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Binary Patterns
A dissertation
submitted in the partial fulfilment of the requirements
for the award of degree
of
MASTER OF TECHNOLOGY
In
INSTRUMENTATION
by
RITIKA
(Roll No. 31507113)
Under the esteemed guidance of
Dr. ASHAVANI KUMAR
(Professor)
DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS
NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
KURUKSHETRA-136119
SESSION 2015-2017
DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS
NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
KURUKSHETRA – 136119
CANDIDATE DECLARATION
I hereby declare that the work presented in this dissertation entitled “Detection of
Microaneurysms in Retinal Images through Local Binary Patterns” towards partial
fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the Degree of M. Tech in
Instrumentation Engineering is an authentic record of my own work under the
supervision of Dr. Ashavani Kumar.
The work presented in this dissertation has not been submitted elsewhere for the award
of any other degree or in any other institute.
Date: (RITIKA)
Place: Kurukshetra Roll no: 31507113
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Ms. Ritika completed her M.Tech Dissertation under my
supervision and the above statement made by the student is correct to the best of my
knowledge.
i
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
ii
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE NO DESCRIPTION PAGE NO
iii
Figure4. 7 (a)Linear binary pattern-red channel (b) Hisrogram of LBP-red channel (c)
Linear binary pattern-green channel (d) Hisrogram of LBP-green channel (e) Linear binary
pattern-blue channel (f) Hisrogram of LBP-blue channel (Radius-5) ................................. 38
Figure4. 8 (a) Variance Feature Image- Red Channel (b) Variance Feature Image- Blue
Channel ................................................................................................................................ 38
Figure4. 9 ROC Curve ......................................................................................................... 40
iv
LIST OF TABLE
v
ABSTRACT
When sugar level (glucose) in the blood fails to regulate the insulin properly in
human body, diabetes is occurred. The effect of diabetic on eye causes diabetic
retinopathy (DR) and causes blindness. As the presence of microaneurysms is first
sign of DR. It is metabolic and the disordered patients recognize no symptoms until
the disease is at late stage. Due to this reason premature detection and proper
medication is needed. For this purpose automated system has been designed to
recognize and detect retinal lesions in the fundus images. The present study shows
potential to identify the difference in the texture of fundus images between
pathological and healthy images. For this objective, the technique of Local Binary
Patterns (LBP) and variance (VAR) are used as a texture descriptor for fundus
images. The main aim is to detect presence of microaneurysms in retinal image
automatically. The preprocessing techniques such as Contrast Limited Adaptive
Histogram Equalization (CLAHE) are used to enhance the contrast of the input
image. The candidate extractors such as Circular Hough Transform are utilized to
improve the red lesion detection. Finally, the output images have been classified
and average sensitivity and specificity higher than 0.92 has been attained. These
results suggest that the algorithm used in this work for describing fundus image and
texture can be useful in a diagnosis aid system for various retinal disease screening.
vi
Table of Contents
CANDIDATE DECLARATION...................................................................................................... i
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ................................................................................................................ii
LIST OF FIGURES ......................................................................................................................... iii
LIST OF TABLE ..............................................................................................................................v
ABSTRACT ...................................................................................................................................... vi
CHAPTER-I ..................................................................................................................................... 1
INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................ 1
1.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 1
1.2 Anatomy of the Retina Image ............................................................................................... 2
1.3 Retina ...................................................................................................................................... 4
1.4 Retinal Imaging Techniques.................................................................................................. 5
1.5 Lesions of the Retina .............................................................................................................. 7
1.5.1 Diabetic Retinopathy ......................................................................................................... 8
1.5.2 Age related Macular Degeneration ................................................................................... 9
1.6 Treatment of DR .................................................................................................................... 9
1.7 Motivation ............................................................................................................................... 9
1.8 Aim and objective................................................................................................................. 10
1.9 Thesis Structure ................................................................................................................... 10
CHAPTER-II .................................................................................................................................. 12
2.1 Literature Review................................................................................................................. 12
2.2 Image processing techniques ............................................................................................... 13
2.2.1 Retinal Imaging ............................................................................................................... 13
2.3 Overview of Retinal Image Analysis Research .................................................................. 14
2.3.1 Structure segmentation .................................................................................................... 14
2.3.2 Image classification ......................................................................................................... 14
2.3.3 Image registration............................................................................................................ 14
2.3.4 Image restoration or correction ....................................................................................... 14
2.3.5 Content based image recovery ........................................................................................ 15
2.3.6 Retina image feature evaluation ...................................................................................... 15
2.4 Optic Disc Segmentation...................................................................................................... 15
vii
2.5 Circular Hough Transform ................................................................................................. 15
2.6 Image Quality Verification .................................................................................................. 17
2.6.1 Biological Factors ........................................................................................................... 17
2.6.2 External Factors .............................................................................................................. 18
2.7 Retinal Image Acquisition ................................................................................................... 18
2.8 Methods for color normalization ........................................................................................ 20
2.8.1 Color Transformation ...................................................................................................... 20
2.9 Histogram equalization ........................................................................................................ 20
CHAPTER-III ................................................................................................................................ 22
METHODOLOGY......................................................................................................................... 22
3.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 22
3.2 Proposed Method ................................................................................................................. 22
3.2.1 Pre processing ................................................................................................................. 22
3.2.2 Local binary patterns ....................................................................................................... 23
3.2.3 Methods for Contrast Enhancement ................................................................................ 25
3.4 Retinal Vasculature Segmentation ..................................................................................... 26
3.5 Feature Extraction ............................................................................................................... 27
3.6 Classifier ............................................................................................................................... 28
3.7 Masking ................................................................................................................................. 30
3.10 Median Filter ...................................................................................................................... 31
3.10 Experimental Setup............................................................................................................ 32
CHAPTER-IV ................................................................................................................................ 33
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION .................................................................................................... 33
4.1 Original Image...................................................................................................................... 33
4.2 RGB Images .......................................................................................................................... 33
4.3 Median Filtered Images ....................................................................................................... 34
4.4 Optic Disc Removal Images................................................................................................. 35
4.5 Vessel Removed Images ....................................................................................................... 35
4.6 Local Binary Pattern Images and Histogram .................................................................... 36
4.7 Variance Feature Images ..................................................................................................... 38
4.9 TPR and TNR Results ......................................................................................................... 39
4.10 ROC Curve ......................................................................................................................... 40
viii
5.1 Conclusions ........................................................................................................................... 41
5.2 Scope for future work .......................................................................................................... 41
REFRENCES ................................................................................................................................. 42
List of Publications......................................................................................................................... 45
ix
CHAPTER-I
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction
The normal macula appears darker than the rest of the retina because of an increase in
the amount of melanin at this location, which is a pigment that helps absorb light. Any
disease which affects the macula will directly affect visual resolution, or clinically
known as visual acuity. The fovea sits in the middle of the macula, which is 1.5mm of
the central part. The fovea shows the middle, or highest visual resolution and position of
the all color foresight of the retina.
The Human eye is capable for the identification of visible range of light, as it is shown
below in figure1.2 the range of wavelengths in electromagnetic spectrum which varies
from 400 to 700 nm. How color of visible light will detect by human eye, it depends on
its wavelength. For example, green color has a wavelength vary from 495–570 nm.
Most of the people will satisfy with the myth that vision ability is better than that of any
other sensing part of the human body. The reason behind is that the human eye is used
in all doings that the human can do [6]. Human is comparable to a human made camera.
The reason is human eye and a camera is used for capturing the images. Human eye is
having pupil at the middle and similarly camera has lens at its centre.
Figure1.3 shows the fundus image with optic nerve bead. It is called so because of its
structure looks like a bead, so called as optic nerve bead. It can be easily observed that
how arteries and veins differs from each other.
1.3 Retina
The human eye is enclosed in three layers of tissue: sclera, choroid and retina. The
sclera is the white opaque shielded outer layer. A middle layer, choroid, is the vascular
layer of the eye. It provides oxygen to nourish the retina. The final layer is the retina, a
thin layer of tissue at the back of human eye. It forms the inner surface of the retina.
The tissue is consisting of chemical photo detector cells known as rods and cones. Rods
function in dim light and are consistent for black and white vision. Cones support vision
in bright light and color perception. Incoming light will be converted into a neural
signal and sent to the brain via the optic nerve that passes through the eye at the optic
disc. Three main features of the normal retina are the optic disc, the blood vessels and
the macula. The optic disc is identified as a white or yellowish circular object in the
retina. It is the entrance of the optic nerve head and the blood vessels. Blood vessels are
National Institute of Technology Kurukshetra Page 4
elongated structures in the retina and are responsible for nourishing the retinal tissue.
The macula is an oval spot in the centre of retina and is where the highest concentration
of the smallest cones is situated, so is the area of most acute vision. The centre of the
macula is an area known as fovea, responsible for daylight vision. This area is free from
blood vessels, thus it is exclusively nourished by the choroidal layer. The following
diagram shows the different layers of retina:
Color fundus images: The retina is examined in full color under the illumination of
white light. The reflected R, G, and B wavebands are represented by the image
intensities.
Red-free photography: In this image the imaging light is filtered to remove the red
colors and the contrast of the vessels and other structures is improved.
Fluorescent angiograms: Angiograms are obtained using a fundus camera with
additional narrow band filters. This image is acquired using the dye tracing method
whereby a subject’s circulation is first injected with sodium fluorescein or indocyanine
green, before the retina is photographed.
Stereo image: In stereo image, the image intensities show the amount of reflected light
from two or more different view angles for depth resolution.
Due to its safety and cost effectiveness, fundus imaging remains the primary method of
retinal imaging, especially for population screening applications. However fundus
imaging only obtains a 2-D representation of the 3-D semi transparent retinal tissues.
Some retina measurements such as retina rim loss are better performed in 3-D as the
cupping is more obvious. The first attempt to depict the 3-D shape of the retina is by
combining multiple stereo images by human observer into 3-D shape [15]. Later Con-
focal Scanning Laser Ophthalmoscopy (CSLO), Scanning Laser Polarimetry (SLP) and
topographic imaging techniques such as Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) were
developed for 3-D retinal imaging. They make use of the different properties of light
and different characteristics of retinal tissue to obtain the measurement which may be
used to analyze the retina image.
(a) (b)
Figure1. 6 Fundus images; (a) normal, (b) hemorrhages, and hard Exudates
(e) (f)
Figure1.8 (e) microaneurysms (f) drusen
(a) (b)
Figure1. 9 Normal visualization and the same image seen by a person with diabetic retinopathy
(a) normal visualization, (b) image seen by a person with diabetic retinopathy.
1.6 Treatment of DR
If the patient has retinal lesion but does not have macular edema (DME) no treatment
is needed. The recommendations for the patients is to control their levels of blood
sugar and other hazard cause such as blood pressure and lipids, as this has been shown
to slow the progression of DR. In the case the patient develops proliferative
retinopathy (PDR), laser treatment will be recommended. In order to shrink the new
vessels which appears in PDR, a treatment with laser is applied to the patient. In this
procedure, the surgeon makes 1000 to 2000 laser burns with an argon laser in the
retina avoiding the macula area. In theory, it is thought that this laser is actually
causing damage to parts of the healthy peripheral retina (rather a sacrifice) to cause
regression of these new fragile vessels. This treatment is most ideally applied in the
cases where the new blood vessels have little bleeding or none, for best visualization
of the retina In this surgical procedure, the vitreous gel which is mixed with the blood
is extracted from the eye and refilled with a special saline solution. In the case of
retinal detachment, surgery is the only solution. The doctor could apply laser to try to
fix the part of the retina that is torn or another procedure called cryopexy. In some
people, visualization can take some time for recovery after surgery. But in rare cases,
people do not make better vision in any way.
1.7 Motivation
According to World Health Organization in 2010 there were 285 million people
visually impaired and 39 million were blind [1]. “Bad habits” in the population such as
lack of exercise, excess intake of oily food etc. contribute to the increase of
overweight population that leads to diabetes type II. For this reason, the number of
diabetes cases is increasing each year making it difficult for the health care system to
screen all of diabetic people for retinopathy. As an alternative to help cover the high
demand, automatic Diabetic Retinopathy (DR) screening algorithms have been
developed using fundus images.
• Image preprocessing is done with scaling and channel separation so that the irregular
elucidation and boost the distinction of lesion in the fundus image.
• Making the histogram equalization. Training a classifier and obtain the better
constraint by taking a classification with 10 fold cross validation.
1. Chapter 1 concisely explains the goal and the purpose of the research work. It
explains the human eye anatomy and the general composition of retina layers, types
lesions present in fundus image.
3. Chapter 3 describes methodology used for identifying the lesions in the fundus image
with the help of linear binary patterns. Matlab software is used for this purpose.
Color fundus images: The fundus is observed in full color beneath the enlightenment
of white light. The reflected Red, green and blue wavebands are represented with the
image intensities.
Red-free photography: In this image the imaging light is strained to get rid of the red
colors. The contrast of the vessels and other structures is also enhanced.
(x-a)2 + (y-b)2 = r2
x = a + r cos(θ)
y = b + r sin(θ)
As varies from 0 to 360, with the Circular Hough Transform, the aim is to find sets of
(x, y, r) that are highly likely to be a circle in an image.
With a Circular Hough Transform, it is assumed that each pixel (x, y) from the edge
image centre’s circles with radius r. For a given r value, the circular Hough Transform
works by considering all circles centred at each edge feature at once and identifies co-
ordinates in Hough space that the circle intercepts. The frequency of these intercepts at
each coordinate is totaled in accumulator space. The coordinate in the accumulator
with the highest frequency of interception will be selected as the circle centre. Since
the optic disc has a circular or elliptical shape the Circular Hough Transform is used
for optic disc segmentation.
Lens coloration: As an individual age, the lens becomes yellowish. This coloration
changes the appearance of structures in the retina.
Lesion composition: lesions that appear in the retina have different compositions,
which change their response to light.
Lesion density: the amount of light being reflected or transmitted depends on the
density of lesions.
Lesion position: since the retina is composed of different layers, lesions can develop
in different positions. Their positions are another factor that changes their appearance
in the fundus images.
Pigmentation and Iris color: In the case of people with low pigmentation, their
retinal images appear reddish. Since lower pigmentation implies less reflectance, the
choroidal vessels that are in a layer under the retina usually are more notorious in
these subjects.
Eye diseases: The healthy cornea is a transparent media, through which the light
reflected from the retina passes without distortion. In a patient with cataracts, the
cornea becomes opaque and causes distortion-when the light passes through. The
image will appear hazy overall.
Blurry images: movement of the patient or poor focus in the camera generates blurry
images.
Since the area of the retina is bigger than the area that is actually captured, many
pictures of different fields of view of the retina are required. The gold standard
consists of seven 30-degree fields using steoroscopic pairs. Since 2 images are
necessary in stereo (usually used to find the presence of glaucoma), 14 images are
needed from each eye. It has been shown in that reducing this to two. It also reduces
costs, complexity and time. Fig. 2.3 shows the 7-field standard for the right eye
Figure2. 2 Relationship of the camera angle and the area of the imaged retina.
The most common images obtained for screening purposes are from field 1, and field
2, in which the macula is in the middle of the image.
METHODOLOGY
3.1 Introduction
The material of the research work is images. The dataset used was collected of healthy
images and pathological images. There are some quality standard that must followed
by the dataset. The below basis were considered roots for segregation:
1. The Images with various artifacts, like, intense and round spots produced by flith in
the lens of the camera.
2. Salt and pepper noise affected the images with great amount.
The proposed method includes various techniques. All these are explained with
algorithm as below:
4. Bicubic interpolation is used for resizing and resizes the image size.
RI=imresize (I,[512,512],'bicubic');
figure,imshow(RI,[ ]);
impixelinfo;
Local Binary Pattern is a technique which transforms an image into an array of integer
labels that train the pixel wise detail of the texture image. These labels can be
represented as a histogram that can be interpreted as the texture descriptor of the
analyzed image. Two important properties of LBP which make it attractive for
characterizing textures are its invariance against any monotonic grey level change
such as those caused by illumination changes, and its computational simplicity.
Consider a 3x3 neighborhood around a pixel. Pixels in the neighborhood with a grey
value lesser or equivalent to the innermost pixel are given a value zero and those with
a higher value are given value ’1’. The 8 binary numbers linked with the 8 neighbors
are then read consecutively in a clockwise direction to outline a binary number (LBP
pattern) or a decimal number (LBP code). The number is allocate to the innermost
pixel and used to characterize the local texture.
The LBP and VAR operators are utilized to recognize the texture of the retina
background texture descriptors local binary patterns LBP with different radius.
Following is the coding of LBP of RGB components:
RED CHANNEL—RADIUS 1
Filtred=roired;
nFiltSize=8;
nFiltRadius=1;
filtR1=generateRadialFilterLBP(nFiltSize, nFiltRadius);
effLBPR1=efficientLBP(filtred, 'filtR1', filtR1, 'isRotInv',
false, 'isChanWiseRot', false);
effLBPR1=imcomplement(effLBPR1);
figure,imshow(effLBPR1);
title('LBP feature extracted Red channel image-1');
fontSize=14;
[pixelCounts1, GLs1] = imhist(uint8(effLBPR1));
figure,bar(GLs1, pixelCounts1);
title('Histogram of LBP Red channel image-1 ', 'FontSize',
fontSize);
GREEN CHANNEL--RADIUS 1
filtgreen=ROIgreen;
nFiltSize=8;
nFiltRadius=1;
filtG1=generateRadialFilterLBP(nFiltSize, nFiltRadius);
effLBPG1=efficientLBP(filtgreen, 'filtG1', filtG1, 'isRotInv',
false, 'isChanWiseRot', false);
effLBPG1=imcomplement(effLBPG1);
figure,imshow(effLBPG1);
title('LBP feature extracted Green channel image-1');
filtblue=ROIblue;
nFiltSize=8;
nFiltRadius=1;
filtB1=generateRadialFilterLBP(nFiltSize, nFiltRadius);
effLBPB1=efficientLBP(filtblue, 'filtB1', filtB1, 'isRotInv',
false, 'isChanWiseRot', false);
effLBPB1=imcomplement(effLBPB1);
figure,imshow(effLBPB1);
title('LBP feature extracted Blue channel image-1');
RED CHANNEL--RADIUS 2
filtred=ROIred;
nFiltSize=8;
nFiltRadius=2;
filtR2=generateRadialFilterLBP(nFiltSize, nFiltRadius);
effLBPR2=efficientLBP(filtred, 'filtR2', filtR2, 'isRotInv',
false, 'isChanWiseRot', false);
effLBPR2=imcomplement(effLBPR2);
figure,imshow(effLBPR2);
title('LBP feature extracted Red channel image-2');
[pixelCounts4, GLs4] = imhist(uint8(effLBPR2));
figure,bar(GLs4, pixelCounts4);
title('Histogram of LBP Red channel image-2 ', 'FontSize',
fontSize);
GREEN CHANNEL--RADIUS 2
filtgreen=ROIgreen;
nFiltSize=8;
nFiltRadius=2;
filtG2=generateRadialFilterLBP(nFiltSize, nFiltRadius);
effLBPG2=efficientLBP(filtgreen, 'filtG2', filtG2, 'isRotInv',
false, 'isChanWiseRot', false);
effLBPG2=imcomplement(effLBPG2);
figure,imshow(effLBPG2);
title('LBP feature extracted Green channel image-2');
BLUE CHANNEL--RADIUS 2
filtblue=ROIblue;
nFiltSize=8;
nFiltRadius=2;
filtB2=generateRadialFilterLBP(nFiltSize, nFiltRadius);
effLBPB2=efficientLBP(filtblue, 'filtB2', filtB2, 'isRotInv',
false, 'isChanWiseRot', false);
effLBPB2=imcomplement(effLBPB2);
figure,imshow(effLBPB2);
title('LBP feature extracted Blue channel image-2');
3.6 Classifier
Support Vector Machines (SVM) was used as a classifier in Ricci et al. approach. In
their algorithm, linear operators were used to extract the features. These operators
follow the same principle as matched filters and directional filters. In this paper, just
as the previous method did, they inverted the green channel to put the vessels brighter
and no contrast enhancement was applied to avoid loss of information of the vessels.
Niemeijer et al. defines a pixel classification based method in which features were
extracted for each pixel in the green channel. These features consisted in the outputs of
applying Gaussians and its derivatives up to order 2 for 5 scales (1, 2, 4, 8 and 16
pixels). Then, the features were normalized to zero mean and unit variance.
Data set is divided into two subsets one for training (model set) and another for testing
(validation set). Once the features are extracted the data of the model set is
preprocessed by using data normalization and data sampling. Data normalization is
carried out by considering mean=’0’ and variance= unity. Data sampling is done by
synthetic minority oversampling technique (SMOTE). External cross validation is
executed on the training so that the dimensionality of the data is lessened by feature
selection before being passed on to a classifier.
To classify that information, k-NN classifier was selected among others since its
performance was superior. Classification can be categorized into two approaches,
supervised learning and un-supervised learning. Supervised leaning exploits some
prior labeling information to decide whether a pixel belongs to the optic disc or not,
while unsupervised learning performs the optic disc segmentation without any prior
knowledge: pixels are assigned to classes without knowing the class’s identities or
their properties. k-Nearest Neighbor (KNN) classifier for optic disc and optic cup
segmentation on stereo fundus image. An optimal subset of several features was
utilized as the pixel features for the segmentation. Eight of the features are based on
the output of median filter banks in color opponency space, two of the features are
based on the output of simulation of binoculars complex cell and the last two features
are the priori probability of a pixel being a cup.
rROI1=rmeansub(:,:,1)<100;
figure,imshow(rROI1);
title('ROI1 MASK');
ROIred=filtred;
ROIred=ROIvr;
ROIred(~rROI1)=0;
figure,imshow(ROIred);
title('optic disk removed image-red channel');
impixelinfo;
bROI1=bmeansub(:,:,1)<30;
figure,imshow(bROI1);
title('ROI1 MASK');
ROIblue=ROIvb;
ROIblue(~bROI1)=0;
figure,imshow(ROIblue);
title('optic disk removed image-blue channel');
impixelinfo;
se=strel('disk',1);
bloodVesselsb=imdilate(bloodVesselsb,se);
figure,imshow(bloodVesselsb);
title('holes filled image');
ROIvb=filtblue;
ROIvb(~bloodVesselsbi)=0;
figure,imshow(ROIvb);
title('vessel removed image-blue channel');
impixelinfo;
for ri=1:rr
for rj=1:rc
if(filtred(ri,rj)<4)
filtred(ri,rj)=0;
else
end
end
end
figure,imshow(filtred,[]);
title('red channel median filtered image');
impixelinfo;
[rr rc rd]=size(filtred);
In this work, we have used several datasets of healthy and affected fundus images. The
software used for processing these images is MATLAB 2013a. The results of
processing are as following:
4.1 Original Image
All the images of dataset are digitized slides captured by a canon EOS 20D. One of the
images from the dataset is as shown below: original image
This image has dimensions 2544×1696 pixels. It has horizontal and vertical resolution
of 72dpi. The image is digitized with 24 bits per pixel.
(a) (b)
(c)
Figure4. 2 (a) Red channel Image (b) Green Channel Image (c) Blue Channel image
red channel median filtered image green channel median filtered image
(a) (b)
blue channel median filtered image
(c)
Figure4. 3 (a) Red channel median filtered Image (b) Blue channel median filtered Image
(a) (b)
optic disk removed image-green channel
(c)
Figure4. 4 (a) Optic Disc Removal-Red Channel (b) Optic Disc Removal-Blue Channel (c) Optic
Disc Removal-Green Channel
(a) (b)
(c)
Figure4. 5 (a) Vessel Removed Image-Red Channel (b) Vessel Removed Image-Blue Channel
x 10
4 Histogram of LBP Red channel image-1
16
12
10
0
-50 0 50 100 150 200 250 300
(a) (b)
4
x 10 Histogram of LBP Green channel image-1
18
14
12
10
0
-50 0 50 100 150 200 250 300
(c) (d)
10
0
-50 0 50 100 150 200 250 300
(e) (f)
Figure 4.6 Figure4. 6 (a)Linear binary pattern-red channel (b) Histogram of LBP-red channel
(c) Linear binary pattern-green channel (d) Hisrogram of LBP-green channel (e) Linear binary
pattern-blue channel (f) Hisrogram of LBP-blue channel (Radius-1)
x 10
4 Histogram of LBP Red channel image-5
16
14
LBP feature extracted Red channel image-5
12
10
0
-50 0 50 100 150 200 250 300
(a) (b)
x 10
4 Histogram of LBP Green channel image-5
18
14
12
10
0
-50 0 50 100 150 200 250 300
(c) (d)
10
0
-50 0 50 100 150 200 250 300
(e) (f)
Figure4. 7 (a)Linear binary pattern-red channel (b) Histogram of LBP-red channel (c) Linear
binary pattern-green channel (d) Histogram of LBP-green channel (e) Linear binary pattern-
blue channel (f) Histogram of LBP-blue channel (Radius-5)
(a) (b)
Variance Feature Image-Green Channel Radius-3
(c)
Figure4. 8 (a) Variance Feature Image- Red Channel (b) Variance Feature Image- Blue Channel
Image Accuracy
no.
1 96.742%
2 95.161%
3 96.774%
4 96.772%
5 93.548%
6 95.161%
7 95.162%
8 93.548%
9 96.774%
10 96.775%
11 95.161%
12 95.161%
13 96.774%
15 93.548%
16 96.776%
Table 4.1: Testing set (Healthy Images)
Image Accuracy
no.
1 95.161%
2 96.774%
3 95.445%
4 93.548%
5 95.161%
6 96.774%
7 95.162%
8 96.770%
9 97.451%
Table 4.2: Testing set (MA Images)
Image Accuracy
no.
1 96.774% Image Accuracy
2 100% no.
3 96.774% 1 93.548%
4 96.774% 2 96.774%
5 95.161% 3 95.161%
6 96.774% 4 95.161%
7 96.772% 5 96.773%
8 95.161% 6 95.884%
9 96.774% 7 93.162%
10 95.161% 8 96.770%
11 96.774% 9 95.451%
12 93.548%
13 96.774%
14 96.115% Table 4.4: Training set (MA images)
15 96.161%
16 95.155%
Table 4.3: Training set (Healthy Images)
0.8
0.7
0.6
True Positive
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
False positive
5.1 Conclusions
In this research work, the main algorithm is to detect presence of microaneurysms,
hemorrhages, or hard exudates away from the fovea. The performance of algorithm as
compare to previous methods is better. An advantage of local binary pattern is
undoubtedly exposed in the identification of abnormalities in the retina is improved.
The system originated through local binary pattern can also be very helpful in
medication of diabetic retinopathy. This software detection algorithm is based on a
generalized optimization scheme of image classification and segmentation. Because of
flexibility of the system, these algorithms can be extended to the identification of
different types of lesions. The algorithm showed robustness, as it did not require
retraining. Instead of using contrast enhancement methods that may increase the noise
level in the images or using classification to perform candidates extraction, this
procedure gives a consistent process for extraction of candidates using only the
normalized output of the RGB color space.
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patterns” NCNIT-5-6March, 2017, NIT Kurukshetra, PP-78.