirements. The entire process was documented and several details are
reported further.
8.1 SITE 1: MULTI-FAMILY RESIDENTIAL
8.1.1 Footings
The various types of footings commonly used are:
a. Isolated Footing
b. Strap Footing
c. Continuous/Strip Footing
d. Mat/Raft Footing
e. Combined Footing
Combined footing was mainly used at this particular site. They are provided when
distance between 2 or more columns is so small that their isolated footing overlap. It is
also provided if bearing capacity of soil is low. To achieve uniform pressure distribution
from both or all columns. The centre of gravity of the footing area must coincide with the
centre of gravity of total load of these columns

Figure 8.1: Types of Footing
8.1.2 Lift Well and Retaining Wall
Preparation of lift well was observed and dimensions of the same were plotted.
Figure 8.2: Lift-Well and Retaining Wall
8.1.3 Columns
In many instances on this site, two columns were placed very close to each other as a
result of such a structural design. A rubber layer was added for separation of these
columns from each other. The rubber layer acts mainly as a packing material and also
works in improving sound damping.

8.1.4 SBC of Soil
The Safe Bearing Capacity of soil is the capacity of soil to support the loads applied on
the ground. The bearing capacity of soil is maximum average contact pressure between
the foundation and the soil which should not produce shear failure in soil.
Tests carried out are to determine SBC of soil are:
a. Plate Bearing Test

b. Penetration Test
On this site, the soil is yellow in colour and dry in nature. Pile foundation is to be
considered wherever black cotton soil is present.
8.1.5 Considerations in Beam Reinforcements
Z-Bar/Z-Beam
It is a unique low-profile boltless system that utilizes a special Z-shaped beam that
reduces shelf height and increases clearance between shelves.
Cover Block
It is essentially a spacer block that is used to lift the rebar matrix off the ground so that
concrete may flow underneath the rebar. In order to prevent corrosion of the rebar, it
needs to be fully enclosed in concrete. It usually needs about 2 to 3 inches of coverage on
all sides.
Spacer Bar
It is a device that secures the reinforcing steel in reinforced concrete structures as the
main reinforcement is assembled in place prior to final concrete pour
8.2 GRANITE CUTTING AND POLISHING UNIT
Large blocks of granite from the quarry goes through the process of cutting, which each cut
plate/slab of granite of 20mm thickness. This slab is polished using Emory Plate to give a

smooth finish. Depending on the type of colour a pigment is added while polishing so as
to improve its market value.
8.3 GLASS CUTTING UNIT
a. Glass slab of size of 8x12ft with a thickness of 10mm are sent to glass factory
for cutting process.
b. Templates of desired shape and size are prepared according to which the glass
slabs are cut.
c. Cutting is done either manually or by machine. Diamond tipped cutters are
used. Diesel oil is used while the cutters are used.
d. Edges are treated and dulled so as to remove the sharp edges and makes it
easier to handle.
e. Holes of desired diameter is made into the glass using a drilled machine.

CHAPTER 9
DAY 9: J P NAGAR – RESIDENTIAL DEVELOPMENTS 2
9.1 SITE 3: RESIDENTIAL (60X40 FT)
9.1.1 Beams
Beam is a horizontal structure member used to carry vertical load, shear load and on some
situations horizontal load too. Mainly used in construction of bridges, trusses and other
structures that can carry vertical loads. Various types of beams are classified as follows:
Figure 9.1: Beams based on Support Conditions

Based on Support Conditions
a. Simply Supported
b. Fixed
c. Overhanging
d. Cantilever
e. Continuous
Based on Geometry
a. Straight Beam
b. Curved Beam
c. Tapered Beam
Based on Material
a. Timber/Wood
b. Steel
c. Concrete
d. Composite
Based on Cross-Section
a. I-Beam
b. C-Beam
c. T-Beam
d. L-Beam
9.1.2 Slabs
A large, thick, flat piece of stone or concrete typically square or rectangular in shape. Slabs
may be supported by walls, by reinforced concrete beams usually cast monolithically with the
slab, by structural steel beams, by columns, or by ground. Types of slabs are:
One-way slab
It is a slab which is supported by beams on two opposite sides to carry the load along one
direction. In one way slab the ratio of longer span to shorter span is equal or greater than 2.

Figure 9.2: One-way Slab
Two-way slab
They are supported on four sides and the ratio of longer span to shorter span is less than
2. Hence, the load will be carried in both directions. So main reinforcement is provided in
both directions for 2-way slabs.
Figure 9.3: Two-way Slab
9.2 ORDER OF STAFF
a. Project Managing Director: Handles the overall responsibilities i.e., planning

and financial decisions.
b. Buyer: Responsible for purchase of materials and plant for construction
c. Planner: Responsible for scheduling and reporting
d. Estimator: Responsible for cost analysis
e. Quantity Surveyor: Responsible for feasibility report and updating client on
financial progress

f. Site Manager: Controls what happens on site and deals with any issue arising
g. Site Supervisor: Reports regularly to client and works in close contact with
architect, planners
h. General Foreman: Reports site progress to superiors
i. Craft Operative: Responsible for specific job such as brick laying and steel
works
j. General Operative: Responsible for work on non-specific trade related jobs
that require no specific skill
Figure 9.4: Order of Staff

CHAPTER 10
DAY 10: J P NAGAR – M-FAR CONSTRUCTIONS
th
On the final day of site training, 19 July, 2018, an apartment complex was studied.
Major focus on this site was to the technique of construction, and the safety, rules and
regulations undertaken. The construction was that of a multi-family residential complex
th
assumed by M-Far Constructions, and the site was located in 8 Phase, J P Nagar,
Bangalore. The details of this study have been reported further.
10.1 SAFETY, RULES AND REGULATIONS
Safety in construction is a prime requisite but often gets neglected. Proper steps should be
taken to improve safety on construction site will result in better work environment and
higher productivity. The workers at construction sites are exposed to hazard of
occupational diseases, injuries and adverse effects of excessively long hours of work.
Machine and sophisticated construction equipment pose a risk to operators.
A worker should be assigned duties in relation to his physical and mental health and skills.
The company should comply with all provisions of safety and health regulations that pertain
to the construction work itself. Safety is very vital in construction industry that consists of
residential construction industry because it is a high hazard industry that consists of
residential construction, alteration, repairing, bridge erection, roadway pairing, excavation,
demolition water proofing, commissioning, de-commissioning, dismantling and fitting out.
Objectives of safety management
a. To help increase speed of construction

b. To increase the standard of living
c. To reduce cost of construction
d. To conserve available labour force by minimizing idle time
e. To reduce human suffering

10.1.1 Precautions to Prevent Accidents
a. The supports provided at higher level over which the workers move in
connection with the work should be strong and stable.
b. For workers moving at higher levels the support should have side protections
to prevent the workers from falling due to slipping.
c. Before dismantling the buildings, all unsafe parts should be properly protected
to prevent any accidents to workers.
d. For workers engaged in operations such as welding, effective screens or proper
goggles should be provided to the workers for the protection of eyes.
e. Safety training to be provided to workers.
f. Disciplinary action may be taken when above steps are not effective.
g. Making use of protective safety devices and protective equipment’s such as
helmets, safety belts and other protective gears.
10.1.2 Personnel Protective Equipment (PPE)
OSHA (2007) requires the use of PPE to reduce employee exposure to hazard when
engineering and administrative controls are not feasible or effective in reducing exposure
to acceptable levels.
PPE refers to protective clothing, helmets, goggles or other garments or equipment’s

designed to protect the wearer’s body from injury by blunt impacts, electrical hazard,
heat, chemicals and infection for job-related occupational health and safety purposes.
This program addresses:
a. Hazard present
b. Selection, maintenance and use of PPE
c. Training of employees
d. Monitoring the program to ensure its ongoing effectiveness
Some of the equipment required at a site are provided below:
a. Safety helmets
b. Safety footwear, gumboots
c. Safety Apparels

d. Full body harness, rope-grip fall arrestor

e. Eye and Face protection
f. Gloves, finger coats
g. Masks for filtering dust from entering lungs
10.1.3 Safety during Scaffolding, Ladders, Formwork:
a. Every Scaffold should be securely supported or suspended and properly

braced to ensure stability
b. All scaffold and working platform should be securely fastened to building or
structure.
c. All scaffold should be inspected by a competent person at least every three
days after erection and the result of inspection should be recorded and the records
shall be kept available for checking by employer’s representative.
d. Ladders employed in heavier trades should not exceed 6m in length. For
lighter trades, ladders should not exceed 8m in length.
e. Care should be taken to see that the electrical wires should be carefully
insulated.
f. All supports provided for formwork should be checked for each individual
member. The supports should be braced properly. Many accidents occur due to
negligence of such supports.
g. Unauthorized persons should not be allowed to handled or operate any
equipment.
10.1.4 Safety Meetings
These are done to review safety measures at project site at different levels. Types:
a. Job-site safety meetings

b. Project Safety meetings
c. Weekly Safety meetings
d. Monthly Safety meetings
10.1.5 Toolbox Talks
They are short meeting of individual group assigned for a particular task before its physical
commencement. They are intended to help workers recognize and control hazard that may be
found at construction sites. Safety talk advice workers of existing or potential dangers

to their health and safety. These meetings are a method to reinforce the message that
company health and safety issues are important to both the employers and workers.
Some of the issues discussed are the work plan and procedures for the day, the
identification of possible hazard, PPE, safety tools to be used and checks done on the
health of workers. Meeting are of 10 minutes and should not exceed 20 minutes. Meeting
should be held in a quite sheltered place.
10.1.6 Important Acts and M-Far Policy in Support
a. Payment Wages Act (1936)

b. Minimum Wages Act (1968)
c. Workmen Compensation Act (1923)
d. Industrial Dispute Act (1967)
e. Indian Trade Union Act (1926)
f. Factories Act (1948)
The company follows IMS (Integrated Management System), code specifications from IS
14001, IS 2001, IS 10262, IS 465, EOHS (Environmental Occupational Health Safety),
and HIRA (Hazard Identification Risk Assessment).
To keep the environment safe:
a. They have a regular check of the transport vehicle so that they are efficient
and do not consume more fuel. Emission tests are carried out.
b. They keep their water consumption in check and recycle water
c. They plant 5 tree per month
10.1.7 Types of Helmets
a. White is for visitor

b. Blue is for staff
c. Green is for safety staff
d. Red is for core personnel or direct labour
e. Yellow is for labour

10.2 CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUE
10.2.1 Description of building under construction:
a. 16 floors + 1 basements
b. 272 flats
c. Construction done mainly using System Formwork (MIVAN Structures)
d. Monolithically casted
e. Isolated Footings
f. Safety nets are provided to prevent/hold falling debris from above floors
g. Solid Block masonry noticed
h. M45 for Columns and beams
i. 2L – 8mm Stirrups are used
10.2.2 MIVAN Structure
It is an aluminium alloy framework. A system of aluminium forms has been used widely
in construction of residential unit and mass housing projects. It is fast, simple, adaptable
and cost-effective. It produces total quantity work which required minimum maintenance
and when durability is of prime consideration. MIVAN technology is suitable for
construction of large number of houses within short time using room size forms to
construct walls and slabs in one continuous pour on concrete.
Components in MIVAN Construction:

Figure 10.1: Beam Components
Figure 10.2: Deck Components

Figure 10.3: Wall Components
Figure 10.4: Pin and Wedge System
10.2.3 System of scheduling & controlling the work:
a. De-shuttering of panels (12 to 15 hours)

b. Positioning brackets and platforms on level (10 to 15 hours)
c. De-shuttered panels lifted and fixed on floor (7 to 10 hours)
d. Kicker and external shutter fixed (7 hours)
e. Shutters are erected in (6 to 8 hours)
f. Reinforcement (10 to 12 hours)
g. Electrical Fitting (10 hours)
h. Pouring Concrete
10.2.4 Site Management: 4 Day Work-cycle
• Day 1: The first activity consists of erection of vertical components

(reinforcement) and one side of the vertical formwork for entire floor or a part of one
floor.

• Day 2: Involves erection of second side of vertical formwork and formwork

for floor
• Day 3: Fixing reinforcement bars for floor slabs and casting of walls and slabs
• Day 4: Removal of vertical formwork panel after 24 hours leaving the props I
place for 7 days and floor slabs formwork in place for 2 and half days

CHAPTER 11
DAYS 11-20: SOFTWARE TRAINING –
BENTLEY STAAD.PRO
th
The date of 19 July, 2019, marked the end of site training in the summer internship. The
th
next program involved Software Training. It commenced on 20 July, 2018, and
continued up to the end of the month. This training involved learning the fundamentals of
the software Bentley STAAD.Pro, and thereby analysing determinate and indeterminate
structures in detail. The details of this training have been elaborated further in the report.
11.1 WHAT WE LEARNT
a. Introduction to STAAD.Pro
b. Methodology that STAAD.Pro follows (the inputs required to obtain desired
outputs)
c. Analysis of structure (covered basic structures like simple and continuous
beams, 2D frames, 3D frames)
d. Design of structure (post analysis, to get correct type of section, reinforcement
required, reactions, moments, elastic curves, and so on.)
e. Discussion on design of advanced structures like water tank, truss bridge,
shear wall, moving load, while also studying briefly the types foundations for
these structures, such as shallow foundations, mat foundations, isolated footings,
etc.
All the above was done following Indian standard code specifications IS 456:2000 for
RCC structures, IS 800:2007 for steel structures, and IS 875:1987 for loading.
Briefing on what the software does, let us consider the design of a simple beam of, say,
cross-sectional dimensions 230 mm x 350 mm, with fixed supports, and certain loading
conditions. Upon analysis, STAAD.Pro provides detailed information on bending
moments, shear forces, deflections, etc., in all directions. The analysis of this beam is
shown in figure 11.1. The software analyses the structure based on the inputs of the user,
and gives data both in terms of numerical values, as well as in a visual representation as
per required scale of viewing.

Figure 11.1 Analysis of a Continuous Beam
11.2 ABOUT STAAD.PRO V8I
STAAD stands for STructural Analysis And Design. It is one of the first software
applications made for the purpose of helping structural engineers automate their work, in
other to eliminate the tedious and lengthy procedure of the manual methods.
STAAD.Pro was originally developed by Research Engineers International in 1997.

Research Engineers International was acquired by Bentley Systems in 2005. STAAD.Pro
was initially built for DOS, and was called STAAD-III. It did not have any visual
representation of structures. Working on it required comprehensive knowledge of the
syntax that the software used. Developments in the software brought together what we
currently have, STAAD.Pro V8i.
Methods of Analysis used by STAAD.Pro:
a. Moment Distribution method for beams

b. Stiffness Matrix method for frames

Although knowing these methods of analysis is crucial and forms the base for structural
engineers and their practice, the fact that these methods are built into the software eases
that requirement.
11.2.1 Into the Machine
The STAAD.Pro welcome screen is as shown in figure 11.2. "Project Tasks" tab allows
working on a new project, opening an existing project, configuring the application,
managing backups, and managing licences. "Help Topics" include technical support from
Bentley Systems that can be received from over the Internet. The "Recent Files" tab
allows quick access to recently modified projects. "Licence Configuration" contains
standard building codes of various countries. A newsfeed by STAAD under the tab
"STAAD News" provides all the recent updates and news from the company.
Figure 11.2 STAAD.Pro Welcome Screen with Various Tabs
11.2.2 Into the Project
The software must be configured as per requirements. Configuration can be done in terms of
user interface, working directory of the application, options and formats of the file, base unit
of working, design codes, etc. This becomes the primary set-up of the application.

Figure 11.3 Program Configuration Figure 11.4 Starting a New Project
Starting a new project takes the user's inputs for the secondary set-up, taking in File
Name, Location in storage, type of structure to be created, Length Units, and Force Units.
11.2.3 Into the Working Interface:
The working interface has windows such as title bar, menu bar, toolbar and access bar,
STAAD.Pro modes, data area, status bar, page control command bar and the main
workspace.
Figure 11.5 STAAD.Pro Workspace and Other Command Windows

11.3 METHODOLOGY OF STAAD.PRO
Create new file: In this step, secondary set-up is done as per requirements of project and
user.
Input Geometry: This step involves insertion of nodes, beams, and plates, that form the
skeletal structure of the model.
Input Properties: Here, section properties like beam dimensions, slab thickness, radius of
circular column, etc. are inputted.
Input Supports: In this step, the types of supports for the structural elements are designated.
These may be fixed, pinned, hinged, etc.
Input Loading: All the loads that come into consideration while designing the structure,
are defined in this step. Loading systems can be dead loads, live loads, snow, wind and
earthquake loads, moving loads, etc., or a combination of two or more of such.
Specify Analysis Type and Run Analysis: In this step, the software first prepares a report
consisting of every detail of the structure. This is followed up with errors, warnings and
notes. If nothing is objectionable, analysis is run.
View Analysis Report, Output File, or Go to Postprocessing Mode: This step provides
choosing between viewing the analysis of the structure, altering it, or proceeding to
design all its elements.
11.4 COMPONENTS OF GEOMETRY
Node: In STAAD.Pro, a node a stiff joint with 6 reactions (3 in shear and 3 in moments).
Simply put, a node is a point—a point from which beams, plates, etc., initiate, pass
through, or terminate.
Beam: Beam in STAAD.Pro can be defined as any member in a structure. It is a general

term given by the software to denote all horizonal members or beams, all vertical
members or columns, and even bracing members or truss members.

Plate: In STAAD.Pro, a plate is a thin shell described by a shape connecting multiple

nodes (starting from at least 3 nodes that create a triangular plate). Thus, plate is a general
term given for all slabs, walls, raft foundations, and so on.
Figure 11.6 Components of Geometry
11.5 INPUT METHODS
11.5.1 STAAD Editor
This method involves a basic programming style input that works with syntaxes, keywords,
addresses and commands. This method does not provide a real-time visual feedback of the
structure being developed through the program. However, the structure can be seen soon after
the program is written. Keywords for nodes, beams and plates are as follows:
a. Nodes: JOINT COORDINATES

b. Beams: MEMBER INCIDENCES
c. Plates: ELEMENT INCIDENCES
The use of this editor to create nodes, for example, will be done by entering node number
and addresses. Addresses for nodes is given by node number followed by its position in
space, which in turn is given by units in x-, y- and z-axes. Creating a beam, however, is
done by entering an address that must contain a beam number, and the numbers of the
two nodes that the beam should start and end at.

Figure 11.7 STAAD Editor Method of Input
11.5.2 Drawing Method
In this method, the skeletal structure is developed with help of real-time visual feedback,
similar to drawing on AutoCAD. Here, a grid of user-defined unit can be used if required.
The drawing can be viewed from all angles and elevations, both in line drawing as well as
rendered view.
11.6 SOLVED EXAMPLE
The training commenced with solving problems on simply supported beams and progressed
into analysing the likes of cantilever beams, continuous beams with and without overhangs,
and two- and three-dimensional single- and multi-storeyed frames, with various support
conditions and loading combinations. One problem involving a three-dimensional multi-

storeyed frame was solved, analysed and documented in its major stages by means of
screenshots, and the same has been taken as an example. Following is the brief process as
performed during the training session.
11.6.1 Problem Statement
Analyse the given 3D frame. All components are of dimension 230 mm x 350 mm. All
supports are fixed supports. All dimensions in illustrated 3D frame are in metres.
Consider the following load combinations:
a. Plate Load: 30 kN (LL)

b. Vertical members: Self-weight
c. Horizontal members:
i. Self-weight
ii. UDL: 5 kN/m (LL)
Figure 11.8 Problem

11.6.2 Preparation of Structure
STAAD Wizard tool is used to develop a 3D frame model of given dimensions. The
inputs for the same are shown in figure 11.9. Figure 11.10 shows the output line drawing.
Figure 11.9 STAAD Wizard Tool Inputs
Figure 11.10 Output in STAAD Workspace (with supports added)

The output of the line drawing is obtained. Supports are assigned to the member ends.
This marks the completion of line drawing required for further steps. The following step
is to assign cross-sectional dimensions and material properties to all the members of the
frame. This has been shown in figures 11.11 and 11.12.
Figure 11.11 Assigning Dimensions and Material to Beams (both Beams and Columns)
Figure 11.12 Assigning Dimensions and Material to Plate (Slab)
Upon assigning dimensional and material properties to all the members of the frame, a
rendering of the frame was obtained. Figure 11.13 shows the rendering for the structure.
The blue colour denotes beams (beams and columns) and pink denotes plates (slab).

Figure 11.13 Rendering of 3D Multi-Storeyed Frame
11.6.3 Loading
Given loads are assigned to the structure. The output is shown in figure 11.14. It can be
noted that the blue lines for loading indicate UDL on horizontal beams, whereas the green
lines for loading indicate plate load on horizontal plates.
Figure 11.14 Loading

11.6.4 Post-Processing (Analysis)
After all the required loads are assigned to the structure, the following step is to perform
post-processing. This commands the software to perform an analysis of the structure and
prepare numerical reports on all aspects of analysis; some being: bending moments, shear
forces, deflections, elastic deformations, and so on. Figure 11.15 shows various details in
analysis that can be made visible in the output.
Figure 11.15 Display Options in Post-Processing
The display options are selected as per the requirements of the user. Display options for
the final diagram can be set very flexibly as STAAD provides many options such as
labelling, units, scales, contours for plates, and even animation based on a preferred rate
and timeline. Figure 11.16 shows the output of the whole structure as per the selected
requirements. The data area shows beam force details including axial, bending and shear
forces for each beam individually.

Figure 11.16 Output from Post-Processing
11.7 SCOPE OF STAAD.PRO
During the summer internship, in a duration of ten days, it was only possible to learn the
very basics of STAAD.Pro. This indicates that the software has a much larger scope than
just analysing simple 3D frames. STAAS helps to:
a. Perform comprehensive analysis and design for any size or type of structure
faster than ever before using the new STAAD.Pro CONNECT Edition. Simplify
your BIM workflow by using a physical model in STAAD.Pro that is
automatically converted into the analytical model for your structural analysis.
Share synchronized models with confidence for multi-discipline team
collaboration and, most importantly, deliver safe, cost-effective designs.
b. Because every firm has different needs, there are three flexible STAAD.Pro
options:
i. STAAD.Pro – The most basic STAAD option including FEM analysis
and physical modeling
ii. STAAD.Pro Advanced – Adds faster, more advanced and complex
analysis
iii. Structural Enterprise – The most popular structural applications in a
single a cost-effective license

c. Confidently design steel, concrete, timber, aluminum, and cold-formed steel

structures anywhere in the world using over 90 included international design
codes, regardless of which STAAD option you choose.
d. Automatically convert your physical model into an analytical model to
streamline your workflow.
e. Improve multi-discipline team collaboration through broad interoperability
with Bentley desktop and cloud and mobile applications like AECOsim Building
Designer, AutoPIPE, Revit, and Tekla.
f. Optimize concrete and steel BIM workflows with the full integration of
physical members and surfaces.
g. Run many design alternatives in parallel with STAAD’s cloud services and
view the results in clear, graphical side-by-side comparisons.
h. Design for high-seismic regions or everyday conditions, using Finite Element
analysis.
i. View and edit models of any size from mobile devices
The various capabilities of the software are as follows:
a. Analyse gravity and lateral load

b. Comply with seismic requirements
c. Design and analyse structural models
d. Design and analyse with finite elements
e. Design beams, columns and walls
f. Design cold-formed steel members
g. Design lateral resisting frames
h. Design to international standards
i. Integrate slab and foundation designs
j. Integrate steel connection designs
k. Produce section property reports
l. Produce structural design documentation
m. Share structural models
n. Utilize international section profiles

CHAPTER 12
REFLECTION OF THE PROGRAM

CHAPTER 13
CONCLUSION

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INTERNSHIP REPORT – VASUKI VOCATIONAL CENTRE JULY 2018

DEPARMENT OF CIVIL ENGEERING, DSATM

ABOUT THE COMPANY

DEPARMENT OF CIVIL ENGEERING, DSATM PAGE 1

1.1 CONSTRUCTION PROJECT PROCESS

DEPARMENT OF CIVIL ENGEERING, DSATM PAGE 2

construction of a building, planning may be of many kinds, such as design of the

1.1.2 Materials, Sources and Alternatives

1.1.3 Management and Scheduling (Cost Analysis)

Scheduling is the process of synthesizing, sustaining and communicating schedules for

1.1.4 Control Measures

DEPARMENT OF CIVIL ENGEERING, DSATM PAGE 3

1.2 MATERIALS IN A CONSTRUCTION PROJECT

Building material is any material that is used in a construction of a building. Construction

1.2.2 Fine Aggregate

1.2.3 Coarse Aggregate

DEPARMENT OF CIVIL ENGEERING, DSATM PAGE 4

1.2.4 Water (Potable)

1.2.5 Reinforcing Steel

1.2.6 Building Blocks (Bricks, Concrete, etc.)

1.2.8 Structural Metal

Metal is used as structural framework for larger buildings such as skyscrapers, or as an

DEPARMENT OF CIVIL ENGEERING, DSATM PAGE 5

1.3 MATERIALS TESTING

DEPARMENT OF CIVIL ENGEERING, DSATM PAGE 6

Tests on Fresh Concrete

Tests on Hardened Concrete

DEPARMENT OF CIVIL ENGEERING, DSATM PAGE 7

2.1 SITE 1: RESIDENTIAL-CUM-COMMERCIAL (60X40 FT)

2.1.1 Site Exploration

DEPARMENT OF CIVIL ENGEERING, DSATM PAGE 8

Sump Tank (fully/partially underground)

DEPARMENT OF CIVIL ENGEERING, DSATM PAGE 9

a. Plinth Beam, Starter Concrete, Columns

First and Second Floors

a. Continued column from previous floor (starter concrete)

a. Parapet wall, weaving

2.1.4 Processes and Components in Superstructure

Formwork and Shuttering

a. Formwork: is temporary or permanent moulds into which concrete is poured.

Plinth Beam, Beam, Column and Slab

DEPARMENT OF CIVIL ENGEERING, DSATM PAGE 10

Figure 2.1: Solid Concrete Block

DEPARMENT OF CIVIL ENGEERING, DSATM PAGE 11

2.2 SITE 2: RESIDENTIAL-CUM-COMMERCIAL (60X40 FT)

2.2.1 Plumbing and Electrical

Plastering and Smoothening

DEPARMENT OF CIVIL ENGEERING, DSATM PAGE 12

2.2.3 General Design Considerations

a. Starter Concrete: It is to determine the exact location of the column

Figure 2.2: Length of Bar

ii. Crank width, x = (0.25 to 0.33 times l)

Figure 2.3: Crack Width

DEPARMENT OF CIVIL ENGEERING, DSATM PAGE 13

Figure 2.4: Placement of Utilities

f. Set-backs: Provided while construction for ventilation and as per By-Laws

2.3 ROAD CHARACTERISTICS

Figure 2.5: Typical Cross-Section of Road

DEPARMENT OF CIVIL ENGEERING, DSATM PAGE 14

Table 2.1: Thickness of Layers

DEPARMENT OF CIVIL ENGEERING, DSATM PAGE 15

3.1 SITE 3: MULTI-TENANT RESIDENTIAL (60X60 FT)

3.1.2 Information Gathered