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List of Important Formulas of Mathematics

Speed, Distance & Time • If the Selling Price exceeds the Cost Price,
• Speed = distance/time then there is Profit.
• Time = distance/ Speed • Profit or gain = SP – CP
• Distance = (Speed * Time) • Profit % = Profit/(C P)×100
• Distance = Rate x Time • S P = (100+gain % )/100 ×C P
• Rate = Distance/Time • C P = 100/(100+gain %)×S P
• Convert from kph (km/h) to mps(m/sec): • If the overall Cost Price exceeds the selling
x km/hr=x∗(5/18) m/sec price of the buyer then he is said to have
• Convert from mps(m/sec) to kph(km/h): incurred loss.
x m/sec= X*(18/5) km/h • Loss = C P – S P
• If the ratio of the speeds of A and B is a : b, • Loss % = LOSS/(C P)×100
then the ratio of the times taken by then to • S P = (100-loss %)/100×C P
cover the same distance is :1/a : 1/b or b:a • C P = 100/(100-loss %)×S P
• Suppose a man covers a certain distance at x • Profit and Loss Based on Cost Price
km/hr and an equal distance at y km/hr. (i) To find the percent gain or loss, divide the amount
Then, gained or lost by the cost price & multiply it by 100.
the average speed during the whole journey (ii) To find the loss and the selling price when the
is :- 2xy/(x + y) cost and the percent loss are given, multiply the cost
• When speed is constant distance covered by by the percent & subtract the product from the cost.
the object is directly proportional to the time • Discount = M P – S P
taken. ie; If Sa=Sb then Da/Db = Ta/Tb • Discount %, D% = (Discount) / (M P) ×100
• When time is constant speed is directly Percentage
proportional to the distance travelled. ie; If • If we have to convert percentage into fraction
Ta=Tb then Sa/Sb=Da/Db then it is divide by 100.
• When distance is constant speed is inversely • If we have to convert fraction into percentage
proportional to the time taken ie if speed we have to multiple with 100.
increases then time taken to cover the
distance decreases. ie; If Da=Db then Sa/Sb
= Tb/Ta
• If the speeds given are in Harmonic
progression or HP then the corresponding
time taken will be in Arithmetic progression
or AP
• If the speeds given are in AP then the
corresponding time taken is in HP
• If two objects are moving in same direction
with speeds a and b then their relative speed
is |a-b|
• If two objects are moving is opposite direction
with speeds a and b then their relative speed
is (a+b)

Profit & Loss


• Cost Price is the price at which an article is • If the price of a commodity increases by R%,
purchased, abbreviated as C.P. then the reduction in consumption so as not
• Selling Price is the price at which an article is to increase the expenditure is: [R/ (100 + R)]
sold, abbreviated as S.P. x 100%

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• If the price of a commodity decreases by R%, Previous average + (Increase in average ×


then the increase in consumption so as not to Number of members including new member)
decrease the expenditure is: [R/ (100 - R)] x • When a person joins the group- In case of
100% decrease in average, Age of new member =
• Let the population of a town be P now and Previous average - (Decrease in average ×
suppose it increases at the rate of R% per Number of members including new member)
annum, then: • In the Arithmetic Progression there are two
1.Population after n years = P(1 + R/100)n cases when the number of terms is odd and
2.Population n years ago =P/(1 + R/100)n second one is when number of terms is even.
• Let the present value of a machine be P. (i) So when the number of terms is odd the average
Suppose it depreciates at the rate of R% per will be the middle term.
annum. Then: (i) when the number of terms is even then the
1. Value of the machine after n years = P (1 average will be the average of two middle terms.
- R/100)n Algebra
2. Value of the machine n years ago = P/[(1 •
- R/100)]n

3. If A is R% more than B, then B is less
than A by= [R/ (100 + R)] x 100% •
4. If A is R% less than B, then B is more •
than A by= [R/ (100 - R)] x 100% •
Note: For two successive changes of x% and
y%, net change = {x + y +xy/100}% •
Average •
Formula: •
• Average: = (Sum of observations / Number

of observations).

• If a person travels a distance at a speed of x
km/hr and the same distance at a speed of y • If then
km/hr then the average speed during the
whole journey is given by- Partnership
P1: P2 = C1×T1: C2×T2
Here, P1 = Profit for Partner 1.
C1 = Capital by Partner 1.
• If a person covers A km at x km/hr and B km T1 = Time period for which Partner 1 invested his
at y km/hr and C km at z km/hr, then the capital.
average speed in covering the whole distance P2 = Profit for Partner 2.
C2 = Capital by Partner 2.
is- When a person leaves the group
T2 = Time period for which Partner 2 invested his
capital.
and another person joins the group in place
Time, work & wages
of that person then-
1. Work from Days:
• If the average age is increased, Age of new • If A can do a piece of work in n days, then A’s
person = Age of separated person + n days work is=1/n
(Increase in average × total number of • No. of days = total work / work done in 1 day
persons) • Days from Work: If A’s 1 day’s work =1/n
• If the average age is decreased, Age of new then A can finish the work in n days.
person = Age of separated person -
(Decrease in average × total number of
persons) 2. Relationship between Men and Work.
• When a person joins the group- In case of • More men ------- can do -------> More work
increase in average, Age of new member = • Less men ------- can do -------> Less work
3. Relationship between Work and Time

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• More work -------- takes------> More Time


• Less work -------- takes------> Less Time OR Area of rectangle = if perimeter (P)
4. Relationship between Men and Time
• More men ------- can do in -------> Less and diagonal (d) are given.
Time Perimeter (P) of rectangle = 2 (length + breadth) =
• Less men ------- can do in -------> More 2 (l + b).
Time
5. If M1 persons can do W1 work in D1 days and OR Perimeter of rectangle = if one
M2 persons can do W2 work in D2 days, then side (l) and diagonal (d) are given.
Square
A four-sided shape that is made up of four straight
sides that are the same length and that has four right
6. If M1 persons can do W1 work in D1 days for angles.
h1 hours and M2 persons can do W2 work in D2 days
for h2 hours, then

7. If A can do a work in ‘x’ days and B can do the


same work in ‘y’ days, then the number of days The diagonals of a square are equal and bisect each
required to complete the work if A and B work other at 900.
together is (a) Area (a) of a square

8. If A can do a work in ‘x’ days and A + B can do


the same work in ‘y’ days, then the number of days Perimeter (P) of a square
required to complete the work if B works alone is = 4a, i.e. 4 x side

Length (d) of the diagonal of a square

Perimeter, Area & Volume Rectangle


A four-sided shape that is made up of two pairs of
parallel lines and that has four right angles;
especially: a shape in which one pair of lines is longer Circle
than the other pair. A circle is a path travelled by a point which moves
in such a way that its distance from a fixed point
remains constant.

The diagonals of a rectangle bisect each other and


are equal.
Area of rectangle = length x breadth = l x b

OR Area of rectangle = if one sides (l) The fixed point is known as center and the fixed
distance is called the radius.
and diagonal (d) are given.
(a) Circumference or perimeter of circle =

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where r is radius and d is diameter of circle


(b) Area of circle
is radius

is circumference
The diagonals of a rhombus bisect each other at
circumference x radius 900
Area (a) of a rhombus
= a * h, i.e. base * height
(c) Radius of circle =
Product of its diagonals

Sector:
A sector is a figure enclosed by two radii and an
since d22
arc lying between them.

since d22

Perimeter (P) of a rhombus


here AOB is a sector = 4a, i.e. 4 x side
length of arc AB= 2πrΘ/360°
Area of Sector ACBO=1/2[arc AB × radius] = πr ×
r×Θ/360° Where d1 and d2 are two-diagonals.
Ring or Circular Path: Side (a) of a rhombus
R=outer radius
r=inner radius
Parallelogram
A quadrilateral in which opposite sides are equal and
parallel is called a parallelogram. The diagonals of a
parallelogram bisect each other.
Area (a) of a parallelogram = base × altitude
corresponding to the base = b × h

area=π(R2-r2)
Perimeter=2π(R+r)
Rhombus
Rhombus is a quadrilateral whose all sides are
equal. Area (a) of a parallelogram

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where a and b are adjacent sides, d is the length of Outer Pathways


the diagonal connecting the ends of the two sides
and

Area=(l+b+2x)2x
Perimeter=4(l+b+2x)
Inner Pathways
Area=(l+b-2x)2x
In a parallelogram, the sum of the squares of the Perimeter=4(l+b-2x)
diagonals = 2 • If there is a change of X% in defining
(the sum of the squares of the two adjacent sides). dimensions of the 2-d figure then its
i.e., perimeter will also change by X%
• If all the sides of a quadrilateral are changed
Perimeter (P) of a parallelogram by X% then its diagonal will also change by
= 2 (a+b), X%.
Where a and b are adjacent sides of the • The area of the largest triangle that can be
parallelogram. inscribed in a semicircle of radius r is r2.
Trapezium (Trapezoid) • The number of revolution made by a circular
A trapezoid is a 2-dimensional geometric figure with wheel of radius r in travelling distance d is
four sides, at least one set of which are parallel. The given by number of revolution =d/2πr
parallel sides are called the bases, while the other • If the length and breadth of the rectangle are
sides are called the legs. The term ‘trapezium,’ from increased by x% and y% then the area of the
which we got our word trapezoid has been in use in rectangle will be increased by.
the English language since the 1500s and is from the (x+y+xy/100)%
Latin meaning ‘little table.’ • If the length and breadth of a rectangle are
decreased by x% and y% respectively then
the area of the rectangle will decrease by:
(x+y-xy/100)%
• If the length of a rectangle is increased by
x%, then its breadth will have to be
decreased by (100x/100+x)% in order to
Area (a) of a trapezium maintain the same area of the rectangle.
1/2 x (sum of parallel sides) x perpendicular • If each of the defining dimensions or sides of
Distance between the parallel sides any 2-D figure is changed by x% its area
changes by :
i.e., x(2+x/100)%
where x=positive if increase and negative if
Pathways Running across the middle of a decreases.
rectangle: Cube

s = side
X is the width of the path Volume: V = s^3
Lateral surface area = 4a2
Area of path= (l+b-x)x
Surface Area: S = 6s^2
perimeter= 2(l+b-2x)
Diagonal (d) = s√3

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Cuboid r = radius
Volume: V = 4/3 πr^3
Surface Area: S = 4π^2
Hemisphere

Volume of cuboid: length x breadth x width


Total surface area = 2 ( lb + bh + hl)

Right Circular Cylinder


Volume-Hemisphere = 2/3 π r^3
Curved surface area(CSA) = 2 π r^2
Total surface area = TSA = 3 π r^2
Prism
Volume = Base area x height
Volume of Cylinder = π r^2 h
Lateral Surface Area (LSA or CSA) = 2π r h
Total Surface Area = TSA = 2 π r (r + h)
Right Circular Cone

Lateral Surface area = perimeter of the base x


height

l^2 = r^2 + h^2


Volume of cone = 1/3 π r^2 h
Curved surface area: CSA= π r l
Total surface area = TSA = πr(r + l )
Frustum of a Cone
Pyramid

r = top radius, R = base radius,


h = height, s = slant height
Volume: V = π/ 3 (r^2 + rR + R^2)h
Surface Area: S = πs(R + r) + πr^2 + πR^2 Volume of a right pyramid = (1/3) × area of the base
Sphere × height.
Area of the lateral faces of a right pyramid = (1/2)
× perimeter of the base x slant height.
Area of the whole surface of a right pyramid = area
of the lateral faces + area of the base.

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