ENGLISH 9 But participles have another function.

When used with

VERBALS: GERUNDS, INFINITIVES, AND helping verbs such as to be and to have, they are action
PARTICIPLES verbs and form several verb tenses.
The three verbals— gerunds, She is thinking of the children.
infinitives, and participles—are formed from verbs, but The conference room had been cleaned before
are never used alone as action words in sentences. they arrived.
Instead, verbals function as nouns, adjectives, or adverbs. A participle is a verbal that is used as an adjective
These verbals are important in phrases. and most often ends in -ing or -ed.
There are two types of participles: present participles and
GERUNDS past participles.
A gerund is a verbal that ends in –ing and functions as a PRESENT PARTICIPLES end in -ing.
noun. It can take on the role of a subject, direct object, PAST PARTICIPLES end in -ed, -en, -d, -t, or -n, as in the
subject complement, and object of preposition. words asked, eaten, saved, dealt, and seen.
Gerund as subject: Traveling might satisfy your desire for  The crying baby had a wet diaper.
new experiences.  Shaken, he walked away from the wrecked car.
Gerund as direct object: They do not appreciate my  The burning log fell off the fire.
singing.  Smiling, she hugged the panting dog
Gerund as subject complement: My cat's favorite activity
is sleeping.
Gerund as object of preposition: The police arrested VOCABULARY WORDS #1
him for speeding.
1. SILHOUETTE- a filled-in drawing of the outline
INFINITIVES of an object
The infinitive is the base form of a verb with to. Usually it 2. NOCTURNAL- belonging to or active during
functions as a noun, although it can also function as an the night
adjective or adverb.
o To jump is fun. (noun; subject of the 3. PULVERIZE- make into powder by breaking up
verb is) or cause to become dust
o I like to ski. (noun; direct object of the 4. OMNIVORE- an animal that feeds both animal
verb like)
o She had a suggestion to offer. (adjective and vegetable substances.
modifying suggestion) 5. MARSUPIAL – a female mammal of which has
o He called to warn her. (adverb modifying a pouch carrying the young.
the verb called)
An infinitive is a verbal consisting of the word to plus a 6. NEBULA- an immense cloud of gas and dust in
verb (in its simplest "stem" form) and functioning as a interstellar space.
noun, adjective, or adverb. 7. RENEGADE- someone who rebels and
The infinitive may function as a subject, direct object,
becomes an outlaw
subject complement, adjective, or adverb in a sentence.
Although an infinitive is easy to locate because of the to + 8. REPOSE- freedom from the activity
verb form, deciding what function it has in a sentence can 9. OUTRAGEOUS- greatly exceeding bounds of
sometimes be confusing. reason or moderation.
 To wait seemed foolish when decisive action was 10. QUANDARY- state of uncertainty in a choice
required. (subject)
between unfavorable options.
 Everyone wanted to go. (direct object)
 His ambition is to fly. (subject complement) 11. RENAISSANCE- a period of European history
 He lacked the strength to resist. (adjective) at the close of the middle Ages
 We must study to learn. (adverb) 12. SPECTRUM- a broad range of related objects
Be sure not to confuse an infinitive--a verbal consisting of or values or qualities.
to plus a verb--with a prepositional phrase beginning with
to, which consists of to plus a noun or pronoun and any 13. MANEUVER – a military training exercise.
modifiers.
Infinitives: to fly, to draw, to become, to enter, to stand, to THIRD PERIODICAL EXAMINATION I ENGLISH 9
catch, to belong Prepositional Phrases: to him, to the POINTERS TO REVIEW:
committee, to my house, to the mountains, to us, to this  THE TIME TO HELP IS NOW
address  VERBALS
(GERUNDS/INFINITIVES/PARTICIPLES)
PARTICIPLES  VOCABULARY WORDS
A participle is a verb that ends in -ing (present participle)
or -ed, -d, -t, -en, -n (past participle). Participles may
function as adjectives, describing or modifying nouns.
The dancing parrots entertained the crowd.
The wrecked sailboat washed up on shore.