Studies On Mechanical Properties Of SIFCON

INDEX
1. INTRODUCTION

2. SLURRY INFILTRATED FIBROUS CONCRETE

2.1 INTRODUCTION OF SIFCON

2.2 COMPOSITION AND MAKING PROCESS OF SIFCON

2.3 DESIGN PRINCIPLES

2.4 FACTORS AFFECTING SIFCON

3. EXPERIMENTAL WORK

3.1 OBJECTIVE

3.2 STEPS IN THE METHODOLOGY

4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

4.1 BEHAVIOR OF FLEXURE BEAMS

4.2 BEHAVIOR OF SHEAR BEAMS

5. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF SIFCON

6. USAGE / APPLICATION AREA OF SIFCON

SCOPE AND CONCLUSION

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ABSTRACT

Slurry infiltrated fibrous concrete (SIFCON), an exceedingly improved version of conventional

fiber reinforced concrete (FRC), is a unique construction material having unique properties in
the areas of both strength and ductility. SIFCON being a new kind of fiber reinforced composite
material, limited literature is available regarding its application as structural element. In the
present study, investigations are carried out to study the behavior of reinforced concrete beams
with SIFCON laminates. An experimental programme has been carried out to study the
behavior of flexural and shear RC beams with precast SIFCON laminates. A total number of six
specimens of size 100mm x 150mm x 1700mm corresponding to two test series has been cast
and tested under cyclic loading to study the first crack load, ultimate load and the load
deformation behavior. The concrete mix for RC beams has been designed to obtain a concrete
grade of M30. The steel fibers used in the study were round crimpled fibers having 0.5mm
diameter and aspect ratio of 60. Fiber volume fraction was 9%.

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CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

Concrete is probably the most widely used man made construction material in the civil
engineering field. Owing to the specialty of being cast in any shape, it has replaced the old
construction techniques of stone and brick masonry. However concrete has many deficiencies
like low tensile strength, brittleness, low ductility and low impact strength.

Nowadays natural and manmade disasters like earthquake, wind force, etc., play an important
role in the behavior of structures. So there is a need for the structures to be designed in good
manner, which resist higher loads, blast loads, seismic and impact forces. Among the various
types of concrete or cementitious materials available Slurry Infiltrated Fibrous concrete is one
type which possesses very high strength, improved ductility, impact resistant and enhancing
energy absorption capacity. So it becomes necessary to study the behavior of SIFCON.

In the discussion of high performance concrete role played by Fiber Reinforced Concrete is
vital. FRC is defined as a composite material which consists of conventional concrete
reinforced by randomly dispersed short length fibers of specific geometry, made up of steel,
synthetic material or natural fibers. The fibers are distributed evenly throughout the mix without
balling or clustering. The randomly oriented fibers help to bridge and arrest the cracks. As such,
crack widening is gradual as compared to plain concrete. This leads to better performance of
concrete. Fibers have reported to be superior to wire mesh, for shortcrete. Also they overcome a
difficultly in placing the mesh, especially on irregular surfaces.

The concept of steel fiber reinforcement is very old. Steel fibers have been used since early
1900s. Presently, steel fibers are considered as structural fibers as they enhance strength of the
structure to a great extent. The addition of steel fibers into concrete mass can dramatically
increase the strength properties like compressive strength, tensile strength, and flexural strength
and impact strength of concrete. The strength properties of FRC can be increased by increasing
the percentage of fibers in the concrete. But as the percentage of fibers increases, there are
certain practical problems which have to be faced. The higher percentage i.e. higher volume

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content of fibers may cause balling effect in which the fibers cling together to form balls. Thus
uniform distribution of fibers cannot be guaranteed, if percentage of fibers is more. Also longer
fibers interfere with the aggregates during compaction thus hindering the proper orientation of
fibers. This fact limits the fiber content from 1 to 3% Volume.
The limitations of FRC and continuous ongoing demand for high performance material have led
to the invention of SIFCON by Lankard in 1979. SIFCON is high strength, high performance
material containing relatively high volume percentage of fibers as compared to FRC. SIFCON
is also sometimes termed as 'High volume fibrous concrete'. In conventional FRC, the fiber
content usually varies from 1 to 3 percent, while in SIFCON it varies from 6 to 20% by volume
depending on the geometry of fibers and type of application. The material SIFCON has no
coarse aggregates but has a high cementitious content. A controlled quantity of high range water
reducing admixtures (super plasticizer) may be used for improving flowing characteristics of
SIFCON. All steel fiber types namely straight, hooked and crimped can be used.

There is immense development in the construction industry. A variety of mass structures are
constructed every day through the world. These structures become prey if there is any cyclone
or earthquake. To simulate the wind/earthquake effects cyclic/reverse cyclic loading has to be
applied on the structures. In this investigation, the extent of damages caused by reverse cyclic
loading on conventional reinforced concrete structures is studied by the way of experiment
investigation in the laboratory. To prevent such damages, variety of mixing and laying
techniques are used in the specimens. The objective of the present investigation is to compare
the behavior of the conventional Reinforced Concrete beam, and High Performance Fiber
Reinforced Concrete beam (i.e., SIFCON beam) to estimate the load carrying capacity when the
beam is subjected to reverse cyclic loading. Also these results are co-related with the results
obtained for conventional Reinforced Concrete Beam.

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CHAPTER 2

SLURRY INFILTRATED FIBOROUS CONCRETE

2.1 Introduction of SIFCON

SIFCON is unique construction material possessing high strength as well as large ductility and
far excellent potential for structural applications when accidental (or) abnormal loads are
encountered during services. SIFCON also exhibit new behavioral phenomenon, that of “Fiber
lock” which believed to be responsible for its outstanding stress-strain properties. The matrix in
SIFCON has no coarse aggregates, but a high cementitious content. However, it may contain
fine (or) coarse sand and additives such as fly ash, micro silica and latex emulsions. The matrix
fineness must be designed so as to properly infiltrate the fiber network placed in moulds, since
otherwise, large pores may form leading to substantial reduction in properties. A controlled
quantity of high range water reducing admixtures (super plasticizer) may be used for improving
flowing characteristics of SIFCON. All steel fiber types namely straight, hooked and crimped
can be used. The fibers are subjected to frictional and mechanical interlock in addition to the
bond with the matrix. The matrix plays the role of transferring the forces between fibers by
shear, but also acts as bearing to keep fibers interlock.

2.2 Composition and making process of SIFCON

Proportions of cement and sand generally used for making SIFCON are 1:1, 1:1.5 (or) 1:2
cement slurry alone have some applications. Generally, fly ash (or) silica fume equal to 10 to
15% by weight of cement is used in mix. Water cement ratio varies between 0.3 to 0.4.
Percentage of super plasticizers varies from 2 to 5% by weight of cement. The percentage of
fibers by volume can be anywhere from 4 to 20% even though the current practical ranges from
4 to 12%.

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The process of making SIFCON is different, because of high steel fiber content. While in SFRC
the steel fibers are mixed intimately with wet (or) dry mix of concrete, prior to mix being
poured into forms. SIFCON is made by infiltrating low viscosity cement slurry in to a bed of
steel fibers “pre packed” in forms (or) moulds as shown in fig(1).

Fig (1): Infiltration of slurry into bed of steel fibers pre-packed in forms or moulds

2.3 Design Principles

The fiber volume fraction of conventional fiber reinforced concrete is generally limited to 1 -
3% due to interlocking of the fibers. SIFCON (slurry infiltrated fiber concrete) on the other
hand, may be produced with fiber volume fraction values between 5 % and 30 %. SIFCON is
produced by pre placing the fibers in the mould until it is completely filled. The fiber network
of SIFCON is then infiltrated by cement-based slurry. Maximum fiber volume is a function of
several parameters, such as the shape, diameter, and aspect ratio of fibers; their orientation; the
method used in packing; mould size; and the extent of vibration (Lankard 1984, Mondragon
1987).
Lankard (1985) showed that it is possible by aid of SIFCON to increase the flexural strength
and toughness by more than an order of magnitude, compared with the unreinforced matrix or
to a matrix reinforced with a low fiber volume as shown in the fig(2).
Fiber alignment greatly affects the behavior of a SIFCON product. Fibers can be aligned
normal, parallel to the loading direction or can be placed randomly. The ultimate strength,
residual strength, ductility and energy absorption properties are all affected by the fiber

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alignment. It is difficult to obtain uniformly distributed fibers due to the manual sprinkling
process. However, the alignment of fibers can be controlled by using special sieves.

Fig (2): Effect of fiber content in SIFCON on the load-deflection

curve of the composite.

The design methods for SIFCON members must take into account their application (or) end, the
property that needs to be enhanced, minimum proportion, strength as well as its constructability
and service life.

In general, a high strength SIFCON mix can easily be designed and obtained with
virtually any type of steel fibers available today, if slurry is also of high strength like
conventional concrete, the strength of slurry is a function of water-cement ratio, because the
slurry mixes used in SIFCON usually contain significant percentages of fly ash (or) silica fume
(or) both. The term “water-cement plus admixtures” is used when designing slurry mix. In
addition, the ratio of “admixtures to cement” is also an important parameter in design of
SIFCON higher volume percentages of fibers need lower viscosity slurry to infiltrate the fibers
thoroughly. Generally, higher the slurry strength greater is SIFCON strength.

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2.4 FACTORS AFFECTING THE EFFICENCY OF SIFCON

There are four variables to consider when evaluating a SIFCON specimen. They are:-

(1) Slurry strength

(2) Fiber volume
(3) Fiber alignment
(4) Fiber type
Cement slurry greatly affects the behavior of SIFCON specimens because the slurry is the back
bone of specimen. The elastic modulus, tensile strength and compressive strength of slurry
affect the behavior of composite SIFCON matrix. Fiber pullout strength is lest one variable that
depends upon slurry compressive strength.
Fiber volume depends upon fiber type and vibration effort. Smaller (or) Shorter fibers will pack
denser than longer fibers. Higher fiber volume can be achieved with added vibration time.

Fiber alignment greatly affects the behavior of a SIFCON specimen. Fibers can be aligned
normal to loading (or) parallel to loading. The ultimate strength, ductility and energy absorption
are all affected by fiber alignment. One of the important aspects in the fabrication of SIFCON is
fiber orientation. Fibers oriented perpendicular to the loading axis results in not only higher
strength but also high ductility. This should be expected because, as the concrete cracks, the
fiber provides pseudo-confining effect, improving both the load capacity and the ductility. From
the behavioral viewpoint, the fibers in SIFCON are subjected to frictional and mechanical
interlock in addition to the usual bond with matrix. In SIFCON, the cement matrix plays the
role of transferring forces between fibers by shear and also as a bearing to keep the fibers
interlock.

Fiber types are mainly 2 types. They are:-

(1) Steel fibers (2) Glass fibers

Steel fibers come in three main shapes and several sizes and strengths. The shapes are
hooked, crimped and deformed with various aspect ratios (l/d). The most popular steel
fiber is Dramix fiber (hooked) made by Bekaert Corporation. Glass fibers were
generally rod like in shape with various lengths, diameters and strengths.

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CHAPTER 3

EXPERIMENTAL WORK

3.1 Objective

This study focuses on Slurry Infiltrated Fibrous Concrete (SIFCON) as an option for
strengthening the conventional reinforced concrete beam. The scope of the project is t o find the
flexural strength of the reinforced concrete beams with precast SIFCON laminate confinement.
The slurry for SIFCON matrix includes, cement, fly ash, silica fume and quartz powder with
various mix proportions.

3.2 What makes it so special?

 The compressive strength of SIFCON is very high as compared to conventional RC
beams
 It has a larger strain capacity
 It exhibit an extreme ductile behaviour under compression monotonic and high
amplitude cyclic loading
 Flexural strength was found to be very high
 It has maximum value of shear strength
 The modulus of elasticity is high
 It has very high impact resistance and abrasion resistance

3.3 Steps in methodology

1. Collection of materials.
2. Details of mix proportion.
3. Casting of beams.
4. Curing of beams.
5. Pasting of laminates
6. Testing of beams

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3.3.1 Collection of Materials

i. Cement used was Ordinary Portland Cement Fly ash passing through 300µ sieve is used.
ii. Micro silica unit passing through 300µ sieve from Meridian Science and Technologies is
used
iii. Quartz powder passing through 300µ sieve is used
iv. Natural river sand has been used as fine aggregate
v. Coarse aggregate of size 12 mm to 20 mm is used for conventional concrete beams
vi. 8mm φ and 6 mm φ Fe415 HYSD bars are used as main reinforcement and shear
reinforcement respectively
vii. Steel fibers of length 30 mm and 1 mm diameter were used (Aspect ratio 30)
viii. Water reducing admixture Cera Hyper Plast XR – W40 was used to improve the flow
ability of slurry into the fiber matrix
ix. Potable drinking water was used for mixing and curing the concrete.

3.3.2 Details of mix Proportion

1) RC beam mix proportion
M30 grade concrete is used for making RC beams. The mix design procedure for M30 grade
concrete was shown in Appendix I.
Table 1 Mix Proportion for RC Beam
Fine Coarse
Water Cement Aggregate Aggregate
0.45 1 1.16 2.81
2) Slurry Mix Proportion
The slurry mix consists of cement, micro silica, fly ash and quartz powder. The suitable mix
proportion is selected from trial and error method of selection. The optimized mix ratio of
1:0.1:0.5:0.5 was selected to prepare the slurry for making SIFCON laminates. The mix ratio
was optimized based on cube compressive strength. The steel fibers used in the study were
round crimpled fibers having 0.5mm diameter and aspect ratio of 0.6. Fiber volume fraction
was 9%. SIFCON slurry consists of Cement, Micro silica, Fly ash, Quartz powder in the
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proportion 1:0.1:0.5:0.5. The water binder ratio was 0.45. Hyper plasticizer of 1.5% was added
to the mix to improve the flowability of slurry into the fiber matrix.

3.3.3 Casting of beams

1) Beam Casting
The mould was arranged properly and placed over a smooth surface. The sides of the mould
exposed to concrete were coated with oil to prevent the side walls of the mould from absorbing
water from concrete and to facilitate easy removal of the specimen. The reinforcement cage was
placed in the mould with proper cover between the reinforcement and the mould. The concrete
contents such as cement, sand, aggregate and water were weighed accurately and mixed. The
mixing was done until uniform mix was obtained. The concrete was placed into the mould
immediately after mixing and well compacted. Control cubes were prepared for all the mixes
along with the beams. The specimens were demoulded after 24 hours and were cured for about
28 days. Details of cast specimen are shown in table 2.
Table 2 Specimens Detail

S.No Designation Description

1 FBC Flexure Beam – Control

2 FB1 Flexure Beam – Single face confinement

3 FB3 Flexure Beam – Three face confinement

4 SBC Shear Beam – Control

5 SB1 Shear Beam – Single face confinement

6 SB3 Shear Beam – Three face confinement

2) Laminate Casting
The mould was arranged properly and placed over watertight smooth surface. The bottom
corners of the mould were sealed with POP to prevent leakage. Steel fibers were sprinkled
throughout the mould up to top surface and well packed. Prepared slurry mix with hyper
plasticizer was poured into the prepared mould and well finished.

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3.3.4 CURING OF BEAMS

Specimens are cured with jute bags for 28 days. After 28 days of curing, specimens were dried
in air and pasted to the beams.
3.3.5 Pasting of laminates
The SIFCON laminates were used to strengthen the RC beams. A total number of 6 beams were
casted belonging to two test series. The laminates were pasted to the beams to have single face
confinement (bottom face of the beam) and three face confinement (bottom face and side faces
of the beam). The laminates were bonded to the RC beams with the help of ISO resin for which
methyl ethyl ketone peroxide (MEKP) and cobalt octoate were used as catalyst and accelerator
respectively.
3.3.6 Testing of beams
All the specimens were tested under two point cyclic loading (loading and unloading). The
specimens were loaded upto the final failure of the specimens.

Fig (3): Two Point Cyclic Loading Test

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CHAPTER 4
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
4.1. Behavior of flexure beams
4.1.1. General
An experimental investigation was carried out to study the behavior of flexure RC beam
specimens under cyclic loading. The parameters like first crack load and ultimate load carrying
capacity were observed. The results of the investigation were discussed.
4.1.2. Load Deflection Behavior
The maximum load level was increased in each cycle. The load was increased and decreased in
stages of 3KN. The first crack load for three face confinement beam was found to be 42 KN
where as for single face confinement and control beam, the first crack load was found to be 21
KN and 9 KN respectively. The ultimate load carrying capacity of three face confinement beam
was found to be 54 KN whereas the corresponding values for bottom face confinement and
control beam were 33 KN and 18 KN respectively. A typical load sequence curve for three face
confinement beam was shown in Fig.1. The comparison of first crack load and ultimate load for
various specimens were shown in Fig.2 and fig.3 respectively. The load deflection curve for
control, bottom face confinement and three face confinement beams were shown in Fig. 4, Fig.5
and Fig. 6 respectively.

Fig. 1 Load sequence curve for three face confinement beam

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Fig. 2 Comparison of first crack load

Fig. 3 Comparison of ultimate load

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Fig. 4 Load deflection curve for control flexure beam

Fig. 5 Load deflection curve for bottom face confinement

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Fig. 6 Load deflection curve for three face confinement beam

Fig. 7 Failure patterns of Flexure beams

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4.1.3. Behavior and Mode of Failure

Flexure test results are tabulated as shown in table:

Type No. of Loading Deflection in Ultimate Load No. of cracks

and Unloading mm in KN
Cycles
FBC 2 10.57 18 6

FB1 3 11.61 33 3
FB3 6 13.02 54 1

 All the specimens have failed in flexure mode by the yielding of tension steel. For RC
beams, crushing and spalling of concrete takes place after the yielding of steel in tension
zone. The load was increased and decreased in cycles of 15 KN, 24KN, 33KN, 42KN
and 51KN etc.
 Control specimen has withstood two cycles of loading and unloading. The maximum
deflection was observed as 10.57mm under an ultimate load of 18KN.Six numbers of
cracks have been observed during the final failure of the specimen.
 Single face confinement specimen has withstood three cycles of loading and unloading.
The maximum deflection was observed as 11.61 mm under an ultimate load of 33 k N.
Three numbers of cracks have been observed during final failure of the specimen. This
may be due to laminate confinement in the bottom face.
 Three face confinement specimen has withstood six cycles of loading and unloading.
The maximum deflection was observed as 13.02 mm under an ultimate load of 54KN.
Only one crack has been observed during final failure of the specimen. This may be due
to laminate confinement in the three face.
 Flexure beam with three face confinement suffer lesser damage as compared to other
specimens. The failure patterns of the beams are shown in F ig7.

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4.2. Behavior of shear beams.

4.2.1 Load and Deflection Behavior.
An experimental investigation was carried out to study the behavior of shear RC beam
specimens under cyclic loading. The parameters like first crack load and ultimate load carrying
capacity were observed. The results of the investigation were discussed. The maximum load
level was increased in each cycle. The load was increased and decreased in stages of 3 KN. The
first crack load for three face confinement beam was found to be 33KN whereas for single face
confinement and control beam, the first crack load was found to be 18KN and 9KN
respectively. A typical load sequence curve for three face confinement beam was shown in
Fig.8. The comparison of first crack load and ultimate load for various specimens were shown
in Fig. 9 and Fig10 respectively. The load deflection curve for control, bottom face confinement
and three face confinement beams were shown in Fig 11, Fig 12 and Fig 13 respectively.

Fig.8 Load Sequence curve for three face confinement Beam

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Fig. 9 Comparison of first crack load

Fig. 10 Comparison of Ultimate crack load

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Fig. 11 Load deflection curve for control shear beam

Fig. 12 Load deflection curve for bottom face confinement beam

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Fig. 13 Load deflection curve for three face confinement beam

4.2.2 Behavior and Mode of Failure

Shear test results are tabulated as shown:
Type No. of Loading Deflection Ultimate Load No. of Cracks
and Unloading (mm) (KN)
Cycles
SBC 2 12.10 18 6
SB1 2 9.59 24 3
SB3 5 13.10 51 1

The behavior and Mode of Failure of the control specimen had failed in shear with cracks
between the supports and loading point. The bottom face confinement and three face
confinement beams have failed in flexure mode by the yielding of tension steel. The behavior
may be due to laminate confinement crushing and spalling of concrete takes place after the
yielding of steel in tension zone. Behavior of RC beams under cyclic loading are listed below,

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 Control specimen has withstood two cycles of loading and unloading. The maximum
deflection was observed as 12.1mm under an ultimate load of 18 KN. Six numbers of
cracks have been observed during the final failure of the specimen.
 Single face confinement specimen has withstood two cycles of loading and unloading.
The maximum deflection was observed as 9.51 mm under an ultimate load of 24 KN.
Three numbers of cracks have been observed during final failure of the specimen. This
may be due to laminate confinement in the bottom face.
 Three face confinement specimens has withstand five cycles of loading and unloading.
The maximum deflection was observed as 13.29 mm under an ultimate load of 51 KN.
Only one crack has been observed during final failure of the specimen. This may be due
to laminate confinement in the three faces.
 Three face confinement shear beam suffer lesser damage as compared to other
specimens. The failure patterns of the beams are shown in fig 6. 14.

Fig. 14 Failure patterns of Shear beams

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CHAPTER 5

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF SIFCON

5.1 Advantages

 SIFCON possess excellent durability, energy absorption capacity, impact and abrasion
resistance and toughness.
 Modulus of elasticity (E) values for SIFCON specimens is more compared with plain
concrete.
 SIFCON exhibits high ductility.
 The limitation in SFRC that is balling problem of steel fibers with increase in fiber
volume is overcomes by SIFCON, because of its fiber alignment.
 Deflection for SIFCON will be very less compared to conventional and will act as rigid
body.

5.2 Disadvantages of SIFCON

In spite of unique properties of SIFCON it doesn’t have much limitations. Uniformity and
quality control of fiber distribution, in addition to high placement cost associated with manual
addition of fibers, restricted wide applications of these composites.

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CHAPTER 6

USAGE/ APPLICATION AREA OF SIFCON

With a high volume fraction of steel fibers, SIFCON exhibit dramatically improved strength
and ductility compared to conventional steel fiber-reinforced concrete. These products are,
however, relatively expensive. Only applications requiring very high strength and toughness
have, therefore, so far benefited from their use. These applications include:

• Pavement rehabilitation and pre cast concrete products.

• Overlays, bridge decks and protective revetments.
• Seismic and explosive resistant structures.
• Security concrete applications.(safety vaults, strong rooms)
• Refractory applications. (soak-pit covers, furnace lintels, saddle piers)
• Military applications such as anti-missile hangers, underground shelters.
• Repair, rehabilitation and strengthening of structures.
• Strengthening concrete columns with Slurry Infiltrated Fiber Concrete (SIFCON)
jackets.
• Sea protective works.
• Aerospace launching platforms
• Concrete mega structures like offshore and long span structures, solar towers.

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• Strengthening concrete columns with Slurry Infiltrated Fiber Concrete (SIFCON)

jackets

Fiber Reinforced Polymer

Jackets

SIFCON Jackets

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CHAPTER 7

CONCLUSION

• Thus, from above two test series we can conclude that, using SIFCON laminates large
extent of shear and flexural strength could be achieved.
• From various experimental investigations, use of SIFCON matrix in RC flexural
members leads to crack widths 10 times smaller than those obtained using plain
concrete.
• SIFCON matrix in conventional RC beams will eliminate the needs for stirrup
reinforcement.
• Use of SIFCON matrix in only the compression zone of a flexural member leads to
improve ductility and energy absorption.
• In columns, the use of SIFCON matrix will eliminate the need for lateral ties.

SCOPE

• In India, SIFCON, CRC, SIMCON and RPC are yet to be used in any major
construction projects. For that matter, even the well-proven SFRC has not found many
applications

• The reason for these materials not finding favor with designers as well as user agencies
in the country could be attributed to the non-availability of steel fibers on a commercial
scale till a few years ago. The situation has now changed.

• Plain round or flat and corrugated steel fibers are presently available in the country in
different lengths and diameters. It is, therefore, possible now to use new-age
construction materials like SIFCON and CRC in our country in the construction of
several structures that demand high standards of strength coupled with superior
performance and durability.

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REFERENCES
• Regupathi R, Rajalakshmi M and Dhivya ,Experimental Study on Behavior of
Reinforced Concrete Beams with Precast SIFCON Laminates, Vel Tech High Tech
Dr.Rangarajan Dr.Sakunthala Engineering College, India International organization of
scientific research and development,vol-1, Issue-2,Dec2014.

• Slurry Infiltrated Reinforced Concrete (SIFCON) –An Experimental Study by

Dr.Aswath M.U professor in Civil Engineering,BIT,Banglore-4, Sreenivas S.R
Consulting Engineer(Former PG Student BIT).

• Arona Arumugam, J. Shantharam and E. Arumugam, Study on fluidity of fly ash based
cement slurry for SIFCON, National seminar on advances in concrete technology and
concrete structures for future, Annamalai University, India, Dec 2003,79-86.

• K. Balasubramanian, B.H.Bharatkumar., T.S. Krishnamorthy and V.S Parameswaran.,

Behavior of SIFCON under pure torsion, Journal of Structural Engineering, Vol 24,
No.1, April 1997, 37-40

• Giovanni Martinola, Alberto Meda, G.A. Plizzari and Zila Rinaldi, Strengthening and
repair of RC beams with fiber reinforced concrete, Cement and Concrete Composites,
32, 2010, 731-739.

• P. Rajaram , A. Murukesan and G.S.Thirugnanam ,Experimental study on behavior of

interior RC beam-column joints subjected to cyclic loading, International Journal of
Applied Engineering Research, Vol 1, 2010.

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