Mech Stds 3-OHP

Mechanical Standards for Inert Gas Systems
Inert Gas Systems
All types of inert gas systems are to comply with the

following:
1. Plans in diagrammatic form are to be submitted for

appraisal and should include the following:
 Details and arrangement of the inert gas

generating plant including all control and
monitoring devices;
 Arrangement of the piping system for

distribution of the inert gas.
2. An automatic control capable of producing suitable inert

gas under all service conditions is to be fitted.
3.Materials used in inert gas systems are to be suitable for

their intended purpose in accordance with the Rules of
the Classification Society.
4.All the equipment is to be installed on board and tested

under working conditions to the satisfaction of the
Surveyor.
5.Subsequent surveys are to be carried out at the intervals

required by the Classification Society Rules.
1
Inert Gas Systems on Tankers Carrying

Crude Oil and Petroleum Products
The following requirements apply where an inert gas

system based on boiler flue gas and oil fired inert
gas generators is fitted on board tankers intended
for the carriage of crude oil and petroleum products
in bulk having a flashpoint not exceeding 60°C
(closed cup test) as determined by an approved
flashpoint apparatus, and a Reid vapour pressure,
which is below atmospheric pressure, and other
liquid products having a similar fire hazard.
The inert gas system is to comply with the

requirements of Regulation 62 of Chapter II-2 of the
International Convention for the Safety of Life at
Sea, 1974, as amended Ch. 15 of the FSS Code,
insofar as they are applicable to new ships only.
Any use of the word "Administration" in the

Regulation is to be considered as meaning the
relevant Classification Society.
2
In addition to the requirements detailed in Regulation 62

Ch. 15 of the FSS Code, the following is to be complied
with:
1) When two blowers are provided, the total required

capacity of the inert gas system is preferably to be
divided equally between the two blowers, and in no
case is one blower to have a capacity less than 1/3 of
the total capacity required.
2) Those parts of scrubbers, blowers, non-return devices,

scrubber effluent and other drain pipes are to be either
constructed of corrosion resistant material or lined with
rubber, glass fibre epoxy resin or other equivalent
coating material.
3) The compartment in which any oil fired inert gas

generator is situated is to be treated as machinery
space of Category A with respect to fire protection.
4) Arrangements are to be made to vent the inert gas from

oil fired inert gas generators to the atmosphere when
the inert gas produced is off specification, e.g., during
start-up or in the event of equipment failure.
5) Automatic shut-down of the oil fuel supply to inert gas

generators is to be arranged on predetermined limits
being reached with respect to low water pressure or low
water flow rate to the cooling and scrubbing
arrangement and with respect to high gas temperature.
6) Automatic shut-down of the gas regulating valve is to be

arranged with respect to failure of the power supply to
the oil fired inert gas generators.
3
Requirements for Inert Gas Systems on

Chemical Tankers
The inert gas system is to comply with the

requirements of Resolution A.567(14).
As an alternative to the water seal in the inert gas

line on deck, an arrangement consisting of two shut-
off valves in series with a venting valve in between
may be accepted (double block and bleed) . The
following conditions apply:
- The operation of the valve is to be automatically

executed. Signal(s) for opening/closing is (are) to be
taken from the process directly, e.g. inert gas flow or
differential pressure.
- Alarm for faulty operation of the valves is to be

provided, e.g. the operation status of "Blower stop"
and "supply valve(s) open" is an alarm condition.
4
Nitrogen Generator Systems

The following requirements are specific only to the gas
generator system and apply where inert gas is produced by
separating air into its component gases by passing
compressed air through a bundle of hollow fibres, semi-
permeable membranes or adsorber materials.
Where such systems are provided in place of the boiler flue

gas or oil fired inert gas generators referred to in sections
F20.2 and F20.3, the following requirements of Reg.II-2/62 the
FSS Code, Ch. 15 or equivalent requirements of Resolution
A.567(14) remain applicable for the piping arrangements,
alarms and instrumentation downstream of the gas
generator.
A nitrogen generator consists of a feed air treatment system

and any number of membrane or absorber modules in
parallel necessary to meet the required capacity which is to
be at least 125% of the maximum discharge capacity of the
ship expressed as a volume.
The air compressor and the nitrogen generator may be

installed in the engine room or in a separate compartment. A
separate compartment is to be treated as one of "Other
machinery spaces" with respect to fire protection.
Where a separate compartment is provided, it is to be

positioned outside the cargo area and is to be fitted with an
independent mechanical extraction ventilation system
providing 6 air changes per hour.
A low oxygen alarm is to be fitted as well.
The compartment is to have no direct access to

accommodation spaces, service spaces and control stations.
5
The nitrogen generator is to be capable of delivering high

purity nitrogen with O2 content not exceeding 5% by volume.
The system is to be fitted with automatic means to discharge
"off-spec" gas to the atmosphere during start-up and
abnormal operation.
The system is to be provided with two air compressors. The

total required capacity of the system is preferably to be
divided equally between the two compressors, and in no
case is one compressor to have a capacity less than 1/3 of
the total capacity required. Only one air compressor may be
accepted provided that sufficient spares for the air
compressor and its prime mover are carried on board to
enable their failure to be rectified by the ship's crew.
A feed air treatment system is to be fitted to remove free

water, particles and traces of oil from the compressed air,
and to preserve the specification temperature.
Where fitted, a nitrogen receiver/buffer tank may be installed

in a dedicated compartment or in the separate compartment
containing the air compressor and the generator or may be
located in the cargo area. Where the nitrogen receiver/buffer
tank is installed in an enclosed space, the access is to be
arranged only from the open deck and the access door is to
open outwards. Permanent ventilation and alarm are to be
fitted as required.
The oxygen-enriched air from the nitrogen generator and the

nitrogen-product enriched gas from the protective devices of
the nitrogen receiver are to be discharged to a safe location
on the open deck.
In order to permit maintenance, means of isolation are to be

fitted between the generator and the receiver.
6
At least two non-return devices are to be fitted in the inert

gas supply main, one of which is to be of the double block
and bleed arrangement. The second non-return device is to
be equipped with positive means of closure.
Instrumentation is to be provided for continuously indicating

the temperature and pressure of air:
1. At the discharge side of the compressor,

2. At the entrance side of the nitrogen generator.
Instrumentation is to be fitted for continuously indicating and

permanently recording the oxygen content of the inert gas
downstream of the nitrogen generator when inert gas is
being supplied.
The instrumentation is to be placed in the cargo control room

and in the machinery control room (or in the machinery
space).
Audible and visual alarms are to be provided to indicate :
1. Low feed-air pressure from compressor

2. High air temperature
3. High condensate level at automatic drain of water
separator
4. Failure of electrical heater, if fitted,
5. Oxygen content in excess of that required
6. Failure of power supply to the instrumentation
Automatic shut-down of the system is to be arranged upon

alarm conditions as required. The alarms required are to be
fitted in the machinery space and cargo control room, where
provided, but in each case in such a position that they are
immediately received by responsible members of the crew.
7
AGITATORS
Certain processing operations, such as blending

dispersion, dissolution, gas absorption, crystallization etc.,
need agitators of the liquids.
In such operations an agitator system has to be provided
along with the basic equipment.
The basic equipment may be a tank, a reaction vessel, a
kettle or a crystallizer.
Selection of an efficient agitation system will depend on
the nature of liquid, operating conditions and the intensity
of circulation and shear.
The factors for selection to be considered are:
(1) type of agitator,
(2) Circulation pattern,
(3) Location of the agitator in the basic equipment
(4) Shape and size of tank,
(5) Diameter and width of agitator
(6) Method of baffling,
(7) Power required for agitation,
(8) Shaft overhang and
(9) Type of stuffing box or seal bearing, drive system,
etc. Some of the factors are considered below in
detail.
8
TYPES OF AGITATORS
Mechanical agitator can be divided into seven basic

groups, namely paddles, turbines propellers, helical
screws, cones, radial propellers and high speed discs.
Agitator having a small blade area which rotate at high

speeds such as propellers, flat and cured blade turbines
are used to mix liquids having low and medium viscosities,
up to 1,000 and 50,000 cps respectively.
Agitators having a large blade area which rotate at slow

speeds such as anchors, gates and helical screws are
more effective for mixing high viscosity liquids.
Agitator are mounted either vertically at the tope of the

tank known as top- entering or on the side of the tank
known as side–entering.
Top–entering agitators can also be mounted angularly off-

centre.
Top-entering agitators are used for larger and higher

power per unit volume applications.
Side-entering propeller agitators are very economical and

effective. However, these cannot be used with fluids
having corrosive of erosive properties.
9
Paddle Agitator
The blades of these agitators normally extend close to the

tank wall.
They are simply pushers and cause the mass to rotate in a

laminar swirling motion with practically no radial flow along
the paddle blades or any axial flow.
The circulation is poor and the mixing action is inefficient.
The speed of rotation is very slow, and is generally

between 80 to 150 metres per minute.
Highly viscous liquids and pastes are agitated by multiple

blae paddles.
Such paddles are made to rotate between intermeshing

stationary fingers.
A counter rotating pair of multiple paddles creates a high

localised shear.
The width of the blades is ¼ to 1/10 th of the paddle

diameter. The most common paddle diameter is 0.8 times
the tank diameter.
10
Turbine Agitators
These have a variety of shapes such as radial, pitched
and back- sloped
They are capable of creating a vigorous mixing action, due

to centrifugal and rotational motion, generated by them.
The back-sloped turbine agitator offers maximum power

economy.
A stator ring surrounding this agitator gives an efficient

mixing action.
A radial bladed turbine gives a higher discharge velocity

but requires more power.
The more commonly used type is the pitched blade

turbine, which gives both radial and axial flow.
The axial flow in this type of agitator is the lesser of the

two flows and varies with the number of blades, the pitch
angle and the blade height.
The approximate peripheral speed for the turbine agitator

is 200 to 250 metres per minute.
All the three types of turbine agitators can be constructed

either with blades directly attached to a hub or blades
attached to a centre disc.
11
Generally the diameter of the agitator is kept between a

third and sixth of the tank diameter depending on the
circulation required.
The blade length is a fourth of the agitator diameter.
With central disc it is 1/8th of the agitator diameter.
The blade angle of a curved blade turbine agitator may

vary between 30º and 60º. In general the higher the
viscosity, the greater must be the blade angle to keep the
power requirement to a minimum.
The number of turbine agitator to be used is determined

by the following equation:
Max. liquid height x average specific gravity.
No. of agitators = -----------------------------------------------------------
Tank diameter
The distance between the agitators should be 1 to 1.5

agitator diameter.
It is common to locate the agitator, at a height not less

than one agitator diameter length from the bottom and the
agitator should be submerged with liquid by a depth equal
to twice the agitator diameter at low speeds and four times
at high speeds.
If the depth of liquid is more than twice the agitator

diameter, it may be advisable to use two agitators.
12
Propeller Agitator
A propeller agitator is shaped with a tapering blade
to minimise the effect of centrifugal force and
produce a maximum axial flow.
It may be mounted centrally, off-centre of at an angle

to the tank.
It is simple and portable.
The diameter of this agitator is usually between 15

and 30% of the tank diameter and its peripheral
speed is generally between 300 and 500 meters per
minute.
It can therefore be directly coupled to a standard

electric motor.
It is considered as the most economic unit for

simpler mixing jobs, particularly in small tanks.
13
Helical Screw & Cone Type Agitators

Helical screw agitator is an effective device for mixing high
viscosity liquids.
The screw drives the liquid from the vessel bottom to the
top surface of the liquid. Alternatively, screws may be
operated in the reverse direction to drive the liquid to the
bottom of the vessel.
Baffles in a screw agitated vessel help to create

turbulence.
These should be set away from the vessel wall, thus

allowing the turbulence created to travel around the baffle
and entrain the otherwise slowly moving liquid in contact
with the vessel wall.
Sometimes the screw is placed off centre in which case

baffles may be avoided. However, this arrangement
requires more power.
Cone Type Agitator is built with shallow vertical vanes on

the inside periphery.
Flow is generated between the peripheries of the narrow

and wide throats of the cone.
It is specially used for handing fibrous and dence slurries.
Its speed is similar to that of the turbine.
14
Radial Propeller, High Speed Disc and

Double Motion Agitators
Radial Propeller agitator has blades fixed at the end of a
rotating arm.
The blades are pitched to the direction of rotation.
By varying the height, width, and particularly the angle of

pitch, turbulence of shear can be controlled.
High speed disc agitator has a disc with corrugations.
The speed of the agitator provides sufficient centrifugal

force through surface friction to generate a flow.
It produces high shear and helps disintegration of low

density fibrous solids.
Double motion agitator has a mixer screw with double

motion located in a conical vessel.
The screw rotates about its own axis at a fairly high speed
and also rotates slowly around the vertical vessel axis.
The vessel wall and the mixer screw are both heated.
15
BAFFLING
Baffling is essential for efficient mixing action.
No baffling is required for a simple swirling motion.
The most perfect baffling is the curved deflecting ring.
The common practice is to use baffles attached to tank
walls. Their size and disposition are as follows:
(1) Four baffles should be mounted vertically on the tank
wall, projecting radially from the wall and located 90º
apart.
(2) Baffles width should be a tenth to a twelfth of the tank
diameter.
(3) Baffles height should be at least two impeller diameters
and approximately centred on the agitator.
(4) For baffles set out from the wall, the width may be 1 /
12th of the tank diameter with an offset of approximately
1/5th of the baffle width.
(5) With coils in the tank, the baffles should be placed
inside the coil.
For large diameter tanks (6 metres and above) the number

of baffles may be increased to six .
For high viscosity liquids (viscosity in the region of 200
poise) angle baffle are preferable. For viscosities above
600 poise, the baffle may be eliminated completely
Baffles are provided to avoid vortex formation at gas-liquid
interface and to provide high degree of mixing in the tank.
16
Characteristics of a baffled tank
Top to bottom turnover with complete intermixing of

all field streams throughout the entire vessel.
The absence of vortex through which air is drawn

down into the field.
The absence of swirling flow pattern as contrasted to

top-to-bottom turnover.
In most mixing processes a baffled flow pattern is

desirable.
However when It is necessary to draw down

powders from the surface unbaffled flow pattern is
preferable.
17
DESIGN OF AGITATION SYSTEM COMPONENTS
In order to rotate the agitator at the required speed,

It is attached to a shaft.
The driving system usually consists of the shafts,

coupling, bearings gearing, pulleys and belts.
The power is supplied by an electric motor, a

hydraulic motor or a steam turbine.
In the case of toxic, flammable or volatile materials

or liquids under pressure, special provision has to be
made to prevent leakage, between the shaft and the
portion of the vessel surrounding the shaft.
To allow free rotation of the shaft a clearance must

be maintained between these adjacent parts.
A stuffing box or a seal is used for preventing

leakage through this clearance.
18
Classification of pumps
Pumps are in general classified as Centrifugal
Pumps or Positive Displacement Pumps.
Centrifugal Pumps produce a head and a flow by
increasing the velocity of the liquid through the
machine with the help of a rotating vane impeller
.
The centrifugal pump types can be classified as:
 End suction pump
 In-line pump
 Double suction pump
 Vertical multistage pump
 Horizontal multistage pump
 Submersible pumps
 Self-priming pumps
 Axial-flow pumps
 Regenerative pumps
Positive Displacement Pump operates by alternating of
filling a cavity and then displacing a given volume of liquid.
The positive displacement pump delivers a constant

volume of liquid against varying discharge pressure or
head.
The positive displacement pump types can be classified
as:
 Reciprocating pumps
 Power pumps
 Steam pumps
 Rotary pumps
19
Selecting between Centrifugal or Positive

Displacement Pumps
Flow Rate and Pressure Head

 The Centrifugal Pump has varying flow depending on
the system pressure or head
 The Positive Displacement Pump has more or less a
constant flow regardless of the system pressure or
head. Positive Displacement pumps generally gives
more pressure than Centrifugal Pump's.
Capacity and Viscosity

 In the Centrifugal Pump the flow is reduced when the
viscosity is increased
 In the Positive Displacement Pump the flow is increased
when viscosity is increased
Mechanical Efficiency
 Changing the system pressure or head has little or no
effect on the flow rate in the Positive Displacement
Pump
 Changing the system pressure or head has a dramatic
effect on the flow rate in the Centrifugal Pump
Net Positive Suction Head - NPSH

 In a Centrifugal Pump, NPSH varies as a function of flow
determined by pressure
 In a Positive Displacement Pump, NPSH varies as a
function of flow determined by speed. Reducing the
20
speed of the Positive Displacement Pump, reduces the

NPSH.
21
Centrifugal Pumps
A centrifugal pump converts the input power to

kinetic energy in the liquid by accelerating the liquid
by a revolving device - an impeller.
The energy created by the pump is kinetic energy
according the Bernoulli Equation.
The energy transferred to the liquid corresponds to
the velocity at the edge or vane tip of the impeller.
The faster the impeller revolves or the bigger the
impeller is, the higher will the velocity of the liquid
energy transferred to the liquid be.
Pressure and Head

If the discharge of a centrifugal pump is pointed
straight up into the air the fluid will pumped to a
certain height - or head - called the shut off head.
This maximum head is mainly determined by the
outside diameter of the pump's impeller and the
speed of the rotating shaft.
The head will change as the capacity of the pump is
altered.
22
The kinetic energy of a liquid coming out of an

impeller is obstructed by creating a resistance in the
flow. The first resistance is created by the pump
casing, which catches the liquid and slows it down.
When the liquid slows down the kinetic energy is
converted to pressure energy.
 It is the resistance to the pump's flow that is read
on a pressure gauge attached to the discharge
line.
A pump does not create pressure, it only creates
flow. Pressure is a measurement of the resistance to
flow.
Head is a measurement of the height of the liquid
column the pump creates from the kinetic energy the
pump gives to the liquid.
 The main reason for using head instead of
pressure to measure a centrifugal pump's
energy is that the pressure from a pump will
change if the specific gravity (weight) of the
liquid changes, but the head will not.
23
Different Types of Pump Head
Total Static Head - Total head when the pump is not

running
Total Dynamic Head (Total System Head) - Total head
when the pump is running
Static Suction Head - Head on the suction side, with
pump off, if the head is higher than the pump impeller
Static Suction Lift - Head on the suction side, with pump
off, if the head is lower than the pump impeller
Static Discharge Head - Head on discharge side of
pump with the pump off
Dynamic Suction Head/Lift - Head on suction side of
pump with pump on
Dynamic Discharge Head - Head on discharge side of
pump with pump on
The head is measured in either feet or meters and can
be converted to common units for pressure as psi or
bar.
Pump will pump all fluids to the same height if the shaft
is turning at the same rpm.
The only difference between the fluids is the amount of
power it takes to get the shaft to the proper rpm. The
higher the specific gravity of the fluid the more power is
required.
24
Condensate Pumping
High temperatures and the danger of impeller

cavitation is the major challenge of condensate
pumping
Often its necessary to pump generated condensate

from heat exchangers and other consumers widely
distributed in the plant, back to the condensate
receiver in the boiler house.
A special challenge with hot condensate, which is

often close to 212oF (100oC), is cavitation of the
pump and the pump impeller.
Centrifugal pumps generates lower pressure behind

the wheels, and the hot condensate temporarily
evaporate and expand on the back side of the vanes
- before it implodes and condensate. Over time this
will erode and destroy the pump impeller.
To avoid the problem there are two alternative

solutions:
 Add pressure to the suction side of the pump
 Use a pressure powered pump instead of a
centrifugal pump.
25
Pumping of Other Liquids as LPG
The pumping of other boiling liquids - as LPG (-43oC

in normal atmospheric pressure) - offers the same
challenges to the manufactures and users.
LPG is stored at exactly its boiling point (at the

actual pressure in the tank) and any increase of
temperature, as well as any decrease in pressure,
will cause the product to boil and form vapor. In
many installations, the suction friction head is equal
or larger than the static suction head, making the
available NPSH a negative value.
The pressure drop due to the flow restrictions in the

inlet piping system, e.g., excess flow valve, control
valves, fittings, strainer, etc., will induce the LPG
vapor formation at the pump’s suction port.
26
Alternating Pumps
Secure the system and achieve equal wear by alternate
pumps in parallel
Critical systems should always be equipped with more than
one pump.
Choosing between the installation of one or more backup
pumps depends on the costs of the installation and how
critical the operation of the system is and the delivery and
installation time of a new pump.
If two or more pumps are used, the operation between the
pumps should be systematically altered to achieve equal
wear.
Alternatives for Alternating Pumps

 manual alteration - where the operator selects the lead
pump and the sequence of the lag pumps.
 duty alternation - where the lead pump change every
time the pump or system is stopped.
 timed alternation - where the lead pump is switched by a
timer or clock.
 equal run time - where the lead pump is switched to
achieve the same operating time for each pump.
Note! Running an automatic system for equalizing the wear

of the pumps has the advantage of extending the time before
repair and reinvestments.and has the disadvantage that all
pumps may wear out on at the same time - reducing the
operation safety for the whole system.
27
Cavitation - an Introduction
Cavitation occurs in a fluid flow system when the local
static pressure is below the vapor pressure.
Cavitation - a common problem in pumps and control
valves - causing serious wear and tear and damage.
Under the wrong condition, cavitation will reduce the
components life time dramatically.
Cavitation may occur when the local static pressure in a

fluid reach a level below the vapor pressure of the liquid at
the actual temperature.
According to the Bernoulli Equation this may happen when

the fluid accelerates in a control valve or around a pump
impeller.
The vaporization itself does not cause the damage - the

damage happens when the vapor almost immediately
collapses after evaporation when the velocity is decreased
and pressure increased.
Cavitation can in general be avoided by increasing the

distance between the actual local static pressure in the
fluid - and the vapor pressure of the fluid at the actual
temperature, which can be done by:
 reengineering components initiating high speed
velocities and low static pressures
 increasing the total or local static pressure in the
system
28
 reducing the temperature of the fluid
Dynamic, Absolute and Kinematic Viscosity

An introduction to dynamic, absolute and kinematic
viscosity and how to convert between
CentiStokes (cSt), CentiPoises (cP), Saybolt
Universal Seconds (SSU) and degree Engler
The viscosity of a fluid is a very important property in the

analysis of liquid behavior and fluid motion near a solid
boundary.
The viscosity of a fluid is its resistance to shear or flow
and is a measure of the fluids adhesive/cohesive or
frictional properties.
The resistance is caused by intermolecular friction exerted
when layers of fluids attempts to slide by an other.
The knowledge of viscosity is often necessary for proper
design of required temperatures for storage, pumping or
injection of fluids.
Dynamic (absolute) Viscosity is the tangential force

per unit area required to move one horizontal
plane with respect to the other at unit velocity
when maintained a unit distance apart by the
fluid.
Kinematic Viscosity
29
is the ratio of absolute or dynamic viscosity to the density,

a quantity in which no force is involved.
Viscosity Values and Specific Gravity of

some Typical Liquids
Saybolt
Centipoise Centistokes Second Typical Specific
(cp) (cSt) Universal liquid Gravity
(SSU)
1 1 31 Water 1.0
3.2 4 40 Milk -
No. 4 fuel
12.6 15.7 80 0.82 - 0.95
oil
16.5 20.6 100 Cream -
Vegetable
34.6 43.2 200 0.91 - 0.95
oil
88 110 500 SAE 10 oil 0.88 - 0.94
Tomato
176 220 1000 -
Juice
352 440 2000 SAE 30 oil 0.88 - 0.94
880 1100 5000 Glycerine 1.26
1561 1735 8000 SAE 50 oil 0.88 - 0.94
1760 2200 10,000 Honey -
5000 6250 28,000 Mayonnaise -
8640 10,800 50,000 Molasses B 1.40 - 1.49
15,200 19,000 86,000 Sour cream -
17,640 19,600 90,000 SAE 70 oil 0.88 - 0.94
30
Centipoise = centistokes x specific gravity -

where specific gravity is assumed to be 0.8
(except for water).
31
Valve Standards in The Petrochemical &

Refining Industry
valve standards are dynamic documents that reflect sound
engineering practice, changes in market demands and
changes in technology and manufacturing procedures.
This document focuses on some of the important standards

that affect steel, gate, globe and check valves in refineries
and petrochemical installations.
API 600 Steel Valves - Flanged & Buttwelding Ends

API 602 Compact Steel Gate Valves- Flanged,
Threaded, Welding & Extended-Body Ends
API 603 Class 150, Cast, Corrosion-Resistant,
Flanged-End Gate Valves
API 608 Metal Ball Valves-Flanged and Butt-Welding
Ends
API 609 Butterfly Valves, Lug-Type and Wafer Type
API 598 Valve Inspection & Testing
API 6D Specification for Pipeline Valves (Gate,
Plug, Ball and Check Valves)
ASME/ANSI Steel Valves - Flanged & Buttwelding Ends
B16.34
ASME/ANSI Face-to-Face Dimensions of Ferrous Valves
B16.10
MSS SP-55 Quality Standard for Steel Castings for
Valves, Flanges and Fittings and Other
Piping Components
32
Safety Valve Standards
Standard No. Description

Germany
A. D. Merkblatt Pressure Vessel Equipment safety devices against excess
A2 pressure - safety valves
TRD 421 Technical Equipment for Steam Boilers Safeguards against
excessive pressure - safety valves for boilers of groups I, III & IV
TRD 721 Technical Equipment for Steam Boilers Safeguards against
excessive pressure- safety valves for steam boilers group II
United Kingdom, UK
BS 6759 Part 1 specification for safety valves for steam and hot water
Part 2 specification for safety valves for compressed air and inert
gas
Part 3 specification for safety valves for process fluids
France
AFNOR NFE-E Safety and relief valves
29-411 to 416
NFE-E-29-421 Safety and relief valves
Korea
KS B 6216 Spring loaded safety valves for steam boilers & pressure vessels
Japan
JIS B 8210 Steam boilers and pressure vessels - spring loaded safety valves
Australia
Safety valves, other valves, liquid level gauges and other fittings
SAA AS1271
for boilers and unfired pressure vessels
USA
ASME I Boiler applications
ASME III Nuclear applications
ASME VIII Unfired Pressure Vessel Applications
ANSI/ASME Safety and Relief Valves - performance test codes
PTC 25.3
Sizing selection and installation of pressure relieving devices in
API RP 520
refineries, Part 1 Design, Part 2 Installation
API RP 521 Guide for pressure relieving and depressurizing systems
API STD 526 Flanged steel pressure relief valves
API STD 527 Seat tightness of pressure relief valves
Europe
EN ISO 4126 Safety devices for protection against excessive pressure
International
ISO 4126 Safety valves - general requirements
33
Classifications of valves
Categories of Valves Application Description
Flow regulating valves For controlling rate of flow.
Temperature regulating For controlling fluid temperature in a system.
valves
Automatic process control For controlling rate of flow relative to value.
valves
Anti vacuum valves An automatic type of air valve preventing the formation
of vacuum in tanks or pipelines.
Blow down valves A valve which is used for cleaning sludge from a boiler.
Bulkhead valves A gate valve.
Free ball valves A valve in which a ball is free to rotate in any direction.
Fusible link or fire valves A fire preventiuon valve which has a weighted lever
hold open by a wire and fusible link which melts at an
increase of room temperature.
Hydraulic valves A control valve for water, oil, or hydraulic systems.
Jet dispersal valve A valve incorporating an element by virtue of which the
energy within the emitting jet is dissipated.
Penstock A single faced type of valve consisting of an open
frame and a door and used in terminal positions only.
Normal located in tanks or channels for controlling flow
in to a pipe.
Plate valves A gate valve incorporating a sluicing effect.
Radiator valves A valve controlling the flow of water through a radiator.
Rotary slide valve A valve in which a rotation of internal parts regulates
flow by opening ar closing a series of segmental ports.
Rotary valve A spherical plug valve in which the plug, which rotates
through 90o.
Solenoid valve A valve operated by by an electrical solenoid.
Spectacle eye valve A parallel slide valve.
Thermostatic mixing valve A valve which combines temperature.
Throttle valve A non tight closing butterfly valve.
34
35

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Mechanical Standards for Inert Gas Systems

Inert Gas Systems

All types of inert gas systems are to comply with the

1. Plans in diagrammatic form are to be submitted for

 Details and arrangement of the inert gas

 Arrangement of the piping system for

2. An automatic control capable of producing suitable inert

3.Materials used in inert gas systems are to be suitable for

4.All the equipment is to be installed on board and tested

5.Subsequent surveys are to be carried out at the intervals

Inert Gas Systems on Tankers Carrying

The following requirements apply where an inert gas

The inert gas system is to comply with the

Any use of the word "Administration" in the

In addition to the requirements detailed in Regulation 62

1) When two blowers are provided, the total required

2) Those parts of scrubbers, blowers, non-return devices,

3) The compartment in which any oil fired inert gas

4) Arrangements are to be made to vent the inert gas from

5) Automatic shut-down of the oil fuel supply to inert gas

6) Automatic shut-down of the gas regulating valve is to be

Requirements for Inert Gas Systems on

The inert gas system is to comply with the

As an alternative to the water seal in the inert gas

- The operation of the valve is to be automatically

- Alarm for faulty operation of the valves is to be

Nitrogen Generator Systems

Where such systems are provided in place of the boiler flue

A nitrogen generator consists of a feed air treatment system

The air compressor and the nitrogen generator may be

Where a separate compartment is provided, it is to be

A low oxygen alarm is to be fitted as well.

The compartment is to have no direct access to

The nitrogen generator is to be capable of delivering high

The system is to be provided with two air compressors. The

A feed air treatment system is to be fitted to remove free

Where fitted, a nitrogen receiver/buffer tank may be installed

The oxygen-enriched air from the nitrogen generator and the

In order to permit maintenance, means of isolation are to be

At least two non-return devices are to be fitted in the inert

Instrumentation is to be provided for continuously indicating

1. At the discharge side of the compressor,

Instrumentation is to be fitted for continuously indicating and

The instrumentation is to be placed in the cargo control room

Audible and visual alarms are to be provided to indicate :

1. Low feed-air pressure from compressor

Automatic shut-down of the system is to be arranged upon

Certain processing operations, such as blending

Mechanical agitator can be divided into seven basic

Agitator having a small blade area which rotate at high

Agitators having a large blade area which rotate at slow

Agitator are mounted either vertically at the tope of the

Top–entering agitators can also be mounted angularly off-

Top-entering agitators are used for larger and higher

Side-entering propeller agitators are very economical and

The blades of these agitators normally extend close to the

They are simply pushers and cause the mass to rotate in a

The circulation is poor and the mixing action is inefficient.

The speed of rotation is very slow, and is generally

Highly viscous liquids and pastes are agitated by multiple

Such paddles are made to rotate between intermeshing

A counter rotating pair of multiple paddles creates a high

The width of the blades is ¼ to 1/10 th of the paddle