CIVA Software

Tutorial
-
Eddy Current Testing modeling

Reference : ENDE16T008 Rev. 00

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EXTENDE SA 15 rue Emile Baudot, 91 300 Massy FRANCE SA au capital de 100 000 Fax: +33 (0)9 72 13 42 68 Siren 518 807 425
EXTENDE Inc. PO Box 461, Ballton Spa, NY 12020 USA Fax: +1-518-602-1368
Table of Contents
1. General information .................................................................................................................... 5
1. Tutorial description ............................................................................................................. 7
2. Getting started with CIVA ................................................................................................... 9
2. Studied cases ........................................................................................................................... 19
1. Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 21
2. Example of a “Flat component inspection” ....................................................................... 23
3. Example of a “Tube inspection” ....................................................................................... 51

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 Part 1: General information

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1: Tutorial description
The goal of this tutorial is to help users to get familiar with CIVA modeling software.

Different cases relative to Eddy Current inspection are proposed.

The description of each one is explained in details.

This document can help to discover CIVA but is not exhaustive. It is strongly recommended to par-
ticipate to a training course when starting to use Civa.

A full user guide is also available to have more details about the different features, how to use them,
and the theoretical background.

The user guide is available in a web browser format (Internet access not required) by striking the F1
key in any menu of the software or by clicking on the “User manual” in the CIVA desk.

Studied cases
In this tutorial, 2 cases are proposed:

› Flat component inspected by 3 sensors: In this case, you will see how to define several probes
and different acquisition channels. 2 kinds of simulations are shown:
• Field calculation
• Defect response computation.
› Tube inspection: The work piece will be tested with 2 different probes:
• Bobbin probe scanning
• Rotating probe

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2: Getting started with CIVA
This chapter shows how to start with CIVA and the general features of the graphical environment.

This tutorial has been performed with the commercial release CIVA 2016.

This chapter contains the following topics:

› CIVA start window

› CIVA ET module

CIVA start window: The DESK

Start CIVA: When you launch CIVA 2016 on your computer the following start window will open. This
is called the CIVA "Desk"

CIVA Desk.

The desk enables to activate the different modules available in the platform (UT, GWT, ET, and RT/
CT applications). You can come back in the DESK at any time even if one CIVA module is opened,
it will not close the opened cases.

In CIVA ET modeling, you will find: Field computation, Inspection Simulation 3D and Inspection Sim-
ulation 2D cyl., which are three specific modules available in ET modeling, and "Parametric Study",
"POD Study" and "Batch Manager" which are tools common to other modules.

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 Selection of ET modeling.

CIVA ET module
Organization of CIVA

If you want to start one case from scratch, select the field computation or the Inspection Simulation
3D (depending on your application) of the ET module and define a default configuration as below:

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 Selection of ET module

After selecting the default configuration proposed by the wizard, you will access to the main CIVA
window of the ET module (model page) which is organized as shown below:

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 Main CIVA window of ET module

The CIVA windows is divided in 3 main zones:

› The CIVA manager, to save or edit files

› The model view, to view the current model
› The scan explorer, displaying available results images.

CIVA is always loaded with a default configuration.

The model page contains all the input parameters. Data are classified into different panels available
at the bottom of the window:

› Specimen: Work piece properties (Geometry/Material)

› Probe: Sensor properties and relative positions of the different elements of the ET sensor
› Inspection: Probe positioning, and scanning.
› Flaws: Defect type, dimension, position (available in defect response only)
› Acquisition: This panel allows to define the channels (frequency, active elements) and the acqui-
sition mode (absolute, differential or separate T/R)
› Run: To launch the calculation.

Managing file

To open directly an existing file, you will use the “File” menu (or select the "FILE" from the desk to
access to the files recently opened).

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 File Menu

All files opened are visible in the CIVA manager on the upper left of the windows. From there, you
can save and close files by right-clicking:

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 Save or Close a configuration

Graphic Tools

Icons on the top of the model window allow modifying the point of view.

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View and point of views

Front view

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 Top View

Zooming and changing point of views with the mouse

You can also use the mouse with left, right and scroll button pushed to respectively move, zoom in
and turn around the geometry.

About transparency and frame

By right-clicking on one object (component, probe…) you access to several graphic tools, among
them:

“Opacity” to modify the transparency:

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 Contextual menu "Component"

Right-click on the sensor to open this dialog box.

“Frame put in origin” to display the coordinate system:

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 Contextual menu "Scene"

Right-click anywhere then in “Scene”, “Frame” and “Put in origin” to display the basis.

Note: Press F1 for help: in any menus of the software, the online help is available on F1 strike.

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 Part 2: Studied cases

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1: Introduction
This part shows the different examples that will be studied.

Two examples are proposed:

› 1) Flat component inspected by 3 sensors: In this case, you will see how to define several
probes and different acquisition channels. 2 kinds of simulations are shown:
• Field calculation
• Defect response computation (inspection simulation).
› 2) Tube inspection: The work piece will be tested with 2 different probes:
• Bobbin probe scanning
• Rotating probe

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2: Example of a “Flat component inspection”
Introduction
As said before, this case deals with the following component:

Flat component

First, an impedance diagram will be calculated. It will help us to choose the frequency for the defect
response calculation. Then a field computation will be performed before running an inspection sim-
ulation

This chapter contains the following topics:

› Impedance diagram calculation

› Field computation
› Inspection simulation with a calibration hole
› Defect response with a notch

Impedance diagram calculation: Field computation

The impedance diagram allows to help to determine the optimum frequency to be used for a given
inspection.

Open the field computation module (you can select a default configuration relative to a planar com-
ponent), then define the parameters of this first simulation.

You will have to successively open 4 different panels:

› Specimen
› Probe
› Inspection

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› Probe Response

Specimen panel

By clicking on the “Specimen” you can first define the geometry of the specimen in the Geometry tab:

Geometry tab

In the same panel, switch to the second tab: Material tab :

Material tab

Once the material is selected, its properties are displayed. For the ET module, input data are its
conductivity and the permeability.

If the material you want to deal with is not in the CIVA database, you can manually enter your own
properties in that dialog box. Then, you can save this material in the database by clicking on the
icon .

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Probe panel

Open the “probe” panel, then define the properties of the first sensor (winding, ferrite) as shown
below :

Cylindrical coil geometry

The ferrite core of this sensor has the following properties.

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 Ferrite properties

Then add two identical coils in order to define the whole probe.

Addition of coils

The two new elements do not contain ferrite cores.

Except this, the coils have the same properties as the first element.

Open the position tab to define the probes positions in the sensor holder frame and the lift-off value.

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 Position tab

An initial lift-off is automatically computed according to the Z value. Modify it to 0.3mm for each coil.

Position of the coil N°1

Position of the coil N°2

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 Position of the coil N°3

Inspection panel

Click on “Inspection” to open the configuration of the inspection.

Configuration tab:

Configuration tab

The positioning tab allows you to define the position of the probe:

Positioning tab

Probe response panel

This panel allows entering a list of value for the normalized impedance diagram calculation. Thanks
to this calculation, one can know the frequency for which the real part of the impedance is maximum
corresponding to the maximum of induced eddy currents in the volume of the specimen. This fre-
quency might be the optimum one (depending on the target defect and the penetration depth) as
this is where the sensor will be the most sensitive to eddy currents variation in the whole volume
of the specimen.

Define about 12 frequencies between 10 kHz & 5 000 kHz for this computation.

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 Frequencies definition

Run the probe response

Below is the impedance diagram after computation

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 Impedance diagram

As said before, 200kHz might be the best frequency because this corresponds to the largest value
for the real part of the impedance.

But the skin depth and maybe also other parameters have to be considered.

Impedance characteristics

This page contains the list of frequencies, the module and the phase of the impedance, the real and
the imaginary part of the impedance (both not normalized then normalized by the self-impedance
in the air “Xair”)

Field computation
Introduction

In the same field computation module, the electromagnetic field induced in the component will be
now calculated.

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You will have to successively open 2 different panels:

› Acquisition panel
› Computation parameters

Acquisition panel

In the Acquisition panel, the frequency of 200 kHz, as well as the input current amplitude and phase
are defined for each coil (in this case, as an example, all coils are considered as driving coils):

Acquisition panel

Computation parameters panel

In the computation panel, the computation zone is defined (type, size, resolution, position):

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 Computation parameters panel

In this case, a 3D (volume) area is selected.

Run menu

When launching the computation by clicking on “Run”, this following dialog box opens which means
that the defect calculation is in progress:

Run

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Analysis

A new tab displaying the results appears in the main window. It is named “Analysis 1”. The available
results are displayed in the scan explorer. The views that are already displayed in the analysis page
are in red, the other ones in green and black. You can drag and drop a view into the analysis page
to display it.

A new toolboxes zone appears behind the results images. The available tools depend on the current
selected image and can be hidden by clicking on in the title bar of the Analysis tab.

Analysis window

The eddy current density (“J”) can also be displayed.

To do this, click on display the default page of the “Electric current density J” by right-clicking on the
relevant menu (see below):

Display results

For instance, you can display each section and the 3D zone on the same image:

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 Analysis

Note that all results corresponding to the electric field have the same color icon,and that all the results
corresponding to the electric current density have another color icon.

Cursors are available in the analysis bar. You can have 0, 1 or 2 cursors by successively clicking
on this button.

Cursors

It can also be useful to smooth the image ( icon) or to use non orthotropic axis ( icon) or to
rotate the image ( icon), available in the same menu. For the 3D view, it is also possible to smooth
the chart but using a different menu. This will be in the toolbox / Options tab available once you have
clicked in the 3D view.

Display only the XZ section as well as the "1D image Zzone" at a position of maximum amplitude.
Thanks to this graph you can see clearly the skin effect:

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 Skin effect

The skin depth is where the current density is 37% of the maximum current density. In this case, the
skin depth is around 0.7 mm.

Inspection simulation with a calibration hole

Introduction

An inspection simulation will be now performed on the same component.

It is advised to save the field computation results now. Then, go back to the Desk and double click
on inspection simulation (3D).

Inspection simulation 3D

Select "Current configuration" to keep the previous one.

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 Current configuration

Flaws panel

You will find a new “flaws” panel that contains 2 tabs: “geometry” and “positioning”. Define the
defect properties in these 2 tabs as shown below.

Geometry tab:

Flaw panel

You define a flat bottom hole of 1mm diameter. The ligament defines the remaining wall thickness.
In this case, the ligament being 0.55mm versus the surface, and the plate thickness being 1.55mm,
the hole is a 1mm depth hole on the outer surface.

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 Flat bottom hole

Acquisition panel

This panel allows defining the operating mode of the sensors.

Acquisition panel

A differential mode is defined here:

› The sensor 1 is a transmitter as 1000mA is defined for the input current amplitude. The frequency
200 kHz is defined at the top of the table.

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› The other sensors are receivers as defined with the figures 1 and -1 in the “reception” column.
The fact that +1 and -1 is set allows to define a differential mode. The calculated signal will be
Vsensor2-Vsensor3.

Inspection panel

In the inspection panel, you will find a “Scanning” tab.

Define the step size and the number of steps in the 2 directions of scanning as below:

Scanning tab

Computation parameters panel

In this panel, you can define the meshing of the flaw or let CIVA define it automatically by clicking
the “auto mesh” button.

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 Computation parameters panel

Model view

The configuration is displayed in the model view.

The different elements are easily identified:

› The specimen
› The sensor
› The scanning pattern
› The flaw

Model view

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Run menu

When clicking on “Run” , the following dialog box opens, meaning that the calculation is in progress:

Progress bar

At the end of the calculation, a new analysis page opens with a Cscan displaying the real part and
imag part of the voltage variation, as well as the impedance plane curve. An icon corresponding to
the data results also appears in the CIVA manager:

Analysis page

Analysis

If not already open, you can drag the C-scan image of the signal amplitude from the scan explorer
and drop it into the analysis page in order to visualize the voltage variation:

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 C-scan amplitude

Activate the peak to peak measurement from the analysis bar.

Analysis bar

A rectangular zone appears. Center it on the main signal as shown below

Rectangular zone on the C-scan amplitude

Then, on the measurement tab (parameters mode) select differential measurement mode.

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 Measurement mode

On the “Result” tab, you can read the maximal amplitude and the phase of the signal: 580.14 mV
and 39.05° respectively.

Measurement result

Calibration (beginning)

If needed the toolbox can be displayed at the bottom of the page thanks to this icon :

Display or hide the toolbox

To run the calibration, click on

In the new window, select the differential calibration mode and define the target value of your cali-
bration signal defined by your procedure (here, for instance 1V and -100°) as you can see in the
following image :

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 Calibration window

Then, click on OK to validate and apply the calibration.

In the toolboxes, you have also access to the results of the “Calibration” as shown below (it is also
possible to manually enter or change this coefficients in this menu). Then you need to save the
calibration parameters in a file, in order to reuse them later thanks to the icon .

Calibration

Defect response with a notch

Introduction

Another flaw will be now simulated: a parallelepiped notch

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 Model with parallelepiped notch

Flaw panel

From the previous case, open the flaw panel and change it as shown below:

Flaw geometry

The parallelepiped notch is 0.11mm long, 4mm wide and 0.61mm high.

Define its position (surface breaking : Ligament = 0mm versus surface)

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 Flaw position

Acquisition panel

Keep the same parameters as on the previous case

Computation parameters panel

Activate the automatic mode that will define the flaw mesh.

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 Computation parameters

Model View

You can check the position of the probe, the position of the flaw and the scanning pattern in the 3D
model view.

Model view

Run menu

Run the calculation:

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 Progress bar

Analysis

A new analysis page appears, containing the C-scan of the real part of the voltage variation. You
can also customize your analysis page to display for instance, the amplitude C-scan, the impedance
plane curve (extracted from an horizontal cut), the amplitude/phase curve and the 3D view as on
the sketch below:

Analysis page

To analyze the defect response activate the peak to peak measurement from the analysis bar .
Center on the signal the rectangular zone that appears.

Peak to peak measurement

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In the “measurement” toolbox, parameters tab, select differential measurement mode. The result
panel indicates that the flaw creates a 2.741 V impedance variation with 111° phase.

Impedance plan

Measurement result

This result will then be calibrated according to the calibration parameters saved from the inspection
of the calibration hole.

Load the calibration parameters by clicking on from the “Calibration” toolbox.

Calibration

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 Calibrated signal

Calibrated result

Interpolation: To interpolate the results, click on smoothing icon from the analysis bar.

The following window appears:

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 Results interpolation

Define a linear interpolation with 110 steps along X (columns) and Y (lines)

The C-scan is then interpolated. The interpolated result is added in the Civa manager. The C-scan
from this new data result is smoother as shown below.

Interpolated result

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3: Example of a “Tube inspection”
Introduction
In this example, the case of a cylindrical component will be studied:

Tube inspection

2 simulations will be performed:

› Bobbin probe inspection

› Surface riding sensor inspection

At the end of this example, one scenario of simulation will be done to show how to perform a para-
metric study.

Bobbin probe scanning

Introduction

This first section deals with the bobbin probe inspection to detect a circumferential defect in a tube.

To define the relevant input data, you will have to successively open 5 panels:

› Specimen
› Probe
› Inspection
› Flaw
› Acquisition

Specimen panel

Open the “Specimen” panel to define the cylindrical component:

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 Specimen panel

Then, in the “Material tab, load the “Stainless Steel 304L” from the materials database:
Conductivity=1.39MS/m.

Probe panel

Open the “Probe” panel and select an axial probe type. Define an axial coil with the following dimen-
sions :

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 Probe panel - Geometry

In the Position tab, keep the probe centered on Y=0 and Theta=0.

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 Probe panel - Position

Inspection panel

In the Inspection panel, define the probe position as shown below:

Probe position

Define a probe scanning of 30mm along the axis by step of 0.5mm:

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 Scanning

Flaws panel

First, define the geometry of the flaw (type “cylindrical” and dimensions as below):

Flaw geometry

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Then, define its positioning:

Flaw position

Acquisition panel

Acquisition panel

In this case, the defined channel is an absolute mode with the available sensor which is both trans-
mitter and receiver. The operating frequency is 240kHz.

Computation parameters panel

Define automatically the meshing of the flaw by clicking on the auto mesh button.

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 Meshing

Model view

Model view

In the model view, the specimen, probe, scanning pattern and flaw are easily identified

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Run menu

Progress bar

Analysis

After running the computation, data are stored in the CIVA manager and appear in the main part
of the window:

Analysis page

As in the first example, different tools are available for the analysis.

The raw amplitude is then 0.98 mV and the phase 74.81°.

Amplitude and phase of the signal

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Rotating probe
Introduction

In this second case, the same tube will be inspected with another sensor.

A surface riding one (rotating probe) will be used now:

Model view with rotating probe

Probe panel

From the defect response window, click on the probe panel then change its type (“simple” instead of
“axial probe”) and its dimensions. The probe is position on the outer side:

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 Probe geometry

Then, adjust the lift-off in the “Position” tab:

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 Probe position

Inspection panel

The probe is positioned as below:

Positioning

The scanning is defined as below. 2 axis are defined in order to obtain a Cscan:

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 Scanning

Acquisition panel

The probe is used for both transmission and reception. The current in the probe is 1A.

Acquisition panel

Computation parameters panel

Define automatically the meshing of the flaw by clicking on the auto mesh button.

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 Meshing

Model view

The computation is now ready to be launched, you can visualize below the inspection setup and the
scanning pattern:

Model view

Run and Analysis

Then, run the Defect Response computation:

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 Progress bar

Then you get results:

Analysis page

You can display the results by this way, including the 3D view. The C-scan has been grabbed from
the C-scan image to the 3D view.

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 Analysis page with the 3D view

The maximum signal is obtained for Theta=0°.

From the impedance plane, the signal from the flaw is of 8.4 mV and around -121°.

Impedance plan

Calculation scenario on the lift-off value

Introduction

In this last part, it will be shown how the user can perform a parametric study.

Ref : ENDE16T008 Rev. 00 65/71 CIVA Software

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In this case, a scenario on the lift-off value will be defined.

Model

The model will be the same as for the previous configuration. In order to save computation time, the
scanning will only be realized on one axis.

Adjust the position (Theta=0°):

Inspection panel

Remove the scanning perpendicular to the axis from the scanning pattern:

Scanning

Then you have to save the configuration from the Civa manager.

Scenario

Once the model is defined, click on icon and select "Parametric Study".

Then, select "Use current configuration" and click on "OK".

CIVA Software 66/71 Ref : ENDE16T008 Rev. 00

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 Parametric study

In the CIVA manager, a file *.var is created.

Creation of a variation project

Then, in the model page of this *.var file, open the Probe panel where the lift-off value is defined:

Probe panel

Ref : ENDE16T008 Rev. 00 67/71 CIVA Software

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To make a variation on the lift-off value, right-click on it an select “add to variation”

Definition of the variation parameter

The lift-off menu is framed in blue:

Definition of the variation parameter

Then, open the Variation panel to define the variation parameters.

Select a manual list and define the 6 lift-off values as below.

Variation Panel

CIVA Software 68/71 Ref : ENDE16T008 Rev. 00

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You can add other varying parameters by selecting and right-clicking on them again. Add variations
on the axial and radial extension of the flaw. The variation panel is changed as below This first tab
of the parametric analysis will get all these parameters.

Variation panel

For the next pages, only the lift-off variation will be considered, you can cancel the other variables
by selecting them and clicking on the “cancel” button symbolized by a cross.

In the CIVA manager, right-click on the parametric variation and save it.

Run and analysis

Then, click on the “Run” button to perform the 6 computations.

A progress bar shows the progress of the 6 computations.

Progress bar

After computation, you can access to the output data by:

Ref : ENDE16T008 Rev. 00 69/71 CIVA Software

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 Variation results in Civa manager

Loading the configuration related to a specific lift-off value, you can access to the associated
Impedance Plane curves (impedance plane)

Variation computation results

The parametric analysis curve (right-click in the Civa manager on the data var) shows the decrease
of the signal amplitude with the lift-off.

CIVA Software 70/71 Ref : ENDE16T008 Rev. 00

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 Parametric analysis curve

Ref : ENDE16T008 Rev. 00 71/71 CIVA Software

The information contained in this document is the ownership of EXTENDE and should be considered as confidential
CIVA Software 72/71 Ref : ENDE16T008 Rev. 00
The information contained in this document is the ownership of EXTENDE and should be considered as confidential