Volume 4, Issue 5, May – 2019 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology

ISSN No:-2456-2165

Design and Development of Intelligent

Braking System
Kamini.S.Yelamar1, P.B.Suryawanshi2, A.N.Sandbhor 3, N.P.Rajguru4, A. S. Shahapurkar5
1234
BE student 5Assistant Professor
12345
School of Mechanical & Civil Engineering
MIT Academy of Engineering, Alandi(D), Pune, India

Abstract:- In this project work the Intelligent Braking
System for the vehicle has been developed in order to
ensure safety of the driver. Two mechanisms have been
combined in this i.e. ‘automatic braking system’ and
‘anti-rolling back system’. Automatic or immediate
braking system with the use of ultrasonic sensor is
implemented to stop the vehicle when obstacle is
detected. And the anti rolling for the vehicle which is
stopped intentionally on the hilly areas, is achieved
using pawl and ratchet mechanism. This project is
designed with ultrasonic transmitter, ultrasonic
receiver with PIC microcontroller, DC motor and
mechanical braking arrangement.
park on hilly or sloped plane this mechanism can be
useful. It can be operated when vehicle is not in reverse
gear. When stucked in a traffic, driver has to move the car
very slowly and step by step without getting roll-back.
Using such type of mechanism can solve many of the
problems.
Ratchet and pawl mechanism can be the answer of
many problems. It is developed and mounted on the axle
(front or rear) of the vehicle on the basis of design of
vehicle. And the design is done for the worst condition
with maximum gradient of 2/5. Angle sensor is used for
this.

Keywords:- Ratchet and Pawl Mechanism, Ultrasonic II. RESEARCH GAP

Sensor, PIC Microcontroller, Modeling.
I. INTRODUCTION
Driving has become a common activity for most of
the people. Now a days, everyone is only thinking about
getting accelerated. But everyone has to stop and apply
brakes somewhere. And speed also getting a major cause
for problems of road accidents. The common braking
won’t be sufficient for this. And hence it is more
important to improve the braking system since it plays an
important role. Due to an accident cases which are getting
reported daily on the major roads in all parts developed,
un-developed and developing countries. By taking this
into consideration more efforts should be applied to make
the efficient car to avoid or reduce the accidents.
Hill holder mechanism was named for mechanism
invented by Wagner electric and manufactured by Bendix
brake company in South Bend, Indiana. This mechanism
was used in many foreign cars for anti-rolling. But further
research concluded that this mechanism can hold the
vehicle on slope for two to three seconds. Though it
avoids unwanted reverse motion driver has to be alert.
And also this one is expensive. Driver faces some
problems while operating
 It becomes difficult for the driver to operate
accelerator, brake and clutch simultaneously when
driving on a hilly area.

It can be easily noticed that the driver may feel

sleepy after driving for the whole day. And there are
chances of diverting his sight and getting collided. So it is
suggested to give indication of an obstacle to the driver
and even though he doesn’t stop the relay used will be off
and brakes will be applied. And hence for this one should
go with the use of sensor. After studying two sensors
thoroughly IR sensor (it is used to measure heat radiation
and motion characteristics) and Ultrasonic sensor.
Ultrasonic sensor works better in dark surrounding and Fig 1:- schematic presentation of operation of accelerator,
can measure the distance in better way as well. brake and clutch simultaneously

For avoiding the unwanted backward motion of  It is not feasible or advisable to use hand brakes for
vehicle while driving upward on inclined roads pawl and anti-rolling, when vehicle is in forward motion.
ratchet device is suitable. Whenever the driver wants to

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Volume 4, Issue 5, May – 2019
III. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Brake is the vital part of vehicle without which
automobile is incomplete. It also acts as a safety device to
the vehicle to control its unwanted motion.
But when the brakes are applied, all the wheels of
the vehicle gets locked i.e. the vehicle will not be able to
move in forward as well as in the reverse direction. This is
considerable only when our intention is to stop the vehicle
but when moving on gradient roads such as ghats that time
the reverse motion is to constraint to provide safe ride to
driver as well as to other vehicles on the roads.
So to overcome the problem associated with the
brake i.e. It locks all the four wheels of the vehicle, we
have design such a concept that it will allow the motion in
forward direction only thereby constraining the reverse
motion of the vehicle. The concept consists of Ratchet and
Pawl mechanism. This mechanism will be mounted on
International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
rear side of the vehicle such that the ratchet will have the
drive with the rear wheels of the vehicle.
IV. WORKING
DC motor is connected to the wheels of vehicle and
power input is given to it from Arduino board. For
automatic braking using detection of pulse and servo
motor which are controlled using PIC microcontroller.
Thus the system is suggested to avoid accident by
detecting obstacle using sensor.
There are many kinds of braking mechanism
systems that can be applicable mechanically, to move the
idea more deep and brief, the automatic braking system
will be more sufficient and satisfactory in. In present ,
there are number of vehicles are coming into market with
newer technologies for human comfort and other
conditioning.

Fig 2:- Block diagram of the automatic braking system

Angle sensor is used for achieving anti-rolling which is set in program as a reference, using relay the
mechanism. When the angle of vehicle exceeds the value pawl and ratchet got engaged.

Fig 3:- Block diagram for anti-rolling mechanism

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Volume 4, Issue 5, May – 2019 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
V. ALGORITHM

Chart 2:- Flowchart for pawl and ratchet

Chart 1:- Flowchart of automatic braking system

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 Volume 4, Issue 5, May – 2019 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
VI. COMPONENTS 5. Angle sensor

1. Power supply
1.1 Capacitor
1.2 Voltage regulator
1.3 Resistor
1.4 Rectifier

Fig 8

6. Pawl and ratchet

Fig 4

2. PIC Microcontroller

Fig 9

7. DC Motor
Fig 5

3. Relay circuits

Fig 10

Fig 6 8. Chain and sprocket

4. Ultrasonic sensor

Fig 11
Fig 7

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Volume 4, Issue 5, May – 2019 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
VII. DESIGN WORK VIII. CONCLUSION

For manufacturing pawl and ratchet mechanism In this project , the mechanism to stop the vehicle
dimensions taken are: from rolling back has been designed and prototype is also
manufactured. To manufacture the prototype model with
Module 8.5 actual material wasn’t feasible, so to explain the working
Width of ratchet 10 alternate materials are used. Ultrasonic sensor is also
Minimum no of teeth on 12 mounted on the chassis of prototype for emergency
ratchet braking . one can use different ultrasonic sensors with
required specification in order to achieve expected
PCD of ratchet 99 mm response. Power supply is also designed with various
Length of pawl 130 mm components using proper voltage, current regulators. For
Table 1 the programming purpose IDE software has been used to
give instructions to IC7805 and PIC microcontroller.
Ultrasonic sensor specifications:
 Range of sensor:- 2-3 m REFERENCES

[1]. Transport Research Wing, “Road Accidents in

To explain working model below system prototype India”, Ministry of Road Transport and Highways,
was designed in CATIA. India, 2011.
[2]. William K. Messersmith-Release mechanism for a
hill holder device.
[3]. A.Arunkumar- Design and fabrication of anti roll
back system - International Journal of Emerging
Technology in Computer Science & Electronics
(IJETCSE)
[4]. Ban, Donghoon, Taeyoung Lee, and Sungho Jin.
"Design and Implementation of an EPB
Diagnostic."Journal of Automation and Control
Engineering Vol 3.4 (2015)
[5]. Alvin H. Berger-Vehicle transmission hill holder.
[6]. Wikipedia.org
[7]. howstuffworks.com
[8]. Criac Charles P; “Reverse Lock Mechanism”.
[9]. Lakshya Shrivastava “Research on designing of
automatic reverse wheel locking mechanism”;
published by-IRJET VOL-05 ,ISSUE 04 ,APR 2018
Fig 12:- CATIA model of prototype [10]. www.sciencedirect.com/engg./automobile/brakingsy
stem/microcontrollerbraking
Materials used for prototype:
Chassis – Mild Steel
Ratchet wheel- Polymer

Actual working model :

Fig 13:- Actual working model

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