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Gen. = Generally
MR. = marginal
revenue
“TOPICS IN DEMAND &
MC. = marginal cost
Prof. max. = profit SUPPLY ANALYSIS”
maximization
Q.D = Quantity
Demanded
Pmt. = payments 1. INTRODUCTION This reading explores how buyers & sellers interact
LR= long-run to determine transaction prices & quantities.
SR=short-run
SMC=short-run
marginal cost 2. DEMAND ANALYSIS
LMC = long-run
marginal cost
MP = marginal
productivity
Total cost of production: Total Product is sum of the • SR avg. total cost Economies of scale:
TC = (w)(L) + (R)(K) output from all inputs. Q x L curve (SATC): Avg. • ↓ in per unit cost by ↑ in
• TC can be ↓ by ↑ Average Product: is total total cost curve when production.
productivity or by ↓ product divided by quantity of some costs are fixed. • LRAC curve with a –ve
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input price & vice versa. a given input. . • LR avg. total cost slope.
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Benefits of increased Marginal Product: additional curve (LATC): Avg. Diseconomies of scale:
productivity output resulting from one total cost curve when • ↑ in per unit cost by ↑ in
• ↓ business cost ∆8 no cost is fixed. production.
additional unit of input. .
• ↑ in mkt value of equity ∆9 • LRAC curve with a +ve
• Compared to total product, slope.
• ↑ in worker rewards
average product & marginal
• ↑ in firm’s competitive
product better gauge firm’s
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Accounting cost:
Monetary value of
economic resources • TC curve lies parallel to & Under perfect Firm B.E.P →TR =
used in business above TVC by the amount competition: maximizes TC, a point
activity i.e. explicit of TFC. • Demand curve is profit by where a
out-of-pocket current • MC curve intersects both horizontal. producing Q firm earns
pmts or allocation of AVC & ATC at their min. • TR curve is linear where P = normal
historical pmts for points. with slope equal to SMC & SMC economic
resources. • If MC is ↓(↑) than AC, AC price per unit. is rising. profit.
Economic Cost: The must ↓ (↑). Under imperfect
sum of total • The rate of ∆ in TC mirrors competition:
accounting costs & the rate of ∆ in TVC. • Demand curve is –
implicit opportunity • Quasi-fixed cost: Cost that vely sloped.
costs. stays same over a range • TR curve rises in the
Accounting Profit: of production & then ∆ range where MR is
Income before tax on when production moves +ve & demand is
income statement. outside of that range. elastic & then falls in
Economic Profit: • AFC ↓ throughout the the range where MR
Accounting profit – production span. is –ve & demand is
implicit opportunity inelastic.
cost.
∆:;
MR = • Sunk costs must be ignored to continue to operate in the SR.
∆8
• A firm, covering its variable cost, should operate in the SR.
For a firm operating under:
• Shutdown point→ min. AVC.
• Perfect competition→MR = P
• Imperfect competition→MR < P • Breakeven point:→min.ATC.
∆:=
MC =
∆8 Rev. cost relation SR Decision LR Decision
SMC: additional incurred cost of variable TR = TC Stay in mkt. Stay in mkt.
input to ↑ 1 unit of output. TR = TVC but < TC Stay in mkt. Exit mkt.
LMC: additional incurred cost of all TR < TVC Shutdown production Exit mkt.
inputs to ↑ the level of output. Reference: Exhibit 22: CFA Institute’s curriculum Reading 14
Law of diminishing returns: additional
output must fall as more and more labor
is added to fixed capital.
For profit. maximization: firms should
produce the level of output such that:
i) MR = MC & ii) MC is not falling.