\-
. 'w"
FneNcu RESEARCHERs Cécile
MourerChauviré and her husband,
Ro1and Moureq landed in Cambo-
dia h L964, they never expected
to change history She was trained
as a paleornithologist and he, while
stationed under the Rench military'toopération" program
to teach in a local school, was finishing a Ph.D. in pràhisioric
ceramics and modern pottery making in the province of Kam-
pong Chhnang. Both hadworked on excavations ofPaleolithic
cave sites in Rance. Although Mourer's initial posting was for
20 months, the couple ended up staying for six years. Along
the way they made a discovery that transformed not only their
lives, but also the accepted record of Cambodian prehistory
Shortly after they arrived, the Mourers began looking for
æ ARCHAEOLOGY.January,/Feb,ra.
potential archaeological sites to explore. Theyvisited the far
\Mestern province of Battambang, where the governor told
them about a cave among limestone massifs near a village
called Sdao. Alocal guide led them to a rural area near the cave.
formerly forested but newly planted with crops. The couple
traveled by oxcart-no cars could make the rugged trip. "It
was a true frontier," MourerChauviré says. "It seemed ven-
few people had been in the cave before."
The vast and airy shelter sits about a 10-minute waik up
the side of a mountain called PhnomTèakTieang. In a report
published in 1970, the Mourers \Mrore that the chamber is
"lit by numerous vents sepârâted by natural vaults in the
form of arches." Those arches give the site its name, Laane
Spean, which means "Cave of Bridges." The scene todar- rs
not so very difi-erent. Far from the pavement, traflic, anc
- .
 6t
-nJf,o ueeq â Brl l?qt sells Pug ol EIpoqIlI?3 rrr ârEr s(]I
'o8e sreel 000'Il, se 3uo1 sB â Br âql pesn a,rrq luur aldoad
'lce1 u1 'aroru qcnur----êrour ,fie111 pue sæel, ggg'971ceq sao8
]eql uorledncJo rrBrtrulqeoll-erd e;o uuadg 3uue1 re ef,uapl e
uo â sr arerp puy'f,'s 0002 ol 000'0I llq8nor urory Sur8uer
sâtep qll {'erseuopul yo spuBISI âruos PrrB 'sot1 'pueprga ol
rrreutar urâr{uou ruo4'ersy}seeq}nos ssorle pegl}uePl uaâq
â^Br{ se}rs uBIguIqBoH 'uaq} ecurg 'luulo:) eurâlepeÿV lsrSolo
-âBr{f,re qf,uâJt Âg nA uI rueurel^ urâI{uou uI pâre ocslp
lsrg se.lt ern{m aqa'o8e sreal 666'5 pue 000'II uââ1§eq o}
Supep slool euols srl ,(q areg paglluâpl sI gcrqrrr'uenrulqeoH
er{} sB u.4ÀorrT arft]1nc rerag]u8-reltmg crro]srqerd âq]Jo esoql
qlr,rt sar]Iru1rtuls er?qs ueedg 3uee1 te punoJ s]f,BJIuE rerlreg
'o8e s.rre,( 66€'€ punore 'poued orqlrloeN eqt urory are s8rnpug
lueJeJ ]soru er{J 1t\oleq reej 9I o} ecBJJns eq} ruoü grdep pue
'sreo^ OOO'll, se rel se 1req
Eultep spuu rll!^ 'e!sv lseêqlnos
u! sêlls lefloolooeqile lueuodtu!
lsour orll Io ouo ..'sê6pyg lo
ê^e1,, ro'uEôdS 6uee1 o1 gutotl s!
êcu!^ord oueqlrleueg s.elpoqueJ
urolsorv\ u! Eueorl IeoI utour,{d se
uilouÏ ulelunou ouolsotull otll
610^ôo oôe-:-:
ârurl ur 4ceq o3 reqr sralel ur pegnuâpr ueeq.4Àou seg suoued
-nf, Jo rrzunq tf, urlslp aeJI{} Jo âouepr.tg'sarnlpc lueru pauod
-dns tegl lueuruorr^uâ rre uI eJIIpLI/ûJo âf,rrcpunqe uB pâuletsns
puEI slql 'ool (trnbrlue u1 'ueer8;o sapel{s uI puBI erlt Teoll
urotr puu e^BSSBf, Jo splâg 1ryyrua1d 'sureld pl.anlle Surpuno:
rns eql pu? urBlunolu âql qcueJP surBr uoosuoru uâI{l§
'sâuots âr{} ur sâJlÀerc Suoure
8ur,(g'epuueJâs pue doo.Lrs s^\olIE,l\S'aplstno teag e,ussarddo
âq] urory elrdsar âruorlâÀ\ sepr,rorLqSrq ]âeJ 00I rePun
lsnf pue 'eprÀ\ ]eeJ 79 '3uo1 ]eeJ g3t âuros--JolJâtur aqJ
'8u1pac pue slp,4. Tf,or s(â^Br agr ur sde8 g8norgr eurgs ter{l
rg3111o srupeq âqt roJ rnq rurp puu Ioof, 'ecu ds Sutzrrarusâur
e or speel Suruedo ue erer1.,t'ecuelluâ s(â^BJ erll ol uletunour
arlr dn speârqt per] daals 'rrogs y 'sp1ag âlltrâJ Jo seJ)B pIIrrE
edecspuq aql urory stnl Sueara TEaJ ruouqd 'sarlrl 3lo asrou
pied continually for so long.
Archaeological research here has
long been primarily concerned t
with the Angkor Empire, rvhich ai
{,
dominated the region from the 1,r:

ninth to the âfteenth centuries

A.D. "Prehistory in Cambodia
is not well known," says Heng
Sophady deputy director general
for cultural heritage at the Min-
istry of Culrure and Fine Arts
and coleader ofa team ofFrench
and Khmer archaeologists on a
long-term mission to unearth the
story of Laang Spean. The cave
holds evidence of Cambodian
history that extends thousands
and thousands of years before
hgko., saysAlison Carter, a Uni-
&
versity of Oregon anthropolog.rl
archaeologist whose fieldwork
focuses on the daily lives and
residential areas of Angkorian
people. IJnlike many sites in the
region, she explains, Laang Spean Laâng Spean's vast interior, which a teâm of Khmer and French archaeologists, geologists,
paleontologists, ând other scientists has been investigating for the past tO years, holds
allows scholars to see how differ
evidence of at leâst three different prehistoric cultures.
ent peoples interacted with their
environment over manythousands ofyears. In fact, according small animals such as birds, bats, rodents, geckos, and fish, along
to Sophady and his colleagues, Laang Spean is the fust major with rock masses composed of the iron oxidmich soil called
cave excavation where researchers are able to trace not only laterite that the Mourers thought were brought to the cave by
the archaeological but also the biological, geological, and the people inhabiting it, though nothing more is known about
environmental historyof Cambodia. Aframework of mainland these rocks. They also found two tools made of dark-colored
Southeast Asian prehistory is slowly emerging from the cave. hornfels, a metamorphic rock so named because of its resem-
Hubert Forestier of the National Museum of Natural History blance to animal horn. These discoveries were enough to con-
in Rance says it is the most important site in Cambodia" and vince them that further research was essential, and they made
in the entire region. plans to contirrue diggrng.
The Mourers returned to the cave annually with student
LIRING THEIR INITIAI VISIT to Laang Spean more than archaeologists from the Royal lJniversity of Fine Arts in Phnom
half a century ago, the Mourers camped and worked Penh. Their excavations took them through layers of sediment
for aweek, sleeping on the cave fooq eating canned in which they found an array of short axes, side scrapers, and end
food, and boiling rice on a small gas cooker. "'\ÿ'e found that scrapers thought to have been used for cutting wood, butcher
it was really beautifiJ," says MourerChauviré. And wild. One ing animals, crushing bones, and scraping hides. The Mourers
morning, she went outside, also identified layers contairr
near a banana field. There, ing fragments of pottery with
in the dust, was a very large grooved bands, incisions, cord
footprint with the impression impressions, and other decor
of pads Iike those of a dog, tions. They collected an assorf
"but much larger...the size of
aplate," she recalls. Itwas the
Roland Mourer and Cécile
print of a tiger. Mourer-Chauviré dine in
On their first day of excavæ' a thâtch hut ât the foot of
tion, the Mourers found a fine- Laang Spean in the late
ly chipped fint tool. Further l96Os. The couple worked
investigation unearthed pof there together until 197O and
uncovered some of the first
tery fragments, burned bones, evidence of Laang Speân's
mollusks, and the remains of extraordinarily long history,

50 ARCHAEOLOGY . January/Febrr-ary. 23-:

L9
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eqr sdzgred ro srapuaS luaregrp eqr ot luecgruErs llunrrrrds
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pue 'qlnos Sulrurod speârl qtlrt{ ge 'ueru e E epnpur esel{I
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punoj sur{ uree} erlJ'e Br arl} ur peep rreqr permq pue 's1eur
-rue pasreJ 'sdorc -r,rer8 rerlg re18uug,(qruau âI{t uo pelues
l1a>111peg oqlr. sldoad læruepes eql 'crqlloag aqr Surmq
'elurt Jo esuedxe lBq] Ja^o pesn sB/ô. e eJ eql qlFpÀ ur
luaregyp,{-rsa eqt os[E ]nq'uor]ednocogo lrolsrq 3uo1
slr,fuo ]ou Pe[Ee er sBq srtlJ'Pâ]B Brxâ uâaq sBq I
uuadg SueelJo lâoJ arenbs 0Sg NYHJ trtroy['uvü Sru]FL
'saulu puel lo poreols uooq seq eêJe aql leql
sêlerlpu! pue'aJlua3 uoll.V oull^l uelpoquef, oql roJ spuels
speoJ orueJluo s,ê^er êql aplqno 6ulll,ur^ poU
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ol ânrBr{f, E e,rcg,(âgr erolaq reeddeslp plnoJ eJour IIf,nu l!\ol{
pue 'tsoy lpearp sr rlJtrru.4&oI{ Jâpuo \ rrreer sru pue lpeqdog
tnq 'ueadg 8uee1 petcetord seg luaururer.o8 uerpoqrrru3
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ueryo âJe sâ BJ eqt 'ssacord âql uI 'luâtuac ur tuerper8ur r(e1
e 'auolseurrI JoJ peurur ueeq e eq sâ B] s.Blpoqrue3;o lueur
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uo pesn)oJ IIB âr" 'puoq
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stsrSoyoeegcre ueealeq iloga lurof e âq ppo.4ô. srql'senbrugcar
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erep pcrSoloâeqJJe,,tr.au 3urlce11of, pauorsnue JâIlsâJod
'suorle BJxe uadoar o1 uelde
sfe.aô. pâshâp pue eldnoc eqt qtr.lû latu rerlsârog 'â]rs â ef, cuolsrgard
luulJodrur uE se lr.ry\or»l lpeerp serrr ueedg 3uee1 'sra:no1,g
T eqr or queql'lJogâ âI{} âulnser o} peprJep rel}sârod ueqru.
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srarplos pue ecqod &elm,q 'âtul} }srg or{} roy ueedg 3uee1 or
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par ur pe>lreru eJ" sTroJ lqreau pue pareelf, ueeq e Bq e Br
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e r{}L4À â-Àer B ur punoJ eJâ1d slool âuols rrE[{urqBoH lEI{l âur[1
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sâ]rs rrrolsn{erd rtrag y, 'ârntlnl rrcrqulqeoH âr{}Jo erun er{t }E
sreqlo prre porrad c1qt11oa51 eqr ur lprrg slf,BJIuE euros peceld
srgJ'l's 6999 se {æe se 8ur}re}s 'sdBE atuos q}Lr.{(uoD?dntrro
Jo Bruuelrtu pe,^Àoqs leqa'aturr aqr re Æoloeerlcre uerpoq
-urBJ roJ SuryeerqpunorS era.,u stlnsâr uoqrerorper prtruI
'selunt rele-4Àr{sâgJo silâqs ârl} sB I[â.4À sB 'spodorlse8 pue 's8or1
'sprlq'sleq'sesoracormfl'sluapor'elttec uror; sâuoqJo ]ueur
 houses or have villages,
Sophady says. They
temporarily occupied
the cave, hunting and
gathering their food
nearby and shap-
ing tools from horn-
fels pebbles, as well
as occasionally from
sandstone and other
rocks gathered from
the river. They mostly
hunted land animals,
but also fished and col-
lected freshwater mus-
sels and oysters.

Tools (above left) belonging to the prehistoric culture known âs the Hoâbinhian were excavated in an
The Hoabinhians
l'l,OO0-year-old layer of artifacts in Laang Spean. More Hoabinhian tools (above right) were found on seem to have butch-
the surface in another one of 13 caves the team surveyed, most of which contained prehistoric artifacts. ered their large prey
outside the cave and
The Laang Spean burials are significant because they are then carried pieces of meat inside. Archaeologists have
intact and because they provide a definite chronological and excavated an enormous number of teeth and bones from
cultural marker from which to discuss Neolithic burial prac- deer, boars, rhinos, macaques, gibbons, civets, porcupines,
tices here-andpossiblyin other areas of SoutheastAsia. Each pythons, cobras, and other animals. Many of the remains
burial contains a different assemblage of grave goods. Some show evidence ofburning, and the findings suggesr that the
were found with earthenware potteryl one with a pendant cave's inhabitants had access to awide-ranging diet, although
made from awild boar canine, andyet anotherwith decorative the majority of their protein seems to have come from large
seashells worn as bangles. Says Sophady "Each burial tells us wild cattle such as banteng and gaur. Some finds are less clear.
a different story" The team also identified evidence of tooth A crushed human skull rvas discovered amid the animal bones
ablation, the removal of particular teeth. Forestier says this and stone tools-a curiosiqg since the other human remains
practice may be associated with a ritual such as the transition were associated with Neolithic burials from centuries later.
to adulthood. Tooth ablation has also been
found among modern populations in China
and Laos, as well as regional ethnic groups
such as the Jarai in Vietnam's central high-
lands and northeastern Cambodia. Near the
remains of the woman, named by the team
Mrs. S32, excâvators uncovered a pot w'ith
an infant's bones inside. This ÿpe of Neo-
lithic jar burial is uncommon in the region,
Sophady says. 'A small baby inside a small
pot, it's very rare."
-Vÿ'hen
these Neolithic settlers buried
their dead, they dug into the cave foor,
straight into alayer of Hoabinhian artifacts.
In this mixing-up of layers and occupations,
Neolithic burial remains have been found
among stone tools and sediments dating
to the Hoabinhian period. Nevertheless,
many tools are clearly attributable to the
earlier culture. These include 372 artifacts
that closely resemble pebble tools found
in other Hoabinhian sites across Southeast
Asia. They are continuing to tell the story A Neolithic burial in
Laang Spean holds well-preserved grave goods including
of Laang Spean's Hoabinhian occupants. pottery and bangles. The team has thus far found a total of six burials in the câve,
These people were travelers who didrt't build each with its own distinctive aÊifacts.

ti,2 ARCHAEOLOGY . January/February 2O,l9

gs 6-lo Âôo1ooe,:- =
'aaafitpoqluoJ roJ ]nq (rrpuoueujo srurâl ur suortsenb rreql eurBry ueryo a1d
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,,'eldoed esârpJo uorluu ar{} }noqe Surgrlue les touurJ â1r,, eql sr ecuenbas pcrSoloaeqcre ueadg 3uer1 aqr æql--{urql I
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lpee aqr or serTdde l1a1r uorler8nu
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llaterurxordde te ersy ]seâqlnos ol
paler8rur aldoad âsâr{} Jo âruos }eq} pue
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