Techniques of Answering MCQ • Watch out for possible APOPHENIA – filling an
apparent gap. Stick to what the question says –
Your Main Weapon
1. Look for the KEY.
• Word or group of words – SUBSTANCE OF
QUESTION
• Underline or encircle the KEY in the test paper –
INDISPENSABLE AID TO FINDING THE RIGHT
ANSWER
2. Use the KEY to find the right answer. Test each choice if
it fits with the KEY. NOTE: Keys of objective questions
easily connect with the right answers. Your objective
know-how of the subject plays a crucial role.
• You’re naturally a faultfinder! Why not make use of
your innate talent to good use. Eliminate the wrong
choices – ones that do not connect with the KEY.
• Mark each candidate answer by writing asterisk (*)
before the letter bearing the canddidate answer.
• Throwback each candidate answer to the KEY and
analyze if they connect. You can encircle or
underline the candidate answer or even make a
connecting line to or from KEY and candidate
answer to enhance your analysis.
• Familiarity Principle – 1. What subject or topic? 2.
Are the choices found in the subject or topic?
Eliminate choice NOT being used in subject or topic.
• 2 Synonymous Choices – WRONG. If you choose
one, why not the other?
• 3 Synonymous Choices – ANSWER: a. All of these,
b. One different (usually answer to EXCEPT or NOT
QUESTIONS)
• 2 Correct Choices + 1 Wrong Choice – ANSWER: Not
all of the foregoing
• 2 Conflicting Choices – One is CORRECT.
• ALIGNMENT PRINCIPLE – Applicable: 2 equally
strong candidate answers (in some cases, the 4
candidate answers); Q: General – A: General; Q:
Specific – A: Specific; Q: Positive – A: Positive; Q:
Negative – A: Negative…
• Watch out for ABSOLUTE WORDS – always, never:
a. If found in the question, SUSPECT the statement
to be wrong. b. If found in a choice, it is WRONG.
NOTE: The word ALL, especially if found in a choice
and partakes the nature of ALWAYS, should be
considered WRONG.
• Watch out for NON-COMMITTAL CHOICES may be,
it depends, possibly, perhaps, sometimes, they are
WRONG.
• Watch out for DOUBLE NEGATIVES in the question
– “The following are NOT…EXCEPT.” The answer
should be POSITIVE.
• Watch out for the word EXCEPT in the question. It
is usually placed in a BLIND SPOT. If spotted, it has
to be taken as NOT.
• Watch out for the legal parlance OTHER THAN, it
means NOT.
Run-Ons for Marathon Review by MELCON S. LAPINA, MSCrim
don’t add nor subtract fact given in the question.
• Watch out for BUT or WHILE QUESTION. The word
BUT or WHILE is a conjunction that signifies
CONTRAST between two things. If there are two
independent clauses being joined by either of these
conjunctions, you have to remember that the two
should be OPPOSITE each other.
• Watch out for questions calling for inclusion or
exclusion of enumerated list, usually in Roman
numerals. Look for the easiest or the most familiar
item in the list first. Then, look it up in the choices.
Choices containing none of the easiest or the most
familiar item should be eliminated. Continue the
process until you’ll be able to narrow down the
choices.
• Watch out for logical continuation or procedural
questions, they are based on established principles,
such as but not limited to the following:
a. Life is more valuable than anything else.
b. Accuracy can NOT be attributed to man. Man is
subject to error, inconsistency, corruption, and
other factors of human limiations.
c. In procedural concept, each individual has a
particular function.
d. In public service, the action of the individual
should be according to the most ideal in a given
situation.
e. A circular peg doesn’t get into a square hole.
Don’t force something into something that it
doesn’t fit.
Your Weapon of Last Resort
If all else fails, do not resort to superstition. Instead, resort to
INTELLIGENT GUESS.
1. Number game – Eliminate the highest number and the
lowest number. Choose from the numbers in between.
2. Explanation game – Apply the ruler method. Longest
response is usually more comprehensive. Occasionally,
the shortest response may be a good choice, especially in
an EXCEPT QUESTIONS.
3. A funny or illogical or out-of-topic response – a. To be
eliminated in a question calling for a CORRECT
STATEMENT, b. Answer to EXCEPT or NOT QUESTION.
4. If you don’t understand the question, especially those
calling for explanations, just look for word or words in the
question being REPEATED in a particular choice. The
choice bearing the repeated word or words should be
your answer.
Guidelines in Reflecting Your Answer in Answer Sheet
 Do not write anything in your answer sheet OTHER
THAN those allowed.
 If you don’t have a strong reason, DON’T CHANGE YOUR
ANSWER. Oftentimes, your first instinct is the correct
course of action.
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 Scan the entirety of the question and give PRIORITY to
answering the easiest question.
 Reflect your answer directly into the answer sheet. This
saves more time than lumping your answers in the
questionnaire and reflecting the same in your answer
sheet.
 Make an appropriate marking on answered and
unanswered questions. If you have an answer to a
particular question, encircle the letter of your choice. If
you want to leave a particular question and will just
answer the same at a later time, encircle the number.
Superimpose an “X” mark if the same is already
answered.
 Establish a chain of your answer from the questionnaire
to the answer sheet. For example, if your answer to
number 11 is letter C, create a mental and mechanical
chain by saying: “My answer to number 11 is letter C.”
 If you run out of time and you still have to answer 10
items or more, decide a particular letter – that should be
the letter, in your observation, that frequently comes
out.
CRIMINAL LAW & JURISPRUDENCE:
1. In theft, corpus delicti has two elements, namely: (1) that
the property was lost by the owner, and (2) that it was
lost by felonious taking.
2. In a fire incident, fireman breaks glass. Is he liable? NO
3. Testimonial evidence must be based on PERSONAL
KNOWLEDGE.
4. Development of a Crime: a. Internal Acts – intent and
plans; usually not punishable; b. External Acts – 1)
Preparatory Act – Acts tending toward the crime; 2) Acts
of Execution – acts directly connected to the crime
5. Alternative Circumstances (Art. 15) – RIDE: a.
Relationship, b. Intoxication, c. Degree of Education &
Instruction
6. Criminal Jurisdiction: a. Jurisdiction over the Subject
Matter; b. Jurisdiction over the Person of the Accused; c.
Jurisdiction over the Territory
7. Ignorantia Legis Non Excusat – ignorance of the law
excuses no one; offender is liable; Aberratio Ictus –
mistake in the blow; offender is liable; Error in Personae –
mistake in identity; offender is liable; Mistake of Fact – a
misapprehension fact which would have been true had
the facts been as he believed them to be.
8. When the court has the jurisdiction over the person of the
accused, he shall be set on ARRAIGNMENT.
9. A Filipino killed a Chinese on board the vessel bearing the
flag of Mexico while the vessel was within the Philippine
territory. Philippine criminal law applies.
10. Praeter Intentionem – injurious result is greater than that
intended; lack of intention to commit so grave a wrong
11. Accomplice – those persons who, not being included in
principals, cooperate in the execution of the offense by
previous or simultaneous acts.
12. A law which is unfavorable to the accused is
UNCONSTITUTIONAL.
Run-Ons for Marathon Review by MELCON S. LAPINA, MSCrim
13. RELEVANT EVIDENCE – related to the issue by reason of
common sense or logic
14. G.R.: Complaint or Information – MUST charge 1 offense;
E.R.: Complex Crime
15. Secondary Evidence – Order of Presentation: a. copy of
original, b. recital of contents of document in some
authentic document, c. testimony of witnesses
16. Adultery can also be charged to a man who engages carnal
knowledge to a woman knowing her to be married.
17. After the search, the officer should do INVENTORY OF THE
EVIDENCE SEIZED UNDER OATH
18. Special Complex Crime of Robbery with Homicide – by
reason or on occasion of robbery, the crime of homicide
shall have been committed.
19. Limitations of the power of Congress to enact penal laws:
a. No Ex Post Facto Law, b. No Bill of Attainder, c.
Excessive Fines or Unusual Punishments, d. Law Must Be
General in Application
20. When should the search warrant be executed? If possible,
it should be executed during the DAYTIME. But in certain
cases, such as when the things seized are mobile or are
in the person of the accused, it can be served during
NIGHTTIME.
21. Validity of Search Warrant – 10 days. After which: police
officer should make a RETURN to the judge who issued it.
22. Factum Probandum – ultimate fact to be proven, or the
proposition to be established; remember the U in
probandum and the U in ultimate.
23. Factum Probans – evidentiary facts by which the factum
probandum will be proved. Remember the sound of S in
probans and evidence.
24. Private Crimes – crimes which cannot be prosecuted
without the complaint filed by private offended party: a.
ADULTERY & CONCUBINAGE – complaint by the offended
spouse against both guilty parties if both are alive,
provided there was no prior consent or pardon; b. Acts of
Lasciviousness & Abduction – complaint is both exclusive
and successive: a. victim or offended party, b. parent, c.
grandparent, d. guardian, e. state as parens patriae
25. Grounds for Motion to Quash – a. facts charged don’t
constitute an offensel; b. court – no jurisdiction over the
offense & person of the accused; c. officer filing
information – no authority to do so; d.
complaint/information – not conforming substantially
with prescribed form; e. more than 1 offense is charged; f.
criminal action/liability – extinguished; g. averments –
legal excuse or justifications; h. double jeopardy
26. Bail, a matter of right; exception -
(a) before or after conviction MTC, & (b) before
conviction by the RTC an offense not punishable by
death, reclusion perpetua, or life imprisonment.
27. Bail, when discretionary – upon conviction by the RTC of
offense not punishable by death, reclusion perpetua, or
life imprisonment.
28. COMPLEX CRIME – a. compound crime – when a single act
constitutes 2 or more grave or less grave felonies; b.
complex proper – when an offense is a necessary means
of committing the other.
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29. Offer of Compromise in Criminal Cases – G.R.: Offer of
Compromise by the Accused – Implied Admission of Guilt;
E.R.: Offer of Compromise by the Accused – Not Implied
Admission of Guilt – a. quasi-offenses (criminal
negligence), b. those allowed by law to be compromised
30. Misprision of Treason – by nature constitutes as
OMISSION
31. Parricide – a. spouses – relationship must be LEGITIMATE,
b. parent vs. child – relationship: LEGITIMATE or
ILLEGITIMATE, c. grandparent vs. child – relationship must
be LEGITIMATE.
32. If a person is validly arrested, the court has jurisdiction
over the accused.
33. Mala In Se – wrong in its very nature; usually punished in
RPC; intent is essential; Mala Prohibita – becomes wrong
because of law prohibiting it; usually punished in Special
Law; intent is not needed
34. Types of Conspiracy – a. Conspiracy to Commit a Felony –
punished only upon a law providing punishment:
remember TRICSM; b. Conspiracy as a Means of Incurring
Criminal Liability – not a felony in itself but as a way to
determine the degree of participation of offender.
35. DOUBLE JEOPARDY – peril in which a person is placed
when he is regularly charged with a crime before a tribunal
properly organized and competent to try him; concept of
criminal law that a person may not be convicted twice of
the same offense.
36. Elements of Res Gestae – a. startling occurrence, b.
statement – relating to circumstances of startling
occurrence, c. statement – spontaneous
37. Means of Committing Robbery – a. violence against or
intimidation of persons (VAIP), b. force upon things (FUT)
38. Art. 125 – Delay in the delivery of the detained person to
proper judicial authorities – meaning: failure to file case
within prescribed period: 12-18-36; 3 days in terrorism
39. General Warrant – a warrant providing a law-
enforcement officer with broad discretion or authority to
search and seize unspecified places or persons. It lacks a
sufficiently particularized description of the person or
thing to be seized or the place to be searched.
40. Public Documents – a. The written official acts, or records
of the official acts of the sovereign authority, official
bodies and tribunals, and public officers, whether of the
Philippines, or of a foreign country; b. Documents
acknowledged before a notary public except last wills and
testaments, and c. Public records, kept in the Philippines,
of private documents required by law to be entered
therein.
41. PO1 Palautog entered the house of Balbahotog even with
the signage of “Don’t Mind the Dog, but Beware of the
Owner” and without consent. VIOLATION OF DOMICILE; if
entenry is in hot pursuit operation – PO1 Palautog: NOT
LIABLE; if Palautog is private individual – TRESPASS TO
DWELLING; if PO1 has already entered (not against the
will of the owner), searched without consent – VIOLATION
OF DOMICILE
42. ANCIENT DOCUMENTS – more than 30 yrs old;
authentication not necessary
Run-Ons for Marathon Review by MELCON S. LAPINA, MSCrim
43. Elements of Perjury – a. accused made statement under
oath or executed affidavit upon material matter; b.
statement or affidavit – made before competent officer,
authorized to receive & administer oath; c. in statement
or affidavit – accused made willful & deliberate assertion
of falsehood; d. sworn statement or affidavit containing
falsity is required by law or made for a legal purpose.
44. Evidence – means sanctioned by the Rules of Court of
ascertaining in a judicial proceeding the truth respecting a
matter of fact.
45. Bill of Attainder – punishment without trial
46. Dying Declaration – ante mortem statements made by
person after mortal wound has been inflicted under belief
that death is certain, stating fact concerning cause of and
circumstances surrounding attack.
47. Common Law Crimes – body of principles, usages and
rules of action, which do not rest for their authority upon
any express and positive declaration of the will of the
legislature.
48. EXTRA-JUDICIAL CONFESSION – confession made out of
court, and not as a part of a judicial examination or
investigation. Such a confession must be corroborated by
some other proof of the corpus delicti, or else it is
insufficient to warrant a conviction.
49. ILLEGAL DISCHARGE OF FIREARMS – if firearm (being
pointed at any person) is discharged but there is no intent
to kill.
50. Police Officer forgot the environment and circumstances
regarding the arrest during trial: may be allowed by the
court to read notes or memorandum
51. “Stand ground when in the right” The person attacked
must retreat but must fight back when caught by his
aggressor.
52. 1. MUTINY: _____________ 2. PIRACY: _____________ 1.
Passengers or crew members of vessel 2. Strangers of
vessel
53. A helped B to commit crime of theft. Without A, crime
would not have been committed.A – principal by
indispensable cooperation
54. a. Single crime. b. Series of acts. c. Arising from single
criminal resolution – CONTINUING CRIME
55. ABORTION: offender – MATERNAL GRANDPARENTS given
MITIGATING CIRCUMSTANCES. Reason for Abortion:
CONCEALMENT OF DISHONOR
56. ABSOLUTORY CAUSE. Same effect with EXEMPTING: Ex.
MISTAKE OF FACT
57. ACCESSORY: 1st Type can be charged also for violation of
ANTI-FENCING
58. Accused did not enter any PLEA. COURT enters plea of
"NOT GUILTY" for him/her.
59. ACT – NOT essentially wrong by nature - MALA PROHIBITA
60. Aggravating circumstance that APPLIES TO ALL CRIMES –
GENERIC AGGRAVATING
61. Allegation in COMPLAINT/INFORMATION: PLACE where
offense was committed determines the VENUE.
62. Amendment of Complaint or Information – with leave of
court EVEN BEFORE ARRAIGNMENT. 1. Downgrades
offense – higher to lower offense; 2. Excludes any accused
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63. Arraignment – accused REFUSES to enter PLEA. PLEA OF
NOT GUILTY
64. Authentication of private document NOT required - More
than 30 yrs old
65. Authorized to conduct PI. THING TO REMEMBER: only
PROSECUTOR or PROSECUTORIAL BODY – ALLOWED TO
CONDUCT PI
66. BARANGAY CHAIRMAN detains WITHOUT LEGAL GROUND
(strong suspicion only) a person. BARANGAY CHAIRMAN:
liable for ARBITRARY DETENTION
67. Being DEAF & DUMB is NOT aggravating circumstance; it
is MITIGATING CIRCUMSTANCE.
68. BEST EVIDENCE RULE - To prove CONTENTS of document,
ORIGINAL must be presented.
69. BEST EVIDENCE RULE – What evidence is to be submitted;
ORIGINAL DOCUMENT
70. Cannot issue WA. FISCAL or PROSECUTOR
71. Characteristics of Criminal Law – applies to ALL persons…
GENERALITY
72. Complaint or Information may be filed without
PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATION if – There is INQUEST
INVESTIGATION or PROCEEDINGS
73. Conducts preliminary investigation on PUBLIC OFFICERS
and EMPLOYEES – OFFICE OF OMBUDSMAN
74. CONSPIRACY: inferred from acts of accused persons
themselves when such acts point to: a. joint purpose and
design, b. concerted action, and c. community of
INTERESTS.
75. Cooperates in EXECUTION of OFFENSE by SIMULTANEOUS
or PREVIOUS acts – ACCOMPLICE
76. CORPUS DELICTI - 1. BODY OF PERSON WHO IS A VICTIM
OF HOMICIDE OR MURDER; 2. BODY OR SUBSTANCE OF
THE CRIME
77. CRIME – on board US WARSHIP in Philippine waters. THE
PHILIPPINE CRIMINAL LAW SHALL NOT BE APPLICABLE.
78. CRIME – outside Philippine territory; NOT triable in
Philippines – Reason: TERRITORIAL in CHARACTER
79. Crime of Carnapping: Where filed? In place where any of
its initial elements are committed
80. CRIME: commission of1. ACT or
2. OMISSION
81. Criminal Law – applicable for violation outside of
Philippine territory; EXTRATERRITORIALITY
82. CRIMINAL LAWS – construed liberally in favor of the
accused – Principle Behind – THE ACCUSED IS PRESUMED
INNOCENT UNTIL PROVEN GUILTY
83. DEV’T OF CRIME – NOT PUNISHABLE - 1. INTERNAL ACTS
TO COMMIT CRIME; 2. MOTIVATING ACTS TO COMMIT
CRIME
84. DISPUTABLE PRESUMPTION – PRESUMPTION JURIS
TANTUM
85. ELEMENTS OF DYING DECLARATION: EXCEPT THE
DECLARATION IS IN CONNECTION WITH STARTLING
OCCURRENCE OR EQUIVOCAL ACTIONS
86. Evidence proving the same point but of diffeRent kind –
coRRoboRative EVIDENCE
Run-Ons for Marathon Review by MELCON S. LAPINA, MSCrim
87. Filipino killed Chinese on board vessel bearing flag of
Mexico while vessel in Philippine waters.PHILIPPINE
CRIMINAL LAW APPLICABLE
88. HABITUAL DELINQUENCY LAW: longer confinement of
offender protects SOCIETY.
89. Highest in Hierarchy of Evidence - REAL EVIDENCE
90. If offenders are completely wanting in DISCERNMENT at
the time of the commission of the offense, they are
EXEMPTED.
91. Impeachable Testimony of Witness, EXCEPT - EVIDENCE
OF WITNESS WRONGFUL ACTS – 1. General reputation of
witness for truth, honesty or integrity is bad, 2. Witness
has made at other times statements inconsistent with his
present testimony, 3. Contradictory evidence
92. IMPRUDENCE & NEGLIGENCE. Are they considered as
crime? YES
93. In Manila & CHARTERED CITIES: filing of complaint with
the Office of the PROSECUTOR.
94. INDEPENDENT RELEVANT EVIDENCE – Admitted in Court.
Reason: TO SHOW THAT A CERTAIN FACT OCCURRED,
WHETHER TRUE OR NOT
95. INDIRECT BRIBERY. RECEIVES CONSIDERATION BECAUSE
OF HIS OFFICE
96. Indispensable (cannot do without) in MALA IN SE – INTENT
97. Intellectual Property – Republic Act 8293
98. Jurisdiction over the SUBJECT MATTER is CONFERRED BY
LAW.
99. KILLING – with intent to kill; shooting person BELIEVING
HIM TO BE HIS TARGET but actually killing another. ERROR
IN PERSONAE
100. LAW – declares person guilty of criminal law WITHOUT
BENEFIT OF DUE TRIAL/HEARING. BILL OF ATTAINDER
101. LAW – increases penalty than law of same crime when it
was committed – EX POST FACTO LAW
102. Legislative Acts: prohibit certain acts & establish penalties
for their violation – PENAL LAWS
103. MISAPPROPRIATION – OFFENDER – public officer or
private person; NATURE OF FUND – public.
MALVERSATION
104. MOTION TO QUASH: alleged defect in complaint or
information. COURT shall order its AMENDMENT.
105. MOTIVE is NOT ELEMENT OF FELONIES
106. MOTIVE. IMPORTANT – evidence on commission of crime
is purely circumstantial or inconclusive
107. Name of Clerk of Court is not considered in determining
SUFFICIENCY OF INFORMATION.
108. Nature of court martial proceedings.
CRIMINAL
109. NO APPEAL – judgment of conviction becomes final after
15 DAYS FROM ITS PROMULGATION.
110. NO Preliminary Investigation – LESS THAN 4yrs-2mos-
1day
111. NOT ELEMENT OF FRUSTRATED STAGE. SPONTANEOUS
DESISTANCE
112. NOT essentially wrong by nature, but declared criminal for
regulatory purposes and for public convenience. MALA
PROHIBITA
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113. NOT Justifying Circumstance – ACCIDENT: 1. Self-Defense,
2. Defense of Relative, 3. Defense of Stranger, 4.
Avoidance of Greater Evil or Injury, 5. Fulfillment of
Duty/lawful exercise of right or office, 6. Obedience to
order issued by superior for some lawful purpose
114. NOT legal ground for detention - Illegal Aliens: 1. Has
committed crime, 2. Suffering from violent insanity, 3.
Compulsory confinement to hospital
115. Not requisite of DYING DECLARATION – STARTLING
OCCURRENCE
116. Offender – parent; victim – child less than 3 days old.
INFANTICIDE
117. One of ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS OF INFANTICIDE - LESS than
3 DAYS OLD
118. One who habitually associates with prostitutes is NOT
included in the term VAGRANTS.
119. PARDON by Chief Executive EXTENDS ONLY TO CRIMINAL
LIABILITY
120. Penal law – ALWAYS prospective in its application - FALSE:
it may also be given retroactive effect if (1) favorable to
accused, (2) accused – not habitual delinquent
121. Penalty of Crime – exceeds 6 yrs; PROVISIONAL DISMISSAL
– PERMANENT AFTER 2 YRS FROM ISSUANCE OF ORDER
OF COURT
122. Penalty of Crime: 6 yrs & 1 day IMPRISONMENT;
Disqualified for PROBATION
123. Penalty: CAPITAL OFFENSE – GRAVE FELONY
124. Person – being detained NOT EXCEEDING 3 DAYS: SLIGHT
DETENTION. Offender – PRIVATE INDIVIDUAL
125. PIRACY – triable anywhere in world - Yes, since piracy is
considered a crime against humanity
126. PLEA-BARGAINING – complainant NOT present – NOT
VALID – even if complainant is duly notified & even if
offense is necessarily included in crime charge.
127. Plurality of Crime a. Continued crime b. Transitory crime
c. Special Complex Crime
128. POSITIVISTIC/REALISTIC THEORY: penalty to be imposed
on convict. for the purpose of REFORMING OR
REHABILITATION of the convict
129. Preliminary Investigation determines PROBABLE CAUSE.
130. Prescription of Crime: LIFE IMPRISONMENT - 20 yrs
131. Prescription of Crimes: CORRECTIONAL PENALTIES - 10
YEARS
132. PRESUMPTION – CONCLUSIVE PRESUMPTION –
PRESUMPTION JURIS ET DE JURE; DISPUTABLE
PRESUMPTION – PRESUMPTION JURIS TANTUM
133. PRE-TRIAL CONFERENCE in criminal cases: MANDATORY;
purpose: to EXPEDITE proceedings (trial)
134. Proof Beyond Reasonable Doubt - DEGREES OF PROOF
THAT PRODUCES CONVICTION IN AN UNPREJUDICED
MIND.
135. Prosecutor – WORK OUT in disposition of case; ACCUSED:
pleads guilty to lesser offense in exchange for lighter
penalty. PLEA-BARGAINING
136. Public Officer: FAILURE to do act he/she ought to
PERFORM – NONFEASANCE
137. Quantum of Proof: Conviction in criminal case. PROOF
BEYOND REASONABLE DOUBT
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138. Republic Act 4200 punishes WIRE-TAPPING.
139. RESTRAINING to prosecute IN CONSIDERATION OF PRICE
OR GIFT; CRIME involved – punishable by Reclusion
Perpetua and/or Death. QUALIFIED BRIBERY
140. Retroactivity of Criminal Law. 1. Favorable to accused; 2.
Accused – NOT habitual offender
141. RIGHT TO APPEAL. STATUTORY RIGHT
142. Right to PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATION – SUBSTANTIVE
RIGHT
143. Rights of Accused, EXCEPT - Allow conference or visits by
any member of his immediate family, etc. – 1. To testify
as a witness in his own behalf, 2. To be present and
defend in person & by counsel at all times, 3. To be
presumed innocent until proven guilty
144. Search warrants issued by courts of law ALWAYS issued in
the name of PEOPLE OF THE PHILIPPINES.
145. SEXUAL ASSAULT. OBJECT OR INSTRUMENT that was
inserted; PART OF THE BODY where it was inserted.
146. SIMILAR ACTS AS EVIDENCE. EVIDENCE OF PREVIOUS
CONDUCT RULE
147. Solemn & formal declaration or assertion that witness will
tell the truth – AFFIRMATION
148. SPONTANEOUS DESISTANCE - NOT an element of
frustrated crime.
149. Statement of Declarant: a. relates to surrounding
circumstances of his death, b. exemption to hearsay rule
DYING DECLARATION
150. SUBJECT TO AGREEMENT by BOTH PARTIES in CIVIL CASE
but NOT in CRIMINAL CASES.JURISDICTION
151. Testimony of Child of Tender Age
Admitted IF qualification of child as a witness is
established
152. The accessory under the RPC, par. 1, may be charged also
for violation of __________
ANTI-FENCING
153. The written record of court proceedings - TRANSCRIPT OF
RECORDS
154. WEIGHT OF EVIDENCE:
State's evidence is equal with the evidence of accused.
Case shall be resolved in favor of ACCUSED.
155. Who are accessories to the crime? Those who take part
SUBSEQUENT to its commission.
156. Who is not AUTHORIZED to conduct PRELIMINARY
INVESTIGATION? JUDGES
157. Written Agreement. PAROL EVIDENCE RULE Factum
Probandum – Ultimate Fact; Factum Probans - Evidentiary
Fact (Evidence) NOTE: S in probans sounds alike with
evidence.
158. Mock Serenade – CHARIVARI: ALARMS & SCANDALS
159. Offender – parent; victim – child less than 3 days old –
INFANTICIDE
160. INSANITY & IMBECILITY – EXEMPTING CIRCUMSTANCES
SITUATION: Alden committed crime against CARDO.
CARDO wants to file a case against ALDEN. CARDO wanted
to find out which proper office should the case be filed.
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161. Crime committed by ALDEN – Prision Mayor; committed
in Metro Manila – Filed: OFFICE OF CITY PROSECUTOR
FOR PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATION
162. Crime committed by ALDEN – 4 yrs, 2 mos; committed in
Metro Manila – Filed: OFFICE OF CITY PROSECUTOR
163. Crime committed by ALDEN – 4 yrs, 2 mos; committed in
Province – MUNICIPAL TRIAL COURT
164. Crime committed by ALDEN – NOT exceeding 1 yr & no
warrantless arrest – Barangay for Conciliation
Proceedings
165. Crime committed by ALDEN – NOT exceeding 1 yr &
warrantless arrest was made – MUNICIPAL TRIAL COURT
SITUATION: LEA, daughter of AMOR. LEA has in her
possession the cellphone of YAYADUB
166. LEA actually stole cellphone of YAYADUB; AMOR – sold it
knowing it to be stolen – ACCESSORY
167. LEA found cellphone but did not return it to owner; Amor
sold the same knowing it to be unreturned lost cellphone
– ACCESSORY
168. AMOR burned cellphone so there will be no evidence of
theft.ACCESSORY
169. LEA stole cellphone; AMOR, auntie of LEA, sold cellphone
to TIDORA.ACCESSORY
170. Criminal Liability of TIDORA - LIABLE: ANTI-FENCING LAW
SITUATION: ADOR entered the house of EDUARDO.
EDUARDO objected to the entry of ADOR.
171. ADOR – police officer; DOOR – “no entry;” ADOR entered
house.VIOLATION OF DOMICILE
172. ADOR – police officer; running after suspect criminal;
entered house without consent of EDUARDO. NOT LIABLE
for any crime as he is in the performance of his duty
173. ADOR – private person; entered house without consent -
LIABLE FOR TRESPASS TO DWELLING
174. ADOR – police officer; entered house through open door;
Eduardo saw him. Eduardo busy watching boxing in TV;
ignored entry of ADOR - NOT CRIMINALLY LIABLE for ANY
CRIME.
175. ADOR – police officer; Eduardo fully aware but ignored
ADOR; ADOR – look for papers & effects without
EDUARDO’s consent – LIABLE for violation of domicile
because he searched without consent of EDUARDO
SITUATION: CARDO – investigator; ALDEN – suspect.
PASTILLAS – victim with stab wounds. CRIME committed –
theorized to be HOMICIDE.
176. Evidence gathered by CARDO - .38 cal. found in crime
scene.ADMISSIBILITY OF .38 Cal.: NOT ADMISSIBLE FOR
BEING IRRELEVANT
177. Evidence gathered by CARDO – kitchen
knife.ADMISSIBILITY OF KITCHEN KNIFE: ADMISSIBLE AS
IT IS RELEVANT
178. Evidence gathered by CARDO - .38 cal. & duly registered.
CARDO gathered evidence to prove that same was
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unlawfully possessed by ALDEN – ADMISSIBLE AS IT IS
MATERIAL
179. Evidence gathered by CARDO – ADMISSION voluntarily
given by ALDEN during investigation. CARDO not
informing of his rights before questioning.NOT
ADMISSIBLE FOR BEING INCOMPETENT
180. Evidence gathered by CARDO – ID card of ALDEN left at
crime scene.ADMISSIBILITY OF ID CARD: ADMISSIBLE AS
IT WILL HELP ESTABLISH IDENTITY OF SUSPECT
181. Can file complaint – (a) offended party, (b) peace officer,
(c) public officer (law enforcer)
182. Elements of Malicious Mischief: (a) offender deliberately
caused damage to property of another; (b) damage caused
did not constitute arson or crimes involving destruction; &
(c) The damage was caused maliciously by the offender.
183. Elements of Homicide: (a) person is killed; (b) accused
killed him without any justifying circumstances; (c)
accused had the intention to kill, which is presumed; & (d)
killing was not attended by any of qualifying
circumstances of murder, or by that of parricide or
infanticide.
184. Judicial notice: facts already known or ought by judges;
cognizance of matters – without need of introducing
evidence; matters as facts - no evidence of their existence
185. Rebellion – not crime against national security by public
order
186. Elements of Malicious Mischief: Always remember that it
is intentional. Look for word: deliberately. The word
inadvertently is highly inconsistent with the crime of
malicious mischief. Inadvertently means without
knowledge or intention. Malicious means marked by
deep ill will; deliberately harmful.
187. Forgery – crimes against public interest: not crime
committed by public officers
188. For search to be considered as an incident of the arrest, it
must be made at the place where the: Arrest was effected
189. When evidence is presented to vary the terms of a written
agreement, there is the application of the ____________
evidence rule: Parol
190. Documentary evidence: Documents as evidence consist of
writings or any material containing letters, words,
numbers, figures, symbols or other modes of written
expressions offered as proof of their contents.
191. Best Evidence Rule: about contents of documents
192. Parol Evidence Rule: about agreement in writing
193. Rights of Witness does not include right to remain silent.
194. Accessory (helping escape of principal) to infanticide: not
punishable
Accessory referred to here refers to person who harbors,
conceals, or assists in escape of principals of crime of: PMATH
– Parricide, Murder, Attempt to Take the Life of the Chief
Executive, Treason, Habitually Guilty of Some Other Crimes
195. Falsification is not a private crime; may be prosecuted by
persons other than offended party
196. Questions allowed to be asked to witness who is unwilling
to testify: Leading
Leading questions are allowed of an unwilling or hostile
witness. (Sec. 10{d}, Rule 132, RRE)
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 Hostile witness: one who testifies on a material matter
unfavorable to the party who calls him.
Adverse witness: one called by or associated with the
opposing party.
197. Science involving technical knowledge about traces of
crime is known as: Forensic Science
198. Coup d’ etat: R.A. 6968
199. Movement of the offender is restricted: not aggravating
circumstance
200. Sandiganbayan: co-equal to Court of Appeals
201. Premature marriage: not crime against honor
202. Things to be used for escaping: not included among
properties may be taken by the officer effecting the arrest
203. Sexual harassment (REPUBLIC ACT NO. 7877): not crime
against chastity
204. Cohabiting with another: not element of BIGAMY
205. In matters of form, after the accused has pleaded,
amendment of the complaint or information shall be:
With leave of court
206. Corroborative – of different kind – key word: DIFFERENT;
Cumulative – of the same kind – key word: SAME
207. Evidence is given by written instruments are said to be:
Documentary
208. Characteristic of criminal law that states that penal law
binds all persons residing or sojourning in territory:
Generality
209. Name of the clerk of court: NOT required to be stated in
order that complaint or information may be sufficient
210. R.A. 8049: Anti-Hazing Law
211. In case of corporations, the criminal action is instituted or
filed against: Officers of the corporation
212. Actual commission of crime charged is known in criminal
law as: Execution
213. Effect of institution of criminal action on period of
prescription: Interrupted
214. Judges of the MTC: Cannot conduct preliminary
investigation
215. Judgment of the MTC under the rule on summary
procedure shall: Be
216. Rule based on spontaneity of statement: Res gestae
217. If falsification of a genuine document is committed in
order to commit estafa, the proper crime for which the
person should be charged is: Falsification
218. If A shot B with intent to kill him but without hitting him,
then desisted from firing again, he is: Liable for an
attempted felony.
219. Illness that diminishes the exercise of will power: NOT an
aggravating circumstance but mitigating.
220. The method fixed by law for the apprehension and
prosecution of one who is charged with a criminal offense
and for his punishment if found guilty is: Criminal
procedure
221. Physical activities or deeds indicating the intention to
commit a particular crime is known as: overt acts
222. Fulfillment of duty: NOT mitigating circumstance but
justifying circumstance
223. Penalty: Suffering undergone by one who commits a
crime
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224. Snatching is characterized by: Violence of persons
225. NOT an element of misprision of treason: The offender is
a foreigner
226. No complaint involving any matter within the lupon shall
be filed directly in court unless there has been a
CONFRONTATION between parties before the lupon or
pangkat.
227. The criminal action shall be instituted and tried in the
court of the territory where the offense was committed.
228. When the owner forcibly ejects his lessee for his
apartment unit, he is: Liable for grave coercion
229. Under RPC, illegal associations are those which are
organized for purposes: committing any of crimes
punishable under RPC or for some purpose contrary to
public morals.
230. A person who fails to render assistance to someone he has
accidentally wounded or injured is liable for:
Abandonment
231. Hearing the decision: Not purpose of Pre-Trial
232. Evidence of collateral facts or circumstances from which
an inference may be drawn as to the probability or
improbability of the facts in dispute is: Circumstantial
233. Possession of goods, articles, items or anything of value
which has been object of thievery, or robbery is prima
facie evidence of fencing.
234. Imputing to innocent person the commission of a crime
constitutes: Incriminatory machination
235. Testimony of witness – did not see suspect committing
crime: Negative.
236. No damage is caused to a third party: NOT element of
infidelity in custody of official documents
237. When do crimes punishable by arresto mayor prescribe?
Five
238. Delaying detention: not kind of arbitrary detention
239. When are documentary evidences objected to? Upon
their formal offer
240. When the law punishes the crime with a penalty that in its
maximum period is correctional, there exists what we call
less grave felonies.
241. In attempted felony, the offender never passes the
subjective phase of the offense.
242. Slight physical injuries, a light offense, prescribes in two
months
243. To prove beyond reasonable doubt the essential elements
of the offense with which the accused is charged is on the
prosecution
244. If a duplicitous complaint or information is filed, the
remedy of the accused is to file a motion to: Quash
245. After recording the proceedings of a trial, the
stenographer can make a transcript thereof.
246. By conspiracy& participation, one may be liable for the
act of the other.
247. Stop and frisk: included in allowable search and seizure
without warrant. MANALILI V. COURT OF APPEALS - 280
SCRA 400
248. HOMICIDE & ILLEGAL POSSESSION OF FIREARMS: Not
correct charge.
249. R.A. 8294: Illegal Possession of Firearms
7
250. For search to be considered incident of the arrest, it
should be made at the place where the: Arrest was
effected
251. Name of the court: Not included in requirement of
complaint or information.
252. The original document is available if offeror produces it:
Not a requisite for presentation of secondary evidence.
253. Prosecutor receiving sum of money in return for refraining
to prosecute crime where imposable penalty is Reclusion
Perpetua: Qualified bribery
254. Bail is a matter of discretion upon conviction by RTC of
offense not punishable by death, reclusion perpetua, or
life imprisonment
255. The quality of evidence necessary for a court to affirm a
decision of an administrative body. It is more popularly
known as substantial evidence: Quantum of evidence
256. The robbers enter the house. Upon entering through the
window, one of the robbers stepped on and killed a child
less than 3 days old. The crime is: Robbery with homicide
257. The existence of a valid prejudicial question may cause the
suspension of the trial
258. What is the law on lethal injection? RA 8177
259. Revised Penal Code took effect on January 1, 1932
260. It is committed by any person who, on the high seas shall
attack or seize a vessel or, not being a member of its
complement nor a passenger, shall seize whole or part of
the cargo of said vessel, its equipment or personal
belongings of its compliment or passengers: Piracy
261. If a person possessed items, goods or anything of value
and was derived from robbery or thievery. It is a n
indication of prima facie of fencing.
262. BP 22 not a continuing crime.
263. What kind of evidence is given by a witness which states
that he did not see/know whether a crime was
committed? Negative
264. The law creating Dangerous Drug Board in the Philippines
is: RA 6425
265. The motion for leave of court to file demurer to evidence
shall be filed within 5 days.
266. The Anti – Wiretapping Law: RA 4200
267. Abortion: not physical injury
268. Those kind of evidence addressed to the senses of the
tribunal: Real
269. This is record made by the stenographer: Transcript
270. Evidence of the same kind and character which tend to
prove the same proposition. This kind of evidence is
called: Cumulative
271. It is an object, testimony, document and any of its kind,
sanctioned by the Rules of Court, of ascertaining to a
judicial proceeding the truth respecting the matter of fact:
Evidence
272. This kind of evidence tends to the probability or
improbability of the fact in issue: Relevant
273. What is the Law on Plunder Act? RA 7080
274. This prove the fact in issue without aid or inference: Direct
Evidence
275. If the material or paper is offered only to prove its
existence, it is: Real
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276. The written confession of the accused, affidavits of
witness who have seen or having knowledge in the
commission of the killing: Documentary evidence
277. The law on Anti – highway Robbery and Anti – Piracy: PD
532
278. Can any person, arrest the person who evades his
sentence in prison? Yes. By citizen arrest.
279. Secured permission: not trespassing
280. Those who are not included as principal either by direct,
inducement, or indispensible cooperation, cooperate in
the execution of the crime by previous or simultaneous
means: Accomplices
281. Those who having knowledge of the commission of
offense and without having participated as principal or
accomplices: Accessories
282. Kinds of aggravating circumstances which change the
nature of an offense: Qualifying
283. What is the quantum of evidence in determining the guilt
of the accused in criminal offense is: Proof beyond
reasonable doubt
284. A buried the corpse of B who was killed by his friend Y. And
because of that it took time for the authorities to discover
the crime. What was the participation of A in the crime?
Accessories
285. It is an arrest that may be undertaken where the peace
officer while on patrol, heard burst of gunfire; and thus
proceed to investigate the matter: Warrantless arrest
286. How long the time that warrant of arrest is valid? Remain
valid and effective until it is executed or returned,
quashed, lifted, set aside or recalled.
287. If the husband killed the paramour of his wife, what is the
penalty to be imposed? Reclusion Temporal
288. Ruffians: not vagrant
289. What is the law on intellectual Property Crime? RA 8293
290. Best Evidence Rule is applicable only on: Documentary
291. The RULE is, the BEST EVIDENCE is the ORIGINAL WRITING.
This is called as: Best Evidence Rule
292. This shall be in writing, in the name of the People of the
Philippines and against all persons who appear to be
responsible for the offense involved: Complaint or
Information
293. This an written accusation filed by the prosecutor in court:
Information
294. A sworn written statement charging a person with an
offense subscribed by the offended party, any peace
officer, or public officer charge of the law violated:
Complaint
295. When the offender perform all the acts of execution which
would produce the felony as a consequence but which,
nevertheless, do not produce it by reason of causes
independent in the will of the perpetrator: Frustrated
felony
296. Those felonies which the law attaches the capital
punishment which in any of their periods are afflictive:
Grave
297. A is having long time rivalry with B. One day when A had a
vacation in their province, B took opportunity of going to
the Nipa hut of A and he destroyed it. After damaging the
8
 Nipa hut of A, he carried the wood, post and the other
materials and brought it to his home and later thought
how the can be of use in his house. In this illustration, what
was the crime committed by B? Theft
298. What if B destroyed the Nipa Hut of A by burning it for
purpose of defrauding or cause damage to A? Arson
299. Malicious Mischief is: Willful damaging of another’s
property for the sake of causing damage due to hate,
revenge or other evil motive.
300. Within how many days from receipt should a warrant of
arrest be executed? 10 days
301. A suspected arsonist was caught. Evidence showed that he
poured gasoline under the house of another and was
about to strike the match to set the house on fire when he
was apprehended: Attempted Arson
302. A person sentenced to destierro shall not be permitted to
enter the place designated nor within the radius of less
than 250 but more than 25 km from the place designated.
303. A police officer performs his duty which ought not be
done: malfeasance
304. A was spurned or dejected by B, a woman. C, is the
landlady of the boarding house where B lived. C happened
to be relative of A. One day A talked to C, and C gave the
duplicate key to A. A with a duplicate key opened the room
of B and then and there raped B. In this illustration, A is –
Principal direct participation
305. What is the participation C? Principal by Indispensable
cooperation
306. Accessories: not liable in light felonies
307. Who is offended party in the crime of intentional
abortion? Fetus which may be over or less than 6 months
308. Firing a gun against a house of the offended party at
random, not knowing in what part of the house the people
inside were, is only: Alarms and scandal
309. Which of the following acts punished in serious physical
injury? Administering injurious substances
310. If any person found a lost property, fail to deliver to the
local authorities or to its owner is: Theft
311. It is a legal remedy whereby a party seeks for a review by
a superior court the judgement rendered by the trial
court: Appeal
312. A person can be searched even without search warrant if
is done after a lawful: Warrantless arrest
313. How many days that Preliminary Investigation is to be
completed? 60 days
314. “Animo lucrandi” means: Intent to gain
315. Period of arraignment: 30 days from date of jurisdiction
over person of accused
316. Change nature of crime: Qualifying
317. RPC: Act 3815
318. Supreme Court Decision not source of criminal law
319. Demurrer to evidence: Insufficiency of evidence
320. Infanticide: time element is important
321. Alternative Circumstances: Considers nature & effects of
crime
322. Justifying: No Criminal & Civil Liability
323. Composition of syndicate: at least 2 persons
324. Crime of result: Terrorism
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325. Force upon things if not to EEFECT ENTRANCE: Theft
326. Group of two or more persons collaborating
confederating, or mutually aiding one another for
purposes of gain in the commission of any crime:
Syndicate
327. Serious physical Injury is qualified if it is committed: With
treachery or evident premeditation
328. Correctional penalties prescribe in: 10 years
329. The crime of libel is prescribes in: 1 year
330. Improper performance of an act which might be lawfully
done: Misfeasance
331. Battered Woman Syndrome: Justifying circumstances
332. It is a definite and actual purpose to accomplish a
particular goal. It is not presumed. Its existence as a
matter of fact, must be proved by the state: Specific Intent
333. Liable for Qualified Seduction: Brother who seduced a 30
year old sister who is a widow
334. Killing of a child exactly 3 days old is: Murder
335. Within how many days from receipt should a warrant of
arrest be executed? 10
336. Illegal use of uniforms: not crime against public order
337. Prince, a civilian, noticed a heavy traffic in Claro M. Recto
Road. To ease the traffic, he started blowing his whistle
and directed the flow of traffic. Freddie, a taxi driver
ignored his stop sign. Prince approached the taxi driver’s
license. Prince is liable for what crime? Usurpation of
Official Function
338. X and Y are lovers. Their parents opposed their
relationship because they are close relatives. X and Y were
desperately in love with each other. They decided to kill
themselves and prove to their parents that they love each
other until death do they part. Armed with gun, X and Y
shot each other. Y died but X survived. X is liable for:
Giving assistance to suicide
339. Arson: Place of crime necessary to be established.
340. Cartography: Not means to commit libel
341. Prohibitions under the new Drugs law, RA 9165: (1) No
plea bargaining, (2) No probation
342. Dwelling: crime committed in dwelling of offended party
343. Death: Totally extinguished criminal liability
344. More than three armed malefactors participate in the
commission of a crime: Band
345. A, B, C, and D, all armed with firearms went to X’s house
to kill him. After having pinpointed X’s room, all four fired
their armalite rifles and riddled the house of X with bullets
it so happened that X did not go home that night A, B, C,
and D are liable for: Malicious Mischief
346. Not accessory penalty: Public censure
347. Serious Physical Injury: if penis unintentionally cut off;
Mutilation: if penis intentionally cut off.
348. Carnapping qualified when the owner, driver or passenger
of the car is: Killed or Rape
349. Maltreatment of Prisoners: overdoing in
correction/handling of prisoner/detention of prisoner
350. Essence of “coercion” is: Violence or Intimidation
351. Under the law, children ages 16-17 are not criminally liable
unless they: acted with discernment
352. Defense of prescription of crime NOT be waived
9
353. Lopping or clipping off some essential organ for
reproduction: Castration
354. Falsification requires DAMAGE
355. Fundamental Laws of the State: Violation of domicile
356. The required number of years of habitual delinquency: 10
years
357. Ascendant vs Descendant – if illegitimate relationship:
killing is NOT PARRICIDE; if legitimate relationship: killing
is PARRICIDE.
358. Accessory takes part subsequent to THE CRIME.
359. Latin aliunde means “another source and outside…”
360. Husband having sexual intercourse with a woman not his
wife: concubinage
361. Branch of government that enacts penal law: The
Legislative
362. Law that prohibits imposition of death penalty in
Philippines: R.A. 9346
363. As a witness during trial, you failed to understand
question, what will you do? Request to repeat the
question
364. Law that authorizes re-imposition of death penalty in the
Philippines in 1993: R.A. 7659
365. Ocular inspection without notice: NOT VALID
366. Who decide during the inquest proceeding? Prosecutor
367. If homicide or murder is committed with the use of an
unlicensed firearm: UNLICENSED FIREARM – 395. In the absence of the judge, the branch clerk of court may
AGGRAVATING CIRCUMSTANCE
368. Law that provides for aggravating circumstance in use of
unlicensed firearm in crime of homicide or murder: R.A.
8294
369. Commutation of sentence and reduction of penalty is
issued by Chief Executive
370. Elements of libel:
a. existence of malice
b. identity of the person defamed
c. imputation of a discreditable act or condition to
another
d. publication of the imputation
371. The arresting officer need not have the warrant in his
possession at the time of the arrest
372. In criminal cases, the place or venue where the crime is
committed is the place where the case is filed: jurisdiction
373. During piracy, rape was also committed: QUALIFIED
PIRACY
374. Basis of GCTA: Behavior
375. Special complex crime of KIDNAPPING WITH RAPE:
regardless of how many times rape is committed.
376. MTC, MCTC, RTC, Court Appeals and Supreme Court:
regular court
377. Evidence cannot be waived after conviction and even:
appeal
378. May the right to present evidence be waived? Yes
379. Not necessary in Special Law: Intent
380. Reading in court in language known to accused accusation
lodge against him is called Arraignment
381. Effect of self-defense to the killing: There is no criminal
and civil liability.
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382. Between reclusion temporal and prison correccional:
Prision mayor
383. A person who has the authority to protect life and
property and maintain peace and order is known as Agent
of the person in authority
384. Infanticide: less 3 days
385. How many witnesses needed in the crime of treason? 2
386. Taking of SEMEN, URINE, SALIVA, BLOOD, ETC. NOT
VIOLATION OF RIGHT AGAINST SELF-INCRIMINATION.
387. Buy bust Operation can be utilized in Drug Crimes
388. Other term of the Anti-Highway Robbery Law: Brigandage
389. When more than three armed persons form band of
robbers for purpose of committing robbery in highway, or
kidnapping persons for purpose of extortion or to obtain
ransom or for any other purpose to be attained by means
of force and violence: Brigands
390. Subject matter of inquiry is contents of document: Best
Evidence Rule
391. Testimony generally confined to personal knowledge:
Testimonial knowledge
392. Aggravating circumstance which has reference to means
and ways employed in commission of crime: Treachery
393. Due process: opportunity to be heard
394. Is there an instance where an accessory exempted from
criminal liability? Yes
hear simple case of unjust vexation: No
396. In child abuse cases, is hearsay rule applicable in court?
Yes
397. Indispensable for the act to be punishable as a crime:
External Act
398. “exhibits” it means physical or documentary evidence
399. Conducts the direct examination: Proponent
400. People vs. Tomas Sr - paraffin test has been held to be
highly unreliable
401. Represents people in appellate courts if public prosecutor
is not allowed: Office of the Solicitor General
402. Offender at time of his trial for one crime shall have been
previously convicted by final judgment of another
embraced in same title of Revised Penal Code: Recidivism
403. Offender has been previously punished for offense which
law attaches equal or greater penalty or for two or more
crimes to which it attaches lighter penalty: Repetition or
reiteration
404. Offender within period of 10 years from date of his release
or last conviction of crimes of serious or less serious
physical injuries, robo, hurto, estafa or falsification, is
found guilty of any of said crimes third time or oftener:
Habitual delinquency
405. Any person who shall commit felony after having been
convicted by final judgment before beginning to serve
such sentence or while serving such sentence shall be
punished by maximum period prescribed by law for new
felony: Quasi-recidivism
406. Is there a complex crime when crime is committed to
conceal another crime? No
407. Quantum of Evidence
10
 a. Preliminary Investigation/Inquest Proceeding – 22. Reason why security investigation id conducted. –Loyalty
Probable Cause of the Personnel
b. Administrative Case – Substantial Evidence 23. Keywords: Medal and Ribbon. -Medal
24. Also known as Traffic Management Act of 1972.-MMDA
c. Civil Case – Preponderance of Evidence
25. Minimum load of a security. -(no minimum, only
d. Criminal Case – Proof Beyond Reasonable Doubt maximum) 25 maximum load
408. Rebellion – notcrime against national security butpublic 26. A location of file … but is located in another folder. -
order Cross-Reference
409. Elements of Malicious Mischief: Always remember that it 27. The means used by the police for the effectiveness and
is intentional. Look for word: deliberately. The word efficiency of performance. –Police Communication
inadvertently is highly inconsistent with the crime of 28. The purpose is waiting for the anticipated arrival of a
specific person. -Stakeout
malicious mischief. Inadvertently means without
29. A type of intelligence that deals with research and
knowledge or intention. Malicious means marked by development that affects the economy and military of a
deep ill will; deliberately harmful.(a) offender nation. –Sociological Intelligence
deliberately caused damage to property of another; (b) 30. Minimum age of licensing of a security guard. -18 years
damage caused did not constitute arson or crimes old
involving destruction; & (c) The damage was caused 31. The first Filipino chief of Philippine Constabulary. –Rafael
maliciously by the offender. Crame
32. A type of surveillance using a scientific device. –Technical
410. Forgery but crimes against public interest: not crime
Surveillance
committed by public officer 33. A cover using a true background. -Natural
34. PNP procedural plans of all office activities. –
LAW ENFORCEMENT ADMINISTRATION Headquarters Procedure
1. Aggressive effort to get information either available or 35. Dogs are effective in search and rescue operations
unavailable. –Penetration because of their… -strong sense of smell
2. The capability of prospective agent to procure 36. Exceptions to a dying declaration. -Infanticide
information needed in intelligence organizations. – 37. Definition of Coup d’Etat. -The crime of coup D′ÉTAT is a
Infiltration swift attack accompanied by violence, intimidation,
3. POLITIA originated from… -Roman threat, strategy or stealth, directed against duly
4. Country that uses “SHAME-BASED” instead of “GUILTY- constituted authorities of the Republic of the
BASED”. -JAPAN Philippines, or any military camp or installation,
5. Gives information without showing identity -Anonymous communications networks, public utilities or other
Informant facilities needed for the exercise and continued
6. Regional Director with about 600 men supervised. –Span possession of power, singly or simultaneously carried
of Control out anywhere in the Philippines by any person or
7. Identifying the facilities’ deficiency and adequacy. – persons, belonging to the military or police or holding
Security Survey any public office or employment, with or without
8. Granting access to documents or information. civilian support or participation, for the purpose of
9. Plans that map all out… -Management or Administrative seizing or diminishing state power.
Planning 38. Is reclution perpetua divisible or indivisible? Why? –
10. Minimum age issuance of license in security guards. -18 Reclusion Perpetua is an indivisible penalty because it
years old has no minimum or maximum period.
11. Definition of Intelligence. -Intelligence is the end product 39. Definition of documentary evidence. –consists of writing
resulting from the collection, evaluation, analysis, any material containing letters, words, numbers,
integration and interpretation of all available figures, symbols or other modes of written expression
information. offered as proof of their contents.
12. Number of police personnel in the patrol. –Effective 40. Criminal offense (Consummated Murder) Compromise. -
Strength Implied Admission of Guilt
13. Means used by the police officer in the effectiveness of 41. Definition of selection. -an Intelligence principle wherein
their duty. –Police Communication intelligence should be essential and pertinent to the
14. Premium institution for training, education and human purpose at hand. Intelligence involves the plowing
development of all uniformed PNP personnel. –PPSC through a maze of information, considering
(Philippine Public Safety College) innumerable number of means or of picking the most
15. Which statement is false? -Police managers always work promising of a multitude of leads. The requirement of
alone decision-making covers very nearly the entire span of
16. What planning is appropriate in problem-oriented human knowledge. Unless there is selection of only the
approach? -Incremental Planning most essential and the pertinent, intelligence will go off
17. Composition of the waiver. –A.H.W.E (Age, Height, in all directions in one monumental waste of effort.
Weight, Education) 42. Definition of Processing
18. An intercommunication wherein one is not aware. - 43. Forgot question.
Elicitation 44. R.A 4864. –Police Act of 1966
19. Appointing authority in PNP; PROMOTIONAL EXAM. - 45. Coded message into plain text. -Cryptography
NAPOLCOM 46. A notation of file (to trace the location of a file being
20. Highest rank in regional offices. –Chief Superintendent searched.)
(Regional Director) 47. The appointment of a new PO1 is disapproved by the
21. PNP applicant; general equivalent; upgrade. -temporary Civil Service Commission. What is the remedy of the

Run-Ons for Marathon Review by MELCON S. LAPINA, MSCrim 11

 appointing authority? –Appeal for consideration with 80. American culture – guilt-based; Japanese culture –
the NAPOLCOM shame-based
48. This is the most extensive type of patrol and the most 81. Anonymous Informant – gives information without
effective considering the speed and mobility. -Mobile
showing identity
Patrol
49. Refers to the history of a PNP officer. -Personal Record 82. Span of Control – the maximum number of subordinates
50. What PNP office is responsible for the PNP supply? – that a superior can effectively supervise
Office of the Logistics Management 83. Security Survey is a thorough physical examination of a
51. Refers to the number of person and individual that an facility and its operations with respect to personnel and
officer can effectively supervise. Also called span of company assets; identifying the facilities deficiency and
attention. –Span of Control adequacy
52. Recruited and wants to earn a small amount. –Spies of
84. In matters concerning information security, whether
Consequences
53. Maximum ammunition of licensed firearm. 50 rounds public or private sector,compartmentalization is the
54. Process of what to do, when to do and who will do. - limiting of access to information to persons or other
Planning entities who need to know it in order to perform certain
55. Napoleon’s eye. -Schulmeister tasks.
56. Former traffic management group enforcing anti-car 85. Government Classification: Typical Classification Levels –
napping. a. Top Secret (TS) – highest level of classified information.
57. It is the action without but become more given attention
Information is further compartmented so that specific
and punish by harsh, barbaric and traditional
punishment. –Folk Communal access using a code word after top secret is a legal way to
58. Senior Inspector Gomez was found guilty of abuse of hide collective and important information. Such material
power since that one prisoner was hit by his firearm and would cause "exceptionally grave damage" to national
he was dismissed. What agency will he appeal his case to security if made publicly available. b. Secret –material
go back in service? -R.A.B (Regional Appellate Board) would cause “serious damage” to national secruity if it
59. What kind of organization practices all operations and
were publicly available. c. Confidential – material would
administrative functions of command authority? -Line
and Staff cause damage or be prejudicial to national security if
60. It is appropriate to police agencies because it is not based publicly available. d. Restricted – material would cause
on problem-oriented approach. -Synoptic Planning “undesirable effects” if publicly available. Some countries
61. The procurement of information acquired without do not have such a classification; in public sectors, such as
knowledge of the suspect or the subject. -Covert commercial industries. Such a level is also known as
Intelligence “Private Information.” d. Official – material forms the
62. How many PNP regional offices are there? -18 regional
generality of government business, public service delivery
offices
63. A.H.W.E - Age, Height, Weight, Education (Waiver and commercial activity. e. Unclassified – technically not
Composition) a classification level, but this is a feature of some
64. Metal awards. –Medal classification schemes, used for government documents
65. The act of getting information. –Access that do not merit a particular classification or which have
66. Series of questioning that confuses the subject. – been declassified. f. Clearance – general classification that
Question Barrage comprises a variety of rules controlling the level of
67. Citizen’s Compaint. -P.L.E.B (People’s Law Enforcement
permission required to view some classified information,
Boards)
68. Ammunitions need to a duly licensed firearm. -50 rounds and how it must be stored, transmitted, and destroyed. g.
69. Transactive planning. –Face to face Compartmented Information – in addition to the general
70. The method used to increase arrest in syndicated crime. risk-based classification levels, additional comparmented
71. Adjacent to protected area -The inside perimeter constraints on access exist, such as in the U.S.
72. A planning that is inappropriate for a problem-oriented 86. Qualifications a Private Security Guard. No person shall
approach. -Incremental Planning
be licensed as security guard unless he possesses the
73. Which is false? –Police managers always work alone.
74. Premium institution responsible for training, education following qualifications: a. Filipino citizen; b. High school
and development of all uniformed personnel. –PPSC graduate; c. Physically and mentally fit; d. Not less than
(Philippine Public Safety College) eighteen (18) years of age nor more than fifty (50) years
75. The advanced deciding on what to do, how to do and of age (for new applicants and SGs in non-supervisory
who will do it. -Planning position); and e. Has undergone a pre-licensing training
76. To delay or deny an access. –Physical Barrier course or its equivalent.
77. Main reason of conducting a personnel security
87. Intelligence – the organized effort to collect information,
investigation. –check the loyalty of the personnel\
78. An intelligence operation and direct intercommunication to assist it Little by little, and piece it together until it forms
wherein one or more parties is/are unaware. -Elicitation larger and clear pattern. (intelligence as an activity)
79. Origin of the word POLICE: French, from Old French, 88. Philippine Public Safety College (PPSC) - the premier
from Late Latin politia government, administration, educational institution for the training, human resource
from Greek politeia, from politēs citizen, development and continuing education of all personnel of
from polis city, state; akin to Sanskrit purrampart, the Philippine National Police (PNP), the Bureau of Fire
Lithuanian pilis castle

Run-Ons for Marathon Review by MELCON S. LAPINA, MSCrim 12

 Protection (BFP) and the Bureau of Jail Management and
Penology (BJMP)
89. Synoptic Planning – is appropriate in problem-orineted
approach
90. Waivers for Initial Appointments to the PNP – AHWE:
Age, Height, Weight, Education
91. Effective Strength – number of police personnel in police
patrol
92. NAPOLCOM – Exercise administrative control and
operational supervision over PNP
93. Highest rank in regional office: Regional Director – Chief
Superintendent
94. Nature of Appointment Under a Waiver Program - Any
PNP uniformed personnel who is admitted due to the
waiver of the educational or weight requirements shall be
issued a temporary appointment pending the satisfaction
of the requirement waived.
95. MMDA – R.A. 7924
96. Location of file…but is located in another folder: CROSS
REFERENCE
97. POLICE COMMUNICATION – means used by the police for
the effectiveness and efficiency of performance
98. Its purpose is waiting for the anticipated arrival of a
specific person: SURVEILLANCE
99. Sociological Intelligence – type of intelligence that deals
with research and development that affect economic and
military capability of the nation.
100. Rafael Cramé of Rizal Province who became the
first Filipino appointed Chief of the Constabulary on
December 17, 1917.
101. Technical Surveillance – type of surveillance using
scientific device
102. Father of Modern Policing System: Sir Robert Peel
103. Highest Rank in PNP Commissioned Officer: Director
General
104. Assignment of particular workers to particular task:
Specialization
105. Doctors of medicine, members of the bar and chaplains:
Senior inspector
106. Applicant passes FTP: permanent
107. Power to extend term of service of Chief PNP in time of
war: President
108. New applicant of PNP: Must be at least 21 not more than
30 years of age
109. PNP personnel longevity pay: 10% of their basic monthly
salaries for every 5 years of service.
110. Permanently and totally disabled – entitled to gratuity
equivalent to one year salary and to lifetime pension
equivalent to80% of his or her last salary
111. Administrative Charges to PNP: Neglect of duty,
Misconduct or malfeasance & Violation of law
112. Scalar principle means: Chain of command
113. Crime laboratory: auxiliary function
114. Has summary dismissal power’s over the errant police
member: Chief PNP
115. Surveillance (use of equipment or gadgets in order to
obtain information): Technical surveillance
Run-Ons for Marathon Review by MELCON S. LAPINA, MSCrim
116. Power to issue licenses to security guard and revoke for
causes: Chief PNP
117. Entrance age requirement for Police in Indonesia: 18 years
old
118. Entrance age requirement for Australia Federal Police: 21
years old
119. Name of agency of police of Myanmar: Ministry of Home
Affairs
120. Highest rank in Myanmar Police: Police Director General
121. Equivalent rank of SPO IV of PNP in Philippine Navy is Chief
Petty Officer
122. Each employee should have only one supervisor or “boss”:
Unity of Command
123. Step of predicting the future or course of advance in order
to minimize any unforeseen event: Planning
124. Most expensive and most effective in search and rescue
operation: Helicopter Patrol
125. Not wearing Blue uniform: Presidential Guard
126. Additional overhang of barbed wire placed on vertical
perimeter fences upward and outward with 45 degrees
angle with 3 to 4 strands of barbed wires spaced 8 inches
apart: Top Guard
127. Kind of natural barrier: River
128. To allocate anticipated resources to meet anticipated
service demands: Police planning
129. In emergency and disaster, a kind of plan to be used is
Procedural plan
130. Security guard, after his shift, he carries his weapon going
home: Not allowed
131. Can a security guard carry a weapon not in proper uniform
while in his duty? No
132. Highly qualified police applicants such as engineers,
nurses, graduates of forensic sciences can enter in the
police services as officers through: Lateral Entry
133. Natural or manmade structures or physical devices which
capable of restricting, deterring, or delaying illegal access
to an illustration: Barrier
134. In counterintelligence, surveillance is categorized
according to the intensity and sensitivity. When there is
intermittent observation, varying in occasion, then this
surveillance is called: Loose
135. Backbone of the police service: Patrol
136. Disguise, deception and lying in wait rather than upon high
– visibility patrol techniques: Decoy
137. Clandestine of operation, which consist of continuous
watching of person, place or event in order to obtain
information pertinent to investigation: Surveillance
138. Licensed of private security guard are processed and
controlled by the PNP
139. Police of Singapore: Singapore Police
140. Entrance age of Singapore police applicant is 18 years old
141. Acceptance of money or equivalent of money by a public
official for doing something he or she is under duty to do
anyway, that he or she under duty not to do, or exercise
legitimate discretion for improper use is called:
Corruption
13
142. Clear zone of 50 feet or more should exist between the
perimeters barriers and structures within the Protected
Areas
143. Fail to disseminate any order, directive or instruction:
minor offense
144. House-like structure above the perimeter barriers: Tower
guard
145. Includes bodies of waters, mountains, marshes, ravines,
deserts or other terrain that are difficult to traverse:
Natural barrier
146. Basic qualifications of a security guard is to undergo: Pre –
licensing training course
147. Investigative technique in which an agent conceal his
identity for the purpose to obtain information from that
target organization is called: Undercover operation
148. In code of evaluation, A as to the reliability means: Very
reliable
149. Concerns with the physical measures adopted to prevent
unauthorized access to equipment/facilities, materials
and document and safeguard them against espionage,
sabotage, damage, loss and any form stealing is called:
Physical Security
150. In intelligence function, it is called as “Unfriendly
Forces”: Blacklist
151. Style of leadership makes all decisions without consulting
the subordinates and closely controls work performance:
Authoritarian
152. Authority to choose, select and appoint PNP in his local
place recommended by the Provincial Director: Municipal
Mayor
153. Color coded alert on area subject to possible hazard, but
none expected is called: White
154. Type of intelligence covers tactivity devoted in destroying
effectiveness of hostile enemy activities and to protect
classified matters of organization against espionage,
subversion and sabotage is called:Counter Intelligence
155. A bar member chosen by the Integrated Bar of the
Philippines (IBP): not member of PLEB
156. List that Presidential Security Group prepared so that
agency heads can enter Malacañang Gate 7: Access List
157. Not a duty of Police Officer conducting Patrol: Issuing of
Police Clearance
158. Function of management of filing organization with right
people and right position is called: Staffing
159. Type of patrol which is high mobility of covering of greater
area specially far flank areas, quicker response time of
complaints and greater efficiency in responding
emergency calls and other called of service: Mobile Patrol
160. Stalled in street used in time of occurrence of fire: Fire
Hydrant
161. Most important personnel in police organization are those
assigned to what particular work: Patrol
162. Each group reports to individual who is part of supervisory
group that answers to higher supervisor and so on until
group of administration report to Chief Executive: Scalar
Principle
Run-Ons for Marathon Review by MELCON S. LAPINA, MSCrim
163. Required age for grant of waiver of age requirement for
initial appointment to police service: Not below 20 nor
over 35 years of age
164. ICPO stands for: International Criminal Police
Organization
165. A – 1 evaluation: Completely reliable source –
information confirmed by other sources
166. Waiver:Age, Height, Weight, Education
167. Accountable for “Neglect of Duty”, if he has knowledge
that crime or offense shall be committed by his
subordinates, or by others within his area of responsibility
(AOR) and, despite such knowledge, he did not take
preventive or corrective action either before, during, or
immediately after its commission: Command
Responsibility
168. Powers and functions of the NAPOLCOM: Exercise
administrative control and operational supervision over
PNP
169. Accomplished by making them known; even if they no
longer present in certain location; criminals would still
have impression that they are still around and would
therefore refrain from committing an offense: Police
Omnipresence
170. “Hands – off” passive approach in dealing with
subordinates: Laissez – faire
171. Name cloth sewn on right top pocket of uniform of
Security Guard is: Agency/unit
172. Aural or visual signal given by enunciator to security guard
when intruder actuates device in protected area:
Protective alarm
173. National association of all licensed security agencies and
company security forces: PADPAO
174. Not desirable qualities of Security Guards: Unsound Mind
175. Reason for revocation of Firearm License of Security
Personnel: When serial number is duplicated or using
serial number for more than one firearm
176. Security not proper uniform: Not allowed to carry firearm
177. Any security guard may search without warrant by the
following instances: Search person, firm or establishment
with which such search is required by very nature of
business of clientele.
178. Issue clearances:not duty of security guard
179. Electronic fence consisting of 3 to 5 strands of wire spaced
from 9 to 24 inches above one another which serves as
antenna, monitor panel, and electric circuitry:
Electromagnetic Fence
180. Alarm that sounds premises and require that someone
hears alarm and calls police: Local
181. INTERPOL stands for: International Police
182. International notice used to seek arrest with view to
extradition of subjects wanted and based upon arrest
warrant: Red
183. Security lighting which turned manually or automatically
when there is suspicious entry: Standby
184. Barrier constructed by men that tend to deny access or
delay intrusion: Structural
185. How many feet of clear zone should exist between
perimeter barriers and structures within the protected
14
 areas except when building wall constitutes part of the
perimeter barrier? 50 feet
186. Electrical: not alarm detection
187. In code of evaluation, A means: Completely Reliable
188. Ability to go despite of any obstacle or difficulties:
Perseverance
189. People selected as sources of information, which would be
voluntary, or consideration of price: Asset
190. Shall abuse his authority in tyrannical, cruel, and high
handed manner: Police Brutality
191. Not promoted despite and existence of a vacancy for
continuous period of 10 retired or separated
192. Inefficiency based on poor performance for two (2)
cumulative annual rating periods: not factors for
4. Determining the identity of the author or a typewriter:
retirement and separation
GRAMMAR
193. Maximum tenure of Chief, PNP: 4 years
5. Photography was discovered in what year: 1839
194. Age required for security guard applicant:At least 18 years
6. What do you call the target practice when the police
of age but not more than 50 years of age
officer is allowed a time of 40 seconds to complete a fire?
195. Use of expired license is not allowed. In case of doubt,
UNLOAD AND SHOW CLEAR
licenses may be verified at the: PNP, SAGSD
7. Muzzle Blast – sound created at the muzzle end of gun
196. For Private Security Agency, the color of uniform is: Navy
barrel after explosion
Blue (Upper and Lower)
8. X = Start of Test
197. September 11, 2001 bombing: intelligence failure
9.
10. Purposes of Polygraph: a. ascertain if a person is telling the
truth, b. locate the fruits or tools of the crime and
CRIMINALISTICS
whereabouts of wanted persons, c. obtain additional
1. Relevant Question – pertaining to issue under
investigation leads to the facts of the case/offenses
investigation; purpose: a. to cause specific response from
11. CHIROSCOPY – science of palmprint identification
guilty or deceptive subject, b. to determine subject’s
12. Primary Classification – numerical value: pair 1 – fingers 1
involvement
& 2 : 16, pair 2 – fingers 3 & 4: 8, pair 3 – fingers 5 & 6: 4,
2. Control Question – unrelated to issue under investigation
pair 4 – fingers 7 & 8: 2, pair 5 – fingers 9 & 10: 1
but of similar in nature; purpose: to cause specific
13. Grooves – depressed portion in gun barrel
response from innocent or truthful subject
14. Pattern Area – area where the delta, core and ridges are
3. Irrelevant Question – no bearing to issue under
located
investigation; purpose: to know normal pattern of tracing
15. ALPHONSE BERTILLON – father of personal identification
of subject
16. Evidence found at the crime scene: SALIVA – test: DNA
analysis to determine if the saliva is of the suspect
17. What test is used when the so-called SKY question is being
asked? BACKSTER ZONE COMPARISON
18. A photographer can manage too much existence of light
by the use of narrow lens opening
19. Papyrus – earliest material used as paper purposes in
ancient times
20. Alexander John Forsyth – father of percussion ignition
21. COL. CALVIN H. GODDARD – created the comparison
microscope as indispensable tool for firearm identification
22. IRRELEVANT QUESTION – type of question about
background of perso and not related to the issue of
investigation
23. RICOCHET – type of motion that is responsible for the
bouncing off of bullet in different direction after hitting a
hard object.
24. VOLAR SKIN – refers to the palmar and plantar portions of
the hands and feet, respectively.
25. How to pick up a gun in a crime scene? Use handkerchief
or non-metallic string on trigger guard

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26. Requested Standard – requested by investigator for
purposes of comparative examination; can be assured
that writing is current as it is executed in front of
investigator; there is possibility of intentional distortion
27. THUMB – rolled towards the body; OTHER FINGERS –
rolled away from the body
28. RADIAL LOOP – flow of ridges: towards the THUMB
29. TENTED ARCH – ridges enter on one side, make a WAVE
or RISE at the center, and terminate on the other side.
30. Forensic Science – science applied to law
31. Holographic Document – completely written and signed
by one person; also known as holograph
32. Primer – ignites combustion of gunpowder
33. SIR WILLIAM JAMES HERSCHEL – father of chiroscopy
34. COMBUSTION – rapid oxidation of fuel accompanied by
heat & light
35. INDIVIDUAL CHARACTERSTICS – physical evidence that
has a highest degree of probability
36. BLOCKING – naming or identifying of fingerprint pattern
in each block of finger
37. SHADING – widening of ink stroke due to added pressure
on flexible pen point or to use of stub pen
38. REFLECTION – bouncing back of light
39. REFRACTION – change of direction of the wave due to
change in speed
40. DIFFRACTION – bending of light around small obstacles or
objects
41. UTTERING – act of passing a counterfeit coin
42. TRANSPARENT OBJECT – allows sufficient visible light to
pass; object on other side – clearly seen
43. TRANSLUCENT OBJECT – allows light to pass but diffuse;
objects on other side – not clearly distinguished
44. OPAQUE OBJECT – greatly diffuse light; object on other
side – very difficult, if not impossible, to recognize
45. HANDWRITING – result of a very complicated series of
acts, being used as a whole, and combination of certain
forms of visible mental and muscular habits acquired by
long, continued painstaking effort.
46. In ridge counting a whorl in the final classification, the
whorl is treated as ULNAR LOOP.
47. 3-4 hrs: digestion of food in the stomach
48. DEPTH OF FIELD – nearest & farthest object in same
sharpness
49. FOCAL LENGTH – distance from optical center of lens to
film plane when lens is set or focus at infinity position
50. Elements of Cartridge: Bullet, Cartridge Case,
Gunpowder, & Primer
51. Principle of Individuality – no two persons are exactly the
same.
52. Truth Serum Method – using drugs o extract information
from suspect
53. First requirement in inking a finger: CLEAN THE HANDS
54. KYMOGRAPH – part of polygraph drives a paper at the
rate of 6 or 12 inches per minute
55. Where will the bullet pass through? GUN BARREL
56. PEN LIFT – interruption in stroke caused by removing
writing instrument (pen) from paper
57. Father of Poroscopy – EDMOND LOCARD
Run-Ons for Marathon Review by MELCON S. LAPINA, MSCrim
58. FRICTION SKIN – located along the underside of fingers,
palm, soles, corrugated skin structure
59. To focus light, what part of camera being used? LENS
60. TECHNICAL EXAMINATION – field of criminalistics that
determines whether a bullet is fired or not, loaded or
extracted from a particular gun
61. STAB WOUNDS – caused by sharp-pointed & sharp-edged
instrument
62. FRICTION SKIN – also referred to as papillary or epidermal
ridge
63. PLASTIC PRINTS – fingerprint on putty substances like
wax, candle, clay, etc.
64. SLANT – angle or inclination of axis of letters relative to
baseline
65. Polygraph machine is capable of recording: a. breathing,
b. Skin Conductivity, c. Pulse Rate, d. Blood Pressure
66. Discovered two layers of the skin (dermis & epidermis)
and one layer is named after him. MARCELLO MALPIGHI
67. LYING – conveying or uttering falsehood or misleading
impression
68. DERMIS – innermost layer of skin
69. DSLR – digital single lens reflex
70. In a case of killing by shooting, the question: “Do you know
who owns the firearm near the victim?” is what type of
question? CONTROL QUESTION
71. DULL SUNLIGHT – no shadow
72. TRAJECTORY – actual pattern or curved path of bullet in
flight
73. Smooth bore firearm: Shotgun
74. Bore diameter of a shotgun: Gauge
75. Spiral grooves of barrel of firearm for purpose of imparting
gyroscopic stability to projectile to improve its accuracy:
Rifling
76. Gun maker: Manufacturer
77. Deals with temperature, volume, and pressure of gases
resulting from combustion of propellant charge in gun; it
is also deals with work performed by expansion of these
gases on gun, its cartridge, and projectile: Interior ballistic
78. Latin “forum”: Marketplace
79. Passage of projectile through space or air: Exterior
Ballistic
80. Main types of firearm: Artillery and Small Arms
81. Bullet containing barium nitrates; sets on fire when bullet
is projected: Tracer bullet
82. Physician is using stethoscope, a question document
examiner is Magnifying glass
83. Penetration of bullet: Terminal Ballistic
84. Discipline of forensic science that has its primary concern
determination if bullet or slug, cartridge case or other
component was fired from particular firearm: Forensic
Ballistic
85. Point on first ridge formation at or directly in front or near
center of the divergence of typeline: Delta
86. Ten squares or blocks: Rolled Impression
87. Run parallel, then diverge or separate and surround or
tend to surround pattern area: Type lines
88. Energy at muzzle point: Muzzle energy
89. Lie – detector: Polygraphy
16
90. Speed of bullet per unit of time: Velocity
91. Purpose of Post Mortem Investigation: Cause of Death
92. Bullet first starts forward without turning, that before
bullet can begin to turn, it moves forward small distance
and this makes front of groove in bullet wider than rear
part. This more pronounced in revolver: Skid
93. Brass or guiding metal cup: Primer
94. Means of determining cause of death: not primary use of
photography in police work
95. In question document examination, things whose origins
are known: Standard
96. Ruled or imaginary line upon which writing rest: Baseline
97. Simplest form of forgery is: Spurious
98. One complete turn equivalent to 360 degrees: Pitch of
riflings
99. Stands of a “tripod” of camera: 3
100. Character prints right or left of its proper position is known
as: Horizontal Misalignment
101. Center or heart of fingerprint pattern: Core
102. Goes back over another writing stroke: Retracing
103. Collation: side by side examination
104. Within type lines in which appears the core, deltas and
ridges: Pattern Area
105. Tented Arch: T
106. Blood is a human or non – human origin: Precipitin test
107. Type face becomes filled with lint, dirt, and ink:Clogged
108. Subconsciously left by offender at crime scene when he or
she commits crime: Fingerprint
109. Document being questioned as to its origin and its
production is called: Question document
110. Systolic blood pressure: W.M. Marston
111. Records changes in blood pressure: Cardiosphymograph
112. Records thoraric and abdominal breathings pattern of
respiration: Pneumograph
113. In conduct of polygraph, this is sign by the subject: Waiver
114. Complete circuit having two or more deltas: Whorl
115. Retouching or going back over defective portion of a
writing stroke can be described as: Patching
116. Printing surface of type block is known as: Type face
117. Post – mortem lividity is accumulation of blood in most
dependent portion of body giving dull what particular
color: Red or purplish color
118. Hypostatic lividity occurs how many hours after death due
to cessation of circulation? 6 – 8 hours
119. Hours person may not be allowed smoking prior to his or
her polygraph examination: 2
120. Color of gunpowder nitrates with diphenylamine
reagents: Blue specks
121. Development of breast in female usually commence at:
13-14 yrs old
122. General rule in taking photograph: Held at eye level
123. Accessory of camera used to eliminate camera movement:
Tripod
124. Art or science in application of principle of photography,
preparation of photographic evidences and application to
police work: Police Photography
125. Last photograph shot while in crime scene: Shots
indicating escape route
Run-Ons for Marathon Review by MELCON S. LAPINA, MSCrim
126. Barrel of any firearm considered as a complete firearm
127. Result of lie detector’s test: Investigative leads
128. Color of gunpowder nitrates with diphenylamine reagent:
Deep blue
129. Courts of law: Forensic
130. Firearms identification & questioned document look for
individual characteristics
131. In polygraph testing, how many questions is ideal? 12
132. Legal definition of firearm includes muskets
133. Bladed weapon with sharp edges cannot cause
hematoma
134. Downward movement of cardio pen caused by rest cycle
of heart: Diastolic
135. In a “pot session” or drugs case, the question, “Do you
ever smoke”? Control
136. In post mortem lividity, it involves only superficial layers
of: Skin
137. Post-Mortem Lividity: A.k.a. Cadaveric Lividity, Post-
Mortem Suggillation, Post-Mortem Hypostasis, Livor
Mortis
138. Post-Mortem Lividity: Settling of blood in lower
(dependent) portion of body
139. Post-Mortem Lividity: Color: usual: purplish red/dull-
red/pink; death by carbon monoxide poisoning: bright
pink; exposure of dead body to cold/hot: bright-red
140. Post-Mortem Lividity: Cause: Blood is pulled by gravity
when heart stops
141. Post-Mortem Lividity: Time of appearance: 3-6 hrs after
death; fully developed 12 hrs
142. Kinds of Cadaveric Lividity: 1. Hypostatic Lividity – early
stage; if body is moved, lividity may form in another place;
2. Diffusion Lividity – later stage: blood coagulates inside
the blood vessels; if body is moved, no change of location
of lividity
143. Importance of Cadaveric Lividity: a. Sign of death, b.
Whether body position has been changed or moved after
its appearance, c. Color indicates cause of death, d. How
long a person has been dead, time of death
144. Color of Lividity per Cause of Death: a. asphyxia – dark, b.
CO poisoning – bright pink, c. hemorrhage, anemia – less
marked, d. hydrocyanic acid – bright red, e. phosphorus –
dark-brown, f. potassium chlorate, potassium bichromate
– chocolate or coffee brown, g. body in snow or ice –
bright red
145. Exhibit shown in court for scrutiny by litigants: Hand
exhibit
146. Natural size photograph: Standard
147. Polygraph examination means detection of deception
148. “Emotion of fear” present on a lying subject: Fear of
exposure
149. Fingerprint pattern usually found in loops and whorls is:
Type lines
150. In firearms, individual characteristics are generally found
in: Interior surface of the gun barrel
151. Land marks – caused by the lands
152. Groove marks – caused by the grooves
153. Skid marks – due to worn out barrel
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154. Stripping marks/shaving marks – due to bullet “jumping”
the rifling
155. Slippage marks – caused by rotating resistance of bullet
upon entering rifling of breech end.
156. Male can stand more loss of blood
157. Hemorrhage - loss of blood or blood escape from
the circulatory system.
158. To be admissible, among others, it must be shown that
declarant was conscious of his impending death
159. Mission of document expert is to determine Wrote or
signed
160. Photograph of evidence firearm that cannot be produced
in court: secondary evidence
161. Strong acid cannot burn completely fingerprints
162. All fingers are rolled away from body of subject except:
Thumb
163. Presence of bloodstain and semen in bed, indicative of
sexual abuse of minor
164. In photographing car involved in crime, see to it that you
record, indicate or show in the photograph its plate
number
165. Good pen control is sign of forgery in guided: Hand
signature
166. You can prove that confession was voluntarily given
through presentation of: Statements
167. Bulk stock of film stored in Refrigerator
168. Wounds which if inflicted may cause immediate death of
victim: Mortal
169. “Dermal nitrate test” to determine presence of
gunpowder: Nitrates
170. X-rays, ultra violet rays and infra-red rays outside of
visible rays of electromagnetic spectrum
4 PHOTOGRAPHIC RAYS OF MODERN PHOTOGRAPHY
• X-rays – 1 to 30 nm
• UV rays – 30 to 400 nm
• Visible light – 400 to 700 nm
• Infrared rays – 700 to 1,000+ nm.
171. Obscuring of writing by superimposing ink, pencil or other
marking material: Obliterated
172. Forged document: Spurious
173. Infrared rays: Discovered by William Herschel in 18th
Century; properties: Absorption & Reflection, Thermal
Properties, Refraction
174. Color of the ultra-violet powder in money bills when
subjected to UV lamp examination: Brilliant yellow
175. Act of finding out something which is made obscure or
secret is called Detection
176. Cadaveric spasm: stiffening of certain group of muscles;
moment of death; violent deaths due to extreme nervous
tension, or even fatigue
Quasi-Rigor Mortis
• Heat Stiffening – exposure to ↑ 750C: coagulation of
muscle protein (rigidity of muscles); body assuming
pugilistic attitude
Run-Ons for Marathon Review by MELCON S. LAPINA, MSCrim
• Cold Stiffening – frozen body; cause: solidification of
fat
• Cadaveric Spasm: a.k.a. instantaneous rigor; cause:
extreme nervous tension, exhaustion & injury to
nervous system or injury to chest
Rigor Mortis:
• Latin: rigor "stiffness", mortis "of death“
• Limbs of corpse stiff & difficult to move or
manipulate
• Starts: 3-6 hrs after death
• Fully develops: 12 hrs after death
• Gradually dissipates: 48-60 hrs after death
177. Photomicrography used especially in examination of
Strokes
178. Other term for bullets are projectile and: balls
179. In polygraph testing, the subject is required to answer
questions either by: yes or no
180. Brain injury characterized by malfunctioning of brain
itself is called cerebral concussion
181. Physical illnesses that under that condition a person is
unfit for lie detector’s tests: Heart condition and
breathing disorder
182. Diaphanous test - living produces red color but in dead,
color is: yellow
Topic discusses about Methods of Detecting Cessation of
Heart Action & Circulation (Solis)
a. Examination of Heart
1. Palpation of Pulse – wrist & at neck
2. Auscultation for Heart Sound at Precordial Area
– hear sound
3. Fluoroscopic Examination – seeing shadow of
heart when contracting
4. Electrocardiograph – heart beat recorded by
electrocardiograph machine
b. Examination of Peripheral Circulation
1. Magnus’ Test – tying ligature around base of
finger. (1) alive – no blood site tied w/ ligature;
(2) dead – no change in color
2. Opening of Small Artery – (1) alive –blood
jerking; (2) dead – no jerking
3. Icard’s Test – injection of fluorescein. (1) alive –
skin: greenish-yellow discoloration; (2) dead – no
discoloration
4. Pressure on Fingernails – (1) alive – paleness on
site of application of pressure; (2) dead – no
change of color
5. Diaphanous Test– fingers spread wide & viewed
thru strong light. (1) alive – red; (2) dead – yellow
(3) alive (anemic) – yellow; (4) Alive carbon
monoxide poisoning - yellow
6. Application of Heat on Skin – (1) alive – blister;
(2) dead – no blister
7. Palpation of Radial Pulse – feeling with fingers.
(1) rhythmic pulsation of vessel; (2) dead – not
pulsation
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 8. Dropping of Melted Wax – dropped on breast.
(1)alive – inflammatory edema (swelling) at site
of application; (2) dead – no inflammatory
183. Writer uses his/her entire arm in writing: Whole arm
Four Movements of Writing:
• finger movement –push-and-pull movement
• hand movement – lateral movement
• forearm movement – elbow is pivot of lateral
movement
• whole arm movement – Ornamental penmanship,
blackboard writing, and by few writers in making all
capital letters
184. Printing heavier on one side: off its feet
• Some alignment defects:
– horizontal malalignment – print/right/left of
position
– vertical malalignment – print/above/below its
position
– “tilted/twisted” characters – lean/right/left of
slant
– Rebound – double impression
185. Other terms for land and groove marks are rifling
186. Records respiratory movement: Pneumograph
187. Class characteristics of a 9mm Browning pistol: 6 lands, 6
grooves, right hand twist
• No response to added relevant questions: deceptive
to primary issue
• Similar response to real issue: no conclusion
Silent Answer Test
• Subject instructed to answer w/o verbal response
• Effective when subject’s verbal response causes
distortion in tracing such as sniff or clearing of throat
191. In polygraph testing, emotional response of body:
reaction
192. Must to photograph all visible fingerprints before lifting
same
193. Rigor mortis starts: 6
• Rigor Mortis
– A.k.a. Post-Mortem Rigidity, Cadaveric Rigidity,
Death Stiffening, Death Struggle of Muscles
– Starts at 3-6 hrs after death
– Starts: muscles of neck & lower jaw; spreads
downwards to chest, arms, & lower limbs.
– Duration: (1) temperate countries: 2-3 days; (2)
tropical countries: 24-48 hrs (cold weather), 18-
36 hrs during summer.
194. Plain whorl always with two (2) deltas
195. Onoscope: optical instrument being inserted inside gun
barrel to examine its internal surface
196. Subject’s sweat glands: Galvanograph section
197. Divides itself into two (2) ridges: Bifurcation
198. Simple seduction – unfulfilled promise of marriage: Deceit

• Colt Type: 6-L-G2x Qualified Seduction (Art. 337, RPC)

• S & W Type: 5-R-G=L • Ordinary Qualified Seduction
• Army Type: 4-R-G3x – Victim: virgin over 12 yrs & under 18 yrs old
• Steyr Type: 4-R-G=L – Offender:
• Webley Type: 7-R-G3x • Person in public authority
• Browning Type: 6-R-G2x • Priest
• House-servant
188. Movement of bullet: direct, rotatory and translational • Domestic
189. Photographs of suspected suicide entrance and exit • Guardian
wound • Teacher
190. Subject will respond to all accusatory type of questions: • Any person entrusted w/ education/custody
Guilt complex reaction of woman seduced
• Elements:
Peak of Tension Test – Victim: virgin; over 12 but under 18 yrs old
• Given if subject not aware of details of offense – Sexual intercourse
• About 7 questions: 1 specific bearing of case – Sexual act: abuse of authority/confidence
• Specific question: details of incident w/c could not • Abuse of authority
have been to subject o Person in public authority
• Truthful subject: no tension build up o Guardian
• Guilty subject: peak of tension o Teacher
Guilt Complex Test o Person entrusted w/ education/custody
• Given when response to relevant & control questions of woman seduced
similar in degree & consistency • Abuse of confidence
• Questions: new series of relevant questions dealing o Priest
w/ real incident – w/c subject could not have o House-servant
committed o Domestics

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 • Incestuous Qualified Seduction
– Offender-victim relationship: blood relationship
– Victim: not necessarily virgin; under/over 18 yrs
old
– Penalty: higher than ordinary qualified seduction
– Elements:
• Sexual act
• Blood relation of victim & offender
• Simple Seduction (Art. 338, RPC)
• Elements:
– Victim: over 12 but under 18 yrs old;
single/widow of good reputation
– Sexual intercourse
– Sexual act by DECEIT
• DECEIT: promise of marriage
199. Determining document – genuine and not altered:
Photograph with special filters, Transparent and sloping
lights, Ultraviolet and infrared lights
200. Materials which detonates or explodes when subjected to
shock or heat: blasting cap (primer)
201. Bending of light around an object gives rise to
phenomenon called: diffraction
202. Rim diameter smaller than its body: Rebated
a. rebated type – smaller
b. rimmed type – protruding
c. belted type – protruding metal around body of
cartridge
d. rimless – rim at level with body of cartridge
e. semi-rimmed – rim slightly protruding
203. Longest range of sensitivity in electromagnetic spectrum
Infrared film
204. Poisonous gas smell like rotten egg: H2S (hydrogen
sulfide)
205. Process of dissolution of tissues by digestive action of its
enzymes and bacteria resulting to liquefaction of tissues
and liberation of foul-smelling gasps: Putrefaction
• Saponification: a.k.a. adipocere formation
– fatty tissues of body → soft brownish-white
substance (adipocere)
– “conversion of an oil or fat into a soap…”
• Decomposition: a.k.a. rotting
– “ process by which organic substances are
broken down into simpler forms of matter.”
– Taphonomy: science dealing w/ decomposition
• Maceration
– “Softening of the tissues after death by autolysis,
especially of a stillborn fetus.”
206. Entomology of cadaver, usual time for egg to be hatched
into larva is 24 hrs after death
207. Normal developing time for normally exposed film using a
D-76 developer: Five to six minutes
208. Fixing time of negative or photograph: Five to seven
minutes
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209. Steel block closes the rear of the bore against the force of
the charge: Breechblock
210. Bones in adult human: 206
211. Kind of skin – dry, dead & peeled away from surface skin:
Scarf skin
212. Polygraph test: Questions must all be in the form of
accusations
213. Primary purpose of pre-test interview: Prepare subject for
polygraph test
214. Presence of Natural Variation: not forgery
215. Complete, continuous, persistent cessation of respiration,
circulation and almost all brain function of an organism:
Somatic death
216. Death due to lack of oxygen for around 3 to five minutes:
Asphyxia
217. Displacement of articular surface of bone without external
wounds: Dislocation
218. Molecular or cellular death, death of individual cells is with
in 3-6 hours
219. Visible rays react on some substances so that visible light
is reflected, phenomenon known as Fluorescence
220. Black and white photography because it produces the
most natural recording of colors: Panchromatic film
221. Prefix indicating color reversal: kodachrome
222. Determines how effectively moving object can be
stopped, that is, how sharply it can be reproduced without
blurring, or streaking in final image: Shutter speed
223. “Do you know who rob the store?”: Relevant
224. Rigor mortis for time of death
225. Parts of hair:
a. Cortex
b. Medulla
c. Cuticle
226. Indispensable or very important thing or things in
photography: Light
227. Light-tight box with film, lens and shutter: Camera
228. Interior Ballistics involves study of velocity of bullet inside
barrel
229. Fingerprint pattern in which the ridge goes towards little
finger: Ulnar
230. First use fingerprints as means of identification: Chinese
231. Polygraph: investigative lead
232. Element of armor-piercing bullet: tungsten chrome steel
233. “Are you the driver of the escape vehicle in the victim’s
house?”: Relevant
234. Incipient ridge have no count even if it is passing or
touching an imaginary line
235. Polygraph test – pregnant woman/menstruation:
discontinued
236. Science of fingerprint identification: dactyloscopy
237. In case of rape, the best document is medico-legal report
238. To protect questioned document from excessive heat and
light, it should be placed in a dry place and stored.
239. Equal to the human eye: normal lens
240. Most common death by asphyxia: Strangulation
241. Propel projectiles less than one (1) inch in diameter: Small
firearms
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242. Bullet pass through Barrel
243. Normal developing time of a paper film: 5 – 10 minutes
244. Asphyxia means loss of oxygen
245. Strikes primer: Firing Pin
246. Plain whorl always have two (2) or more deltas: Yes
247. Persons reaction which involves loss of contact with
reality: pschosis
248. Wavelength refers to the electromagnetic spectrum –
visible and invisible light.
249. Dull sunlight, although in open space and cloudy, cast no
shadow
250. In polygraph examination, the question must not be in a
form of Accusation
251. Photograph: Secondary Evidence
252. Ridge count of first loop appearing excluding little fingers:
Key
253. First step in Crime Scene Photographing: Full view crime
scene photographing
254. Three-legged device commonly uses in the studio: Tripod
255. Glossy ink printed vertically in genuine banknotes which
can be seen by naked eye to allow detection by ordinary
layman: Security thread
256. Firearm that is designed to shoot only one shot every
loading: Single shot firearm
257. Initiates or makes the primer ignite: Firing Pin
258. Serves as paper feed mechanism: Kymograph
259. Suggested use of photography in forensic science and
establish world’s earliest laboratory in Switzerland:
Archibald Rudolph Reiss
260. 4 parts of a cartridge: bullet, cartridge case, gun powder
and primer
261. Sound produced by gun: Muzzle blast
262. Document written entirely in handwriting of person
whose signature it bears: Holograph
263. Part of camera that can minimize and reduce opening:
lens opening or aperture or diaphragm
264. In polygraph examination, blood pressure tracing is found
in bottom.
265. Science of firearms: Forensic Ballistics
266. Regular occurrence due to movement of writings: Rhythm
267. Coins word photograph: Herschel
268. Human skin is pale and waxy looking, this is due to the
absence of blood circulation
269. If dermis is completely destroyed, can it be restored: NO
270. After disappearance of rigor mortis, muscles become soft
and flaccid. During this stage body undergoes
PUTREFACTION
271. In Polygraph machine, the length of the rubber convoluted
tube, is how many inches? 7
272. Intracranial hemorrhage: Brain
273. Unusual and deep breathing is indication of deception
274. Father of Modern Polygraphy: Leonarde Keeler
275. In questioned signature examination, number of standard
specimen required is at least 6
276. 4 principal blood groups: A, B, AB, 0
277. Total take in crime scene photography: meaning –
photographing all angles possible; purpose: to reflect the
entire area
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278. Regulation & Exclusion of light: “Lights reflected or
radiated by a subject must reach the sensitized materials
while all other lights must be excluded.
279. Other Principles of Photography: a. photograph –
mechanical & chemical result of photography, b.
development – making formed image visible: 1. Actual
scene: more light = opaque or black shade; 2. Too little
light = transparent or white shade; 3. Complete Image =
varying shade of gray
280. Psychoses – loss of contact with reality; neurosis – no loss
of contact with reality
281. Papillary ridges – formed when still inside the mother’s
womb and remain unchanged throughout life until
decomposition
282. Entrance & exit or ingress & egress – photographing
murder/robbery/suicide
283. firearm should be properly wrapped and placed in a
container for endorsement to the crime laboratory to
preserve it.
284. Infrared examination – uses invisible radiation beyond
the red portion of the visible spectrum
285. Putrefaction – foul-smelling gases/gasps
286. Explosive bullets – contains a charge of high explosive
287. Principle in QDE: Questioned & Standard MUST be
ORIGINAL.
288. Pistoia – literal meaning: city
289. Pistole – literal meaning: coin
290. Burned document – charred document
291. Light – expert document examiners cannot give an opinion
or conduct examination as regards a questioned
document case without it
292. X-ray:equipment helps detect suspected contraband like
drugs, bombs, firearms and etc.
293. Camera body – part of a camera which is basically an
enclosure devoid of light
294. Photograph is the accurate representation of crime scene
295. Carbon/China/India – oldest ink material known and used
by ancient Egyptians
296. Principle of Ballistics - “No two (2) barrels are
microscopically alike or identical as the internal surface of
the bore or barrels all posses individual and characteristic
markings of their own”
297. No attempt should ever be made to develop fingerprints
on any wet surface or to use dusting techniques during
rain because it willresult to nothing but wastage.
298. Reactiion – emotional response of the body towards
stimulus or questions asked.
299. 5 yrs before & after – dates of the standard specimen
300. Plain/Fixed/Simultaneous Impression – Impressions
which are taken at the same time on the fingerprint card
301. Furrows – canal-like impression found between the
ridges.
302. DNA Fingerprinting – most expensive but reliable and
acceptable means of preserving evidence and in the
identification of persons
303. Charta – Latin word for paper
304. Papyrus – origin of word paper
305. Lens – comparable to the pupil of an eye
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306. Taper Gauge – instrument used in determining the bore
diameter of firearms
307. Rifling – other term of land and groove marks
308. Pattern Area – area surrounded by type line
309. Alphonse Bertillon – declared with scientific proofs that
the human skeleton is unchangeable after the twentieth
year
310. In polygraph practice, the questions that is to be asked
from the subject – stimulus
311. Velocity – rate of speed of bullet per minute of time
312. Romberg’s Test – test for intoxication whereby subject
stands straight with heels together and with closed eyes
for at least one minute
313. Fixing–Process in photography entailing the removal of all
unexposed and undeveloped silver halides
314. Depth of Field – nearest/farthest/sharp
315. Cadaveric Spasm – Immediate stiffening after death due
to severe injury to the central nervous center or when
there was great tension at time of death
316. Polygraph – other term of “lie detector”
317. Cardio sphygmograph – component of lie detector
machine responsible in recording pulse rate, amplitude
and changes of blood pressure
318. First time a colored photograph was admitted: Green v.
County of Denver, Case #:142 p.2D 277, 111 Colo. 390,
1943; place: Denver, Colorado, USA; year: 1943
319. People v. Jennings – FP photos for identification purposes;
1911
320. Watermark – provides information regarding
manufacturer & date of manufacture
321. Adipocere occurs in bodies immersed in water.
322. 25 yards – distance of recognition in broad daylight of a
person who is almost a stranger
Light as a Factor in Identification
• Clearest Moonlight & Starlight: a. Clearest
Moonlight – best known person not recognizable at
distance greater than 16 to 17 yards; b. Starlight –
not recognizable further (sic) than 10 to 13 yards
• Broad Daylight: a. Never been seen before person –
not recognizable farther than 100 yards; b. almost
strangers – recognizable at distance of 25 yards
• Flash of Firearm – 2 feet: not possible for witness to
see assailant in case of hold-up or murder; reason: a.
usual – hidden assailant; b. unexpected
assault&attention of person/witness – minimum
• Flash of Lightning – identification: possible –
person’s eye is focused towards individual he
wishes to identify during flash
• Artificial Light – identification dependent to kind &
intensity of light
323. Result of unusual camera position in crime photography
be avoided – It distorts the perspective
324. Problem usually encountered by a photographer when
using a flash unit – Synchronization
325. Plain Arch – ridges that enter on one side of the pattern
and flow towards the other side with a rise in the center
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326. Cyan – combination of blue and green light
327. Zoom Lens – lens with variable focal lens
328. Pitch or rate of twist – One complete revolution of the
bullet
329. Digitus - Latin word for finger
330. Velocity – rate of speed of the bullet per unit of time
331. Depth of Field – range of distance from the nearest object
to the farthest object that is sharp when the lens is set or
focused at a particular distance
332. The use of “truth serums” such as sodium pentothal or
phenobarbital in the questioning of the suspects is called
Narcoanalysis
333. Pinhole Camera – simplest camera
334. Camera Obscura – earliest camera
335. Decipherment – process of making out what is illegible or
what has been effaced?
336. In ridge tracing, the reference is in the Lower side or point
of the extreme left delta
337. Zip guns –devices not really designed to become weapon
but because of its mechanism that is same as those in
firearm they are already considered as miscellaneous guns
338. Principle of Infallibility of Fingerprints – reliable and
positive means of identification.
CRIME DETECTION & INVESTIGATION
1. Cardinal points of questioning: one question at a time,
avoid implied answer, simplicity of question, saving faces,
yes and no question, positive attitude.
2. Symptoms of using amphetamine – Hostility, Paranoia,
Aggressiveness, Cardiovascular system failure, Irregular
heartbeat, Nausea, Headache, Reduction of social
inhibitions, Altered sexual behaviour, Blurred vision ,
Chest pain , Hallucination, Unrealistic ideas of personal
ability and power , Convulsions , Malnutrition , Skin
disorders , Amphetamine-caused psychosis
3. Principal source of all cocaine – Coca is any of the four
cultivated plants in the family Erythroxylyn Coca, native to
western South America. The plant is grown as a cash
crop in Argentina, Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru,
even in areas where its cultivation is unlawful.
4. Characteristics of physical evidence which is
accompanied by a group – Class Characteristics
5. Yellow line with dots in the middle… meaning in road –
You cannot overtake if the solid line is in your side, if you
overtake return to your lane before the solid line.
6. What is a 3D Sketch? Cross projection
7. Culture of raising plants is the reason of the manufacture
of dangerous drugs. True
8. Organized Crime Member… Financial Controller – who is
it? – A member of an organized group
9. Not a job of the medico-legal officer – Investigation
10. Purpose of breaking windows and chopping holes during
fire – To ventilate the building
11. What should not be done after collecting evidences?
Physical search of witness
12. Who has the final say if evidence is admissible? Court
13. In money laundering, the blending back to free economy
of the illicit money – Integration
14. The organized crime group that also called the Federal
and the Blood Alliance – Sinaloa cartel
15. What is the reason that the evidence is under
supervision? Chain of custody
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16. The best evidence that can be found at the crime scene of
a robbery. Weapons dropped at the crime scene
17. In questioning witnesses, unimportant suspect in
questioning is Excluded.
18. White crystalline powder – Shabu
19. Transhipment country of all heroin – Hong Kong
20. Driving towards the crime scene, what should not do?
Never approach vehicles
21. Operate motor vehicles for livelihood – Professional
drivers license
22. Not Illicit service for organized crime – Gambling
23. Money laundering, the most important reason to fight
against organized crime group – Ensure isolation and
preservation in the financial institution
24. Portable fire fighting device – Fire extinguisher
25. Symptoms when using amphetamines:
a. Increased body temperature
b. Euphoria
c. Increased blood pressure
d. Dry mouth
e. Faster breathing
f. Dilated pupils
g. Increased energy and alertness
h. Decreased fatigue
i. Decreased appetite
26. Substance not in container when recovered, what the
police must NOT do? Do not MAC
27. Marking and labelling of evidence is done ___________?
To properly identify physical evidence
28. The questioning of a person that is not a part of
investigation – Interview
29. The offense that is a result of drugs – Drug-related
offenses
30. The biggest organized crime that hold the Golden
Triangle? Triad
31. A method to establish fixed point – Triangulation
32. Reason why arsonists help in fire fighting (hero type) -
Enjoyment
33. Philippines is susceptible to drug smuggling because of
Archipelagic nature
34. Marijuana is the most Used hallucinogen in the
Philippines
35. Evidence procured not inside the container, what not to
do? Put it in the pocket for a while
36. Organized crime group operation where illegal money is
converted into legal. Money laundering
37. Main justification of crimes:
I. Relation between drugs and crime
II. Research report, history who had most drug abuse
III. Drug abuse are likely to commit violent crime
38. Arson crime are difficult to prove – Most evidences are
burned
39. Questioning of a person who is not a suspect of a crime –
Interview
40. Immediate action of an investigator upon arrival at the
crime scene – Interview witness
41. Strongest derivatives of opium – Heroin
42. Random car stops to promote safety – checkpoint
43. ISIL stands for: Islamic State of Iraq & Levant
44. Which of the following describes an investigation report?
Facts tend to prove suspect’s guilt
45. Factual basis of police organization for corrective
measures of action? To promote discipline of police
personnel
46. Infiltration of legitimate business by organized crime
group by means of Extortion
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47. Crime committed in a state but the planning and
preparation is in another state – Transnational crime
48. Least abused drug in the Philippines – Heroin
49. Evidence procured not inside the container, what not to
do? Put it in the pocket for a while
50. Organized crime group operation where illegal money
were converted into legal – Money laundering
51. Organized crime group, “financial controller” refers to
Member of organized group
52. Main justification of crimes:
I. Relation between drugs and crime
II. Research report, history who had the most drug
abuse
III. Drug abusers are likely to commit violent crimes
53. Arson crimes are difficult to prove – Most evidence are
burned
54. Four corners divided into quadrants – Zone method
55. Types of drugs least value in the Philippines – heroin
56. Portable device used to put out small fire – Fire
extinguisher
57. What is known as papaver somniferum? Opium poppy
58. (Keyword is “3D Sketching”) Cross Projection sketch
59. ALCOHOL CONTENT - RELATION OF THE BLOOD ALCOHOL
LEVEL TO THE DEGREE OF INTOXICATION: a) 0.05% = NOT
considered INTOXICATED; b) 0.1% & 0.15% = faculties so
IMPAIRED; UNFIT to drive motor cars with reasonable
safety; c) 0.15% (majority of young people NOT habitual
drinkers) = intoxicated (staggering); d) 0.2% (including
habitual drinkers) = intoxicated (staggering); e) 0.5% = in
coma
60. Associative Evidence – links or connects
61. 3 Elements of Human Trafficking – 1. the criminal act of
recruitment, transportation, transfer, harboring, or
receipt of persons within or across national borders, 2.
by means of: threat or use of force, coercion, abduction,
fraud, deception, abuse of power or vulnerability, or giving
payments or benefits to a person in control of the victim,
3. for the purpose of exploitation, which includes, at a
minimum, exploiting the prostitution of others, other
forms of sexual exploitation, forced labor or services,
slavery or similar practices, and the removal of organs
62. What do you call the target
63. Symbol of Triad: Heaven, Earth, Man
64. The Cali Cartel was based in southern Colombia, around
the city of Cali and the Valle del Cauca Department. Its
founders were the Rodríguez Orejuela
brothers, Gilberto and Miguel, and José Santacruz
Londoño, also known as "Chepe". They broke away
from Pablo Escobar and his Medellin associates in the late
1980s when Hélmer Herrera, also known as "Pacho",
joined what became a four-man executive board that ran
the cartel.
65. Cycle of money laundering: 1. introducing cash into the
financial system by some means ("placement"); 2.
carrying out complex financial transactions to camouflage
the illegal source of the cash ("layering"); and 3. acquiring
wealth generated from the transactions of the illicit funds
("integration").
66. Stages of Collision: a. Vehicular Collision, b. Human
Collision, c. Internal Collision
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67. Heat can be transferred from one place to another by
three methods: a. conduction in solids, b. convection of
fluids (liquids or gases), and c. radiation through anything
that will allow radiation to pass.
68. Quantity of shabu that is non-bailable: 50 grams or more
69. BIFF: Bangsamoro Islamic Freedom Fighters
70. BIAF: Bangsamoro Islamic Armed Forces
71. ISIL: Islamic State of Iraq and Levant
72. Calculated use of violence as fear, intimidation or
coercion, or threat of such violence to attain goals that are
political, religious and ideological nature: Terrorism
73. Botanical name of “Marijuana” is: Cannabis Sativa L.
74. Criminalistic subject is: Technological
75. Most commonly abuse drugs in the Philippines: Shabu
76. Penalty if government official or employee is found guilty
for violating one of provisions of new drugs law:Maximum
penalty
77. Act of terrorism is declared political that is often symbolic
in nature and intended to influence audience beyond
immediate victims.
78. Most important motive of setting fire: Revenge
79. Quantum of proof of administrative offense is: Substantial
evidence
80. Most devastating when exploded by terrorist: Pandaca oil
depot
81. Physical test for drunkenness: Romberg’s test
82. Scientific name of “Ecstacy” is:
Methylenedioxymethamphetamine
83. First thing to do with evidence: Photograph it
immediately
84. Al Qaeda means: Base
85. If there is biological terrorist threat, agency that is
accompanied by Law Enforcement is: DSWD
86. INTERPOLstands for:International Police
87. If you found fired bullet at crime scene, you would put
your markings at: Base
88. Method of reproduction of footprints is called: Moulage
89. Terrorism committed through use of cyberspace or
computer resources: Cyberterrorism
90. Sketch made at crime scene: Rough sketch
91. Constant temperature at which vapor pressure of liquid is
equal to atmospheric pressure: Boiling point
92. Days required to settle your case to avoid suspension or
revocation of your license: 15
93. Can you compel suspected erring driver to give sample of
his blood for test analysis to determine whether he/she is
drunk?Yes
94. Primary duty of arson prober: Probe conflagration and be
an instrument of justice
95. Lead agency in fighting illegal drugs: PDEA
96. After occurrence of fire. One of first thing to do is to look
for is: origin of fire
97. Religious fanatics including Islam fundamentalist based on
Middle East are considered fearful terrorists for reason
that they are not afraid to die
98. Three possible findings in fire investigation, these are:
accidental, undetermined and Incendiary / Intentional
99. E – commerce Act of 2000: RA 8792
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100. Instrument used in examining tool marks: Comparison
microscope
101. Year that PDEA goal for DRUG FREE PHILIPPINES: 2020
102. In taking close – up shots or photographs of” tire marks”
and in order to get thread design and tire width, you have
to place beside marks:Ruler
103. Anti Money Laundering Act of 2001: RA 9160
104. Terrorism - to gain operational funds, thru kidnapping,
drug trafficking, bank robberies, and like: Criminal acts
105. In vehicle fire, possible points of origin under hood are fuel
pump, carburettor and:Wiring
106. If vehicle was burned without its radio, air horn, spare
tires, and other equipment, it indicates that fire was
possibly: Intentionally set
107. Irresistible impulse to set fire is called pyromania
108. If fire occurred in open space and with no change in wind
direction, what is normal pattern of fire: Vertical
109. Common example of providential fire: Lightning
110. ICT: Information and Communication Technology
111. Conducts anti – drug operations in coordination with anti
– money laundering council: PDEA
112. “Corpus Delicti” of crime of arson, 1) burning of house
and: criminal design of causing it
113. In DNA, this is substance whose composition had been
passed on from parents to their children: Cell
114. Dangerours Drugs Board (DDB): policy-making body
115. AFFF –Aqueous Film-Forming Foam
CRIMINAL SOCIOLOGY
1. Negative feeling developed by hostage victim toward
hostage taker – London syndrome
2. Drug cases involving possession of drugs – Mala in
Prohibita
3. Not included in objectives of crisis negotiation: Arrest the
perpetrator
4. Mike Zubiri proposed a law to have MMA in the
Philippines – Statutory Law
5. What is BIAF? Bangsamoro Islamic Armed forces
6. Instigation – The act w/c one incites another to do
something, as to injure a third person, or to commit some
crime or misdemeanor.
7. Sociology of Law – Refers to investigation of the nature of
criminal law and its administration
8. Endogamy - - also called in-marriage, custom enjoining
one to marry within one's own group
9. Commitment to Public Interest – Police officers must
always uphold public interest over and above personal
interest
10. Stealing because of jealousy is what type of youth
behavioural disorder? KLEPTOMANIA
11. Radical Criminology that sees crime as conflict and
inequality in the society that concerns primarily on gender
– Feminist criminology
12. A study based on Id, Ego and Superego – Freudian theory
or Psychoanalysis
13. People with IQ of 0-20, Mongolism is an example – Idiot
14. Something happened and difficult to accept. Make
conclusion why it happened. – Rationalization
15. COMELEC. No one can carry firearms and explosives, even
police officers who are not on duty – Negative
16. Peculiar and sometimes confused – Bizarre
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17. Definition of Crisis Management – It refers to the
government response & action aimed to mitigate,
minimize, prevent and control any incipient incident from
further escalating & endangering destruction of
properties & loss of lives within the complex.
18. Definition of Restorative Justice – Doctrine that requires
a process of resolving conflicts with the maximum
involvement of the victim, the offender and the
community.
19. Victim Vulnerability – A type of Victim who is an easy
target
20. Sexual gratification by animals or by the anus of a human
– Bestiality
21. Victimized in a dark and uninhabited place – High risk
22. Obligatory service to pay or render something –
Obligation
23. Law creating Criminology Board of Examiners – RA 6506
24. Evaluation of Mental and Moral capacities – Moral
character
25. Peter is a student who wants to be alone, he don’t want
to be with others. Days after becoming friends with the
group of Pedro, Peter learned the behaviour of the group.
What theory that describes the above-mentioned?
Differential association theory
26. A person in his childhood posses a good mental and body
health. But during his adulthood he cannot practice his
volition due to bizarre and melancholic phenomenon. This
describes the theory of Neo-classical theory
27. Andy receives a call telling him if he will not give ransom,
his siblings will be in jeopardy. He immediately set to find
purpose for the trade of his sibling. What action of
response is needed to the problem? Passion are psychic
response
28. Sen. Manny Pacquiao is a major proponent in the making
of law that will establish an independent Boxing Council.
What law is created by him? Statutory law
29. A hated B. A stabbed B in the mall. A flew to Cavite for
concealment. What crime was committed by A? Instant
crime
30. Reasons why researchers choose only the number of
respondents? a. Economy, b. Timeliness, c. The large size
of many populations, d. Inaccessibility of some of the
population, e. Destructiveness of the observation, f.
accuracy
31. A is from the Mt. Province. A manage to go to the city for
groceries, when B bumped him. A attacked B directly,
killing him. What kind of criminal is A? Acute criminal
32. A government that changes from Democratic to
Dictatorial – Dynamic
33. Sex deviation that incorporates human feces –
Coprophilia
34. Police Parlance: Shorter Time, The Better
a. Partially true
b. Partially false
c. Probably true
d. Probably false
35. Abandoned Child – Deserted for a period of at least 6
continuous months
36. Dingdong and Marian, after marriage make their own
house. What term refers to their residence? Neolocal
37. Schizoid Personality Disorder (SPD) may also be known
as loners – Wants to be alone rather than to associate with
society
38. Trimor is a minor committed a crime not acceptable in
the community – exempted
39. According to Sigmund Freud…Psychoanalytical
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40. A scholar who studies the relationship of crime to social
factors – Sociological Criminologist
41. A mildly retarded person has Intelligence Quotient of – IQ
50-70
42. Phrenology – study of the shape of the skull & bumps on
the head & linked them to criminal behavior; advocates –
Franz Joseph Gall & Johann K. Spurzheim
43. Physiognomy – study of the facial features of criminals:
shape of ears, nose, & eyes & distance between them.
Facial features: associated with antisocial behavior.
Advocates – J.K. Lavater
44. Involuntary or voluntary attitude of a person in order to
adopt the societies idea of right and wrong – Human
behavior
45. Who is the first Filipino studies the criminality in 1903-
1908? Ignacio Villamor
46. Classical school form that crime involved traditional
formal deterrence – Rational choice theory
47. PO3 Jinky have her noche Buena when her supervisor call
her for emergency. PO3 showed to the station –
Delicadeza (moral courage to sacrifice self-interest)
48. Aminov committed a crime and arrested by the duty
police officer. What is the action done by the police
officer? Arrest
49. A minor committed a crime and found guilty. The act of
the minor is not acceptable to the community. Is the child
criminally liable? Exempted
50. Mark and Sabrina are live in partners. They were living for
10 years and have two children, oldest is five and youngest
is 2 years old. Later, they decided to separate. Whose
custody will the court recognize? Sabrina (not married)
51. First prison institution by John Howard from England to
Rome for juvenile delinquents – Hospicio De San Michele
52. Born readiness; repeated acts – Habit
53. Practices common to a particular group, class and race –
Custom
54. People fear of being punished that they avoid to violate –
Deterrence
55. Method used by police in apprehending a criminal during
commission of crime – ARREST
56. Manifested by love of country – PATRIOTISM
57. Offenders weigh information on their personal needs and
factors – Rational Choice Theory
58. Are ordinary criminals who commit crime as a form of
livelihood – BLUE COLLAR CRIME
59. Not an Italian organized crime group
a. Sicilian Mafia
b. Cali Cartel
c. Cosa Nostra
d. Neopolitan …
60. Terrorism and organized crime is related in what
relationship?
a. Paternal
b. Symbiotic
c. Maternal
d. Filial
61. US Office of National Drug Policy (1992), drug trafficking
is characterized by
a. Local
b. Secondary
c. International
d. Core
62. Crimes connected to distribution of drugs – DRUG-
RELATED CRIME
63. Achieve goals inspite of internal and external difficulties:
Perseverance
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64. Born criminal is from what theory of crime
causation?Biological theory
65. Classical theory in criminal law provides that basis for
criminal liability is human free will and purpose of penalty
is: Retribution
66. This theory argues that intelligence is largely determined
genetically; that ancestry determine IQ and that low
intelligence as demonstrated by low IQ linked to behavior,
including criminal behavior: Nature theory
67. State of affairs requiring tact to protect integrity of
person: Delicadeza
68. Study of criminology in relation to physical constitution of
man is called: Criminal physical anthropology
69. When people find they cannot achieved valued goals
through legitimate means they experience stress and
frustration, which will turn may lead to rule violating
behavior: Strain theory
70. Child who is associated with people who are cdiics and
drug addicts will most likely become like them. This is
theory of: Differential association
71. Number of people who share way of life as well as definite
location and some continuity: Society
72. Each police officer is allowed great deal of Discretion in
deciding what to do while on beat especially when
encountered citizen in conflict with laws.
73. Theory of criminality attributes delinquent and criminal
behavior to a conscience: Psychoanalytic
74. Due process: no person shall deprived of life, liberty, or
property without notice of charges
75. Developed the technique of applying body type to
individual delinquents: William Sheldon
76. Correction: legal responsibility for custody, supervision,
treatment and punishment of convicted prisoners
77. Family can be broken by divorce, separation, annulment
or death
78. Penology: study of punishment for crime or criminal
offenders
79. Patriotism: manifest by love of country with pledge of
allegiance to flag and vow to defend constitution.
80. Selling illegal commodities inside prison is referred as
Hustling
81. Felony: untoward movement of person which violates the
criminal law.
82. Hence police must adhere to and internalize core values
of love of God; respect for authority, selfless and service
to people; sanctity of marriage and family life; responsible
dominion and stewardship over material things; and
Truthfulness
Six (6) Core Moral Values:
1. LOVE OF GOD
2. RESPECT OF AUTHORITY –obedience.
3. SELFLESS LOVE OF PEOPLE
4. CHASTITY
5. RESPONSIBLE DOMINION OVER MATERIAL THINGS
6. TRUTHFULNESS
The Six (6) Core Work Values:
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1. INDUSTRIOUSNESS
2. SENSE OF RESPONSIBILITY
3. ORDER (SENSE OF TIME)
4. COLLABORATION
5. DETERMINATION
6. SERVICE
83. Arrest: act of taking person in custody of law for purpose
of answering questions for the offense charges against
him.
84. Restorative Justice: process of resolving conflicts with
maximum involvement of victim, the offender and
community for reparation, reconciliation and
reintegration.
85. Heredity: Transmission of physical characteristics, mental
traits, tendency to disease from parents to offspring.
86. Criminal Justice System: orderly progression of events
from time a person is arrested, investigated, prosecuted,
sentenced, rehabilitated and eventually returned to
community.
87. Plea bargaining: agreement to obtain from judge a lighter
penalty in exchange for dependants entering guilty plea.
88. Integrity: Policeman shall not allow themselves to be
victim of corruption and dishonest practices in accordance
with provision of RA 6713 and other applicable laws.
89. Juvenile Justice and Welfare System: dealing with
children at risk, which provides child – appropriate
proceedings, programs and services.
90. Discipline: keeping with rules and regulations of
Philippines.
91. Obedience to superior: Policemen of lower ranks must be
always courteous and obedience to their superior officers.
92. Word of honor: policeman are adhering to policemen’s
word is his bond. He stands by it and commit to uphold it.
93. Psychological links criminal behavior to mental states
especially mental diseases, mental disorders, pathologies
and emotional problems.
94. Secrecy discipline: All PNP members shall guard of
classified documents and information against
unauthorized disclosure.
95. Courtesy: consideration and respect for others
96. Lead agency of government that provide custody over
minor offender is:Department of Social Welfare and
Development
97. Cesare Lombroso: Father of Criminology
98. PNP members are expected by public not to seek political
influence nor get “padrino” on matters pertaining to
assignment, award, training and promotion. This means
that all PNP members are discouraged to resort to political
patronage
99. Passive inadequate criminal commits crime and at end
they feel guilt or conscience.
100. Courage – does difficult and scary things inspite of fear.
101. Miranda Rights: words that you have to say before you
can take criminal into custody or before criminal can self
– incriminate themselves.
102. Lawyer representing defendant in lawsuit or criminal
prosecution is— Defense Attorney
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103. Bailiff - court attendant entrusted with duties such as
maintenance of order in courtroom during trial.
104. This theory of criminal behavior is reflected to belief that
all of important acts of social life are carried out under
domination of example: Imitation
105. Study of physical evidence through laboratory work is for
Criminalistic
106. Wrongful appropriation, close imitation or purloining and
publication of ideas, language, thoughts of another’s
author is called as: Plagiarism
107. Vagrancy – unlawful act of going about from place to place
by person without visible means of subsistence or support
thought able to work but refuses to do so and lives on the
charity of others and without labor.
108. Mens Rea – criminal intent on part of offender.
109. Appellant – party who takes appeal from one court or
jurisdiction to another.
110. Blue collar crime – ordinary professional criminal to
maintain their livelihood.
111. This character explained that man is subordinate by
nature and becomes materialistic and selfish. They are
interested only in producing by themselves, especially in
producing surplus, which can be exchanged for profit:
Altruistic
112. It is also called as operant behavior which involves
cognitive adaptation that enhances human being’s ability
to cope with changes in environment and to manipulate
environment: Learned
113. They are person suffering from sensitivity of criticism;
defensive and often try to justify their faults; wanted
always to be praised and love appreciation; and they do
not like competition unless certain of winning of it:
Inferiority complex
114. Conditional release is statutory shortening of maximum
sentence prisoners serves because of good behavior while
prison: Good conduct – time allowance
115. It is commonly believed that punishment gives lesson to
offender, that it shows other what would happen if they
violate law; and that punishment holds crime in check:
Deterrence
116. Defined by Edwin Sutherland as criminal acts committed
by person of respectability and high social status in course
of his or her occupation: White collar crimes
117. Study on nature of human being concerning his physical
needs in order to satisfy his ants. It explains that
deprivation of physical body on basic need is important
determiner of commission of crime: Physiological
Approach
118. Any anti – social act committed by a child, minor or youth
that contravenes social norms of society is Juvenile
Delinquency
119. When an accused is discharged as state witness, this is
equivalent to Acquittal
120. This personality system controls gateway to action: ego
121. Review, selection and specification of area to be
investigated is step in research known as: Assessment
122. Juveniles are not capable of committing deviant acts, and
what are considered deviant acts are deviant only by
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mainstream standards, not by offender’s standards:
Cultural Deviance
123. Persons who violate law because they believe their actions
will ultimately benefit society are referred to as Goal-
oriented criminals.
124. One of first social scientists to use objective mathematical
techniques to investigate influence of social factors on
propensity to crime is:Adolphe Quetelet
125. When police takes person into custody and suspect
believes that he or she lost his or her liberty, there is what
is called: Arrest
126. Capacity of person to tolerate prolonged periods of stress
and pressure is also known as Frustration tolerance.
127. When accused is released from imprisonment on his or
her promise to return to court as required, or upon
undertaking of suitable person that he will guarantee
accused’s appearance in court: Recognizance
128. All members of PNP should act in manner that would
reflect best on PNP and live by PNP’s core values: Image
129. Guilty or not guilty as response by accused to criminal
charge at arraignment is called:Plea
130. Crime is function of social conflict and economic rivalry:
Conflict
131. Stage of trial process at which indictment or information
is read in open court and accused is asked how he pleads
is known as: Arraignment
132. In accomplishing tasks assigned of them, PNP members
are required to follow procedures intended to minimize
waste in use of time, money and effort: Frugality
133. When methods are adopted with end in view of reducing
value of crime to potential criminals, there exists what is
called stimulus reduction.
134. Institution of passive and active security measures to
avoid or thwart occurrence of disaster is known in crisis
management as: Prevention
The 4P Crisis Management Model
1. Prediction
2. Prevention
3. Preparation
4. Performance
135. Commitment of police officer to service of his fellowmen
over and above his personal convenience reflects his
belief in Service to the people
136. Offenders who pursue criminal activities with vigor,
attempting to learn from older, experienced criminals
techniques that will earn them most money with least risk
are called Professional criminals.
137. NOT gauge in determining age of child and that is: Warts
138. View of criminal justice that advocates peaceful solutions
and mediation rather than coercive punishments is known
as Restorative justice perspective.
139. Institution that serves as primary social control of
children is: Family
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140. Sub-area of criminology which involves research on
specific criminal types and patterns is known as criminal:
Statistics
141. Perseverance: internal and external difficulties
142. Act of rendering assistance to bereaved family of PNP
member: Camaraderie
143. Edwin Sutherland: white-collar crime
144. Qualitative research: viewed as sensitizing ideas or terms
that enhances our understanding
145. Discipline: with rules and regulations of the PNP
146. Procedure used to determine truth in adjudication of guilt
or innocence in which defense is pitted
againstprosecution with judge acting as arbiter of legal
rules is termed as adversarialprocedure.
147. Prevention: stage in crisis management that involves
process of eliminating destabilization factors that may
lead to crisis or emergency
148. Psychology branch of science views human behavior as
being motivated by inbred biological urges and desires
149. Malfeasance: doing of act which officer has no legal right
to do at all, as where he acted without any authority or
exceeds or abuses his powers
150. Ectomorphs: (somatotype) less social and more
intellectual
151. Appellate court changespart of decision of trial court but
did not reverse, it is said that judgment of lower court
isModified
152. General deterrence: people fear being apprehended and
punished, they will not risk breaking the law
153. In understanding Juvenile behavior, vandalismis defined
as mischievous destruction to get attention, for example,
or to vent hostility.
154. Transgression of some established and infinite rule of
action, where no discretion is left except what necessity
may demand is known in police ethics as: Sin
155. Crimes committed against particular persons or members
of group merely because they share discernible racial,
ethnic, religious, or gender characteristic is known as hate
crimes
156. Distorted concept of right and wrong: NOT a sign of
emotional crisis
157. Group that has short history, limited size, and little
defined territory is type of gang known as: Sporadic
158. If crime rates are consistently higher in poor
neighborhood in large urban areas, crime may: Be a
function of poverty and neighborhood decline
159. Right of child to be born commences at: Moment he was
conceived
160. Not factor that is considered prediction of delinquency:
Adequate child care
161. Bailiff: officer of court who administers formal
procedures, keeps order and announces the judge’s arrival
162. Parens patriae: idea that state was to act in behalf of
parent in interest of child
163. Elements of social bond theory in explaining criminality:
Commitment, Involvementm Attachment
164. Word of honor: PNP members stand by their words and
commit to uphold it.
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165. Incarceration – type of criminal sanction that requires
accused to serve term in prison
166. Belief that law, and therefore concept of crime, is
influenced by people who hold social power and use it to
mold law to reflect their way of thinking is referred to as
Interventionist view.
167. PNP members shall set examples of decency and morality,
shall have high regard for family life and value of marital
fidelity. This ethical standard refers to PNP’s belief in:The
sanctity of marriage and family life
168. Law violating behavior occurs after offenders weigh
information on their personal needs and situational
factors involved in difficulty and risk of committing
crime.Rational choicetheory
169. Person responsible for parolee’s activities and for
providing him or her with help in readjusting to life in
community is the:Parole officer
170. Policing strategy aimed at understanding needs of
community and working with residents to prevent crime is
referred to as community policing.
171. Paranoid schizophrenic: Psychotics whose mind set is
characterized by false mental perceptions or beliefs and
whose thinking makes no sense
172. Classification of delinquents whose activities stem from
personality disturbances instead of gang activity or slum
residence are referred to as: Maladjusted
173. Police turn over CICL after his arrest to: DSWD
174. Illegal activities of people and institutions whose
acknowledged purpose is profit and gain through
legitimate business transactions are called Organized
crimes.
175. According to routine activities theory, volume and
distribution of predatory crimes are affected by
following:Absence of capable guardians, Presence of
motivated offenders, Availability of suitable targets
176. Set of norms and standards practiced by PNP members
during social and other functions is called:Decorum
177. In Marxist Criminology, people who view criminal law and
criminal justice system solely as instrument for controlling
poor are called:Instrumentalists
178. Judicious and equitable distribution of opportunity to
prove one’s worth in police service is reflective of the
PNP’s stand on the issue of Equality in the service
179. Anti-social act committed by child, minor or youth in
contravention to social norms and standards of civilized
society is called:Juvenile delinquency
180. Demands of hostage-taker with an anti-social personality
are:Unrealistic
181. Criminality is function of learning process that could affect
any individual in any culture. Major premise of Differential
association theory.
182. People who reside in socially disorganized high crime
areas where they have greatest risk of coming into contact
with criminal offenders become victim prone irrespective
of their behavior and lifestyle. This statement refers to
High risk theory.
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183. Criminal behavior occurs when actor/offender considers it
useful, purposeful and reasonable. This philosophy is
known as:Utilitarianism
184. Person blocked or thwarted in satisfaction of his need
experience.Frustration
185. Process by which people keep below surface of
consciousness feelings about sex and hostility is
called:Repression
186. Position that criminal law reflects broad agreement about
which kinds of behavior should be punished by state is
espoused byConsensus perspective.
187. Monitoring and support of juveniles who have been
released from custody or supervision by juvenile court:
After care
188. Advocates of accused, acting as intermediaries and
counselors and represent interests of persons accused of
crime are: Private defense counsels/public attorneys
189. The term which defines crimes, dictates punishments, and
controls the procedures used to process criminal
offenders through the justice system is known as criminal
jurisprudence
190. Victim’s behavior has little influence over criminal act
when he lives in area that is at high risk for crime. This
refers to Deviant place theory of victimization.
191. Hostage-taker moved by frenzy of enthusiasm in his ideas
is identified as:Fanatic
192. Term referred to when we speak of feeling or impression
of stimulus is:Sensation
193. Following are principles advanced by the classical theory:
(1) People have free will to choose criminal or
conventional behaviors. (2) People choose to commit
crime for reasons of greed or personal needs. (3) Crimes
can be controlled only by fear of criminal sanctions.
194. Crime that has no purpose except to accomplish behavior
at hand is otherwise known as an expressive crime.
195. Police officers should recognize legitimacy and authority
of government follow its leadership and obey legal orders
of his superior officers. Respect for authority
196. Offender who identifies with criminal subculture, who
makes bulk of his living from crime, and who possesses a
degree of skill in his chosen trade is otherwise known as
professional
197. Biosocial theory contends that not all humans are born
with equal potential to learn and achieve. This is known
as:Equipotentiality
198. Totality of forms of anti-social behavior where youths are
involved is known as:Juvenile delinquency
199. Criminals tend to select victims who share similar
backgrounds and circumstances. View is advanced by
Lifestyle
200. Choosing variety of methods such as observation,
reanalysis of existing data, questionnaires and interviews
are known in research as data collection methods.
201. People will refrain from engaging in criminal activity
because of consequences associated with detection is
underlying basic principle of deterrence theory.
202. Obtaining “thrills” is a crime motivator. This view is held
by Arousal theory.
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203. Juveniles commit delinquencies, but not all of them
develop into adult criminals
204. Police officers are enjoined from allowing themselves to
become victims of corruption and dishonest
practices:Integrity
205. Personality having low levels of guilt and anxiety and
violates persistently rights of others is classified in human
behavior as:Psychopath
206. Duties of parole officer do not include:Render social work
207. Not true of persons suffering from physical defects:It may
cause development of superiority complex.
208. Document required by the Prosecutor’s Office before it
can entertain complaint on case covered by Barangay
Court:Certificate to File Action
209. In strategic position to prevent crime and delinquency,
receives child when he is young, observes, supervises and
teaches him for many hours each week during some of his
most impressionable years:School
210. Juvenile act that when committed by adult will not result
to any prohibited or even demeanor act: Status offenses
211. Views delinquent behavior as expression of conformity to
cultural values and norms that are in opposition to those
of larger society: Cultural deviance theory
212. Focuses on development of high crime areas in which
there is disintegration of conventional values caused by
rapid industrialization, increased immigration and
urbanization:Social Disorganization Theory
213. Process of tagging, defining, segregating, emphasizing
very traits that are complained of:Labeling theory
214. Lower-class people who have no legitimate means to
reach their goals, turn to illegitimate means in
desperation:Cultural deviance theory
215. Both conforming behavior and deviancy, has two (2)
reinforcing elements: an inner control system and an
outer control system:Containment theory
216. Individualized treatment program that could include
counseling, skills training, education and other activities
that will enhance the child’s well-being: Rehabilitation
Program
217. Individual’s psychological, emotional, personal, financial,
economic, moral, spiritual, cultural, occupational and
other internal distress & disturbances: Internal crises
CORRECTIONS
1. Operation Greyhound – Operation conducted by the BJMP
wherein a prisoner maybe checked at any time. His
beddings, lockers and personal belongings may also be
opened at anytime, in his Presence, whenever possible.
SHAKEDOWN- Body search of every inmates personal
effects is required. Upon admission the inmate shall be
searched thoroughly.
2. Temporary stay of execution of sentence – Reprieve
3. Revocation of Probation – Not appealable
4. Is Probation a Right? No, it’s a mere privilege
5. Camp Bukang Liwayway – Minimum Security Prisoners;
Camp Sampaguita- Medium; New Bilibid Prison Main
Building – Maximum
6. What is Conditional Pardon? Refers to the exemption of an
individual, within certain limits or conditions; from the
punishment that the law inflicts for the offense he has
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 committed resulting in the partial extinction of his criminal or city jail shall grant allowances for good conduct. Such
liability. allowances once granted shall NOT be revoked.
7. What is Reprieve? temporary stay of the execution of 31. “Probare”? Probation (TO PROVE)
sentence; generally, it is applied to death sentences 32. GCTA
already affirmed by the Supreme Court.
8. What is the correctional treatment that allows inmate to
work? Work release
9. Can the Supreme Court grant pardon? No. Only the Chief
Executive can do so. PRESIDENT
10. Father of Probation in England: Matthew Davenport Hill
11. Gordy and Patty was convicted of a final judgment they will
serve a sentence of imprisonment. However, Gordy did not
serve his sentence for he has availed for Probation, while
Patty availed Parole. What is the difference between their
privileges? Patty did not serve his minimum sentence
(wrong answer) Patty serve his minimum sentence (parole)
while Gordy didn’t (probation-can be availed only when
sentence is less than 6 years)
12. Can a life termer avail of GCTA? YES
13. In Probation Administration, he act in decision-making in
the supervision and control? Probation Administrator
33. Who conducts probation and probation program? Parole
14. Refer to high-ranking officials. This kind of security inmates
and Probation Administration
refer to High profile inmates
34. Classical Theory – FREEWILL
15. The age below does not include in mandatory labor
35. The nation’s largest penitentiary
a. All of these
a. NBP in Rizal, Manila
b. 50
b. San Ramon
c. 59
c. Iwahig
d. Over 60
36. Adult Probation Law – PD 968
16. An inmate who is allowed to have vocational or educational
37. Branch of CJS charged with safekeeping, rehabilitation,
training, employment of work to support family
etc. Correction
a. Split sentence
38. Quarantine unit for newly arrived prisoners – RDC
b. Furlough
39. Who will grant probation? COURT
c. Work release
40. It is an alternative to incarceration – PROBATION
17. Alternative for incarceration
41. A suspension of sentence implemented by the court –
a. Parole
PROBATION
b. Probation
42. How many years the probationer will undergo probation
c. Pardon
of the penalty is arresto mayor – Not more than 2 years
d. Amnesty
43. Assign the inmates according to available resources –
18. Duration of probation for penalty of arresto mayor – Not
Classification
more than 2 years if the sentence is imprisonment for 1
44. If the prisoner will refuse to work, will the supervisor
year or less (arresto mayor 1 month and 1 day to 6
punish him? No, the officer write a certificate of no duty
months )
and signed by the prisoner
19. Who will appoint if any person wants to be a Volunteer
45. Who will order termination of probation?Court
Probation Assistant? Probation Administrator
46. Condense (REDUCE) the penalty pronounced by the
20. Can a person avail for probation if his penalty is arresto
court?Commutation of Sentence
mayor as minimum and prision correctional as maximum?
a. A sentence that range from 1 day to 3 years imprisonment
NO
- City
21. What do you call an officer who checks the documents of
47. An inmate finished from the 1st class and served at least
the prisoner before admitting him/her to prison?
1/5 of his maximum sentence – Colonist
Admission Officer
- RA of Board of Criminologist RA 6506
22. First prison institution who conducted electric chair
48. Who grants probation? Court
execution – Auburn prison-William Kemmler
49. Considered as oldest form of punishment consisting of
23. Redress of the state against the offending party of the
hardwork Hard labor
society – Punishment
50. Who can avail pardon? Sick person
24. Latin term of Probation – Probatio
51. Finally convicted, how many hours he is allowed to work?
25. Penology is from Latin term “Poena” which means pain or
8 hours
Suffering
52. How many hours can a convict visit their deceased loved
26. Indeterminate Sentence Law – Act 4103
one? 3 hours
27. GCTA Law – Old – Act No.3815; New – RA 10592
53. Medium sentence, which prison institution he would be
28. Synonymous to Community-based Correction – Non-
confined? Camp Sampaguita
Institutional Correction
54. Form of prison discipline that is “off diet”Monotony
29. Probation means…? non-institutional corrections
Early forms of prison discipline
practices that gives a sentenced convict the chance to
HARD LABOR- productive works
reform and rehabilitate himself without having to spend
DEPRIVATION- deprivation of everything except the
time in jails.
essentials of existence.
30. Who can grant GCTA? Director of BuCor, Chief
BJMP,and/or Warden of a provincial, district, municipal

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 MONOTONY- giving the same food that is “off” diet or
requiring the prisoners to perform drab or boring daily
routine.
UNIFORMITY- “we treat the prisoners alike”, the fault of
one is the fault of all
MASS MOVEMENT- mass living in cellbloks, mass eating,
mass recreation, mass bathing.
DEGRADATION- uttering insulting words or languages on
the part of prison staff to the prisoners to degrade or
break the confidence of prisoners.
CORPORAL PUNISHMENT- imposing brutal punishment or
employing physical force to intimidate a delinquent
inmate.
ISOLATION or SOLITARY CONFINEMENT- non-
communication, limited news, “the lone wolf”.
55. Probation officer in probation system is also known as
Probation administration
56. Roman prison attaches slaves in trenches and do hard
labor Ergastulum
57. Most influential person who stated that Alcatraz should be
replaced by a maximum prison James Bennet
58. Characteristics of a Volunteer Probation Aide
- Give continued affection to the client, even when specific
behavior is unacceptable and build on whatever good
points there are.
- Introduce new positive experiences into the client’s life.
- Be aware of the primary responsibilities to PPA and
client.
- Respect confidentiality
- Honor all commitments and be on time for all
appointments
- Consult with the PPA staff if in doubt on any matter.
- Keep PPA staff informed of any important change in
client’s situation or of any significant incident.
- Be a good behavior model for the client in action and
word.
- Participate enthusiastically in volunteer meetings and
training sessions.
- Believe that human beings can change their behavior
patterns since the primary objective is to help the client’s
reentry into society.
59. Term denotes new or fresh trial when an appellate court
sends case back to lower court for new trial: Trial de novo
60. Volunteer Probation Aides may be appointed from among
citizens ofGood repute and probity
61. May be granted conditional pardon: prisoner who is sixty
years old and above
62. Not considered minor offense of inmate: Failing to stand
at attention and give due respect when confronted by or
reporting to any officer or member of the custodial force
63. Documents attached to Release Document of the parolee:
(a) Prison record(b) Name of the Parole and Probation
Officer
64. An advantageous result in the integration of correctional
agencies is:Better coordination of services and increased
cost-efficiency
65. Petition for grant of absolute or conditional pardon shall
be favorably endorsed to Board by Secretary of National
Defense if crime committed by petitioner is against
national security.
66. Prisoner be immediately released provided he is not
recidivist or he had not been previously convicted 3 or
more times of any crime: If he has been in jail for a period
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equal to or more than the possible maximum term of
punishment of the offense he may be found guilty of
67. Zosimo was convicted to a prison term of prision
correccional. Will he qualify for probation?Yes, his
sentence is less than six (6) years and one (1) day
68. Four (4) acknowledged goals of Criminal sanction as
follows: retribution, deterrence, incapacitation and
rehabilitation.
69. System of key control in jail includes:An updated system of
monitoring and control of keys
70. Alien parolee turned over for disposition, documentation
and appropriate order: Bureau of Immigration and
Deportation
71. Post-Sentence Investigation Report is submitted to court
within 60-day period.
72. President grants absolute/conditional pardon based on the
recommendation of:Board of Pardons and Parole
73. Not classified as detainee: Accused person who is confined
in jail and already convicted to serve a prison term
74. Why is probation service analogous to parole service?Both
have similar investigation and supervision functions.
75. Control over probationer and probation program is
exercised by:The Court who placed him on probation
76. Authorizes release of detainee who has undergone
preventive imprisonment equivalent to maximum
imposable sentence for offense he is charged with?Batas
Pambansa 85
77. Primary purpose of presentence investigation?To help the
judge in selecting the appropriate sentence of the
offender
78. According to control theory, crime and delinquency result
when individual’s bond to Society is weak and broken.
79. Drug user who is placed under probation may be made to
serve his sentence by court if heviolates any of the
conditions of his probation
80. JOI Jean Sibuto confiscated white crystalline substance
rolled in a transparent sachet and she suspected it to be
“shabu”. What should she do first?Record the incident in
the logbook
81. All data gathered about probation applicant shall be
treated Confidentially
82. Court order revoking grant of probation notappealable?
83. Holds that punishment is imposed on offender to allow
society to vent its anger toward and exact vengeance upon
criminal: Retribution
84. Referred to as reduction of duration of prison
sentence?Commutation of sentence
85. Rehabilitative program: It attempts to improve a
prisoner’s job skills or educational achievement
86. There are two (2) inmates arguing over loss of some items
in their cell. You are the guard on duty. What will you
do?Invite both of them to the office and investigate the
matter
87. Where to pay the amount for remittance of the victim
(probation)?Clerk of Court of the Trial Court
88. The custodial model of correctional institution focuses in
security, discipline and order.
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89. Experiences of residents with crimes which are not usually
reported to the police. Victimization surveys
90. Inmates with heart diseases need to be treated with a little
more care than other inmates. DO NOT prescribe the
medicine to the heart-patient inmate
91. Classification of prisoner’s offense of possession of lewd or
pornographic literature and/or photographs?Less grave
offense
92. Juveniles are not capable of committing deviant acts, and
what are considered deviant acts are deviant only by
mainstream standards, not by offender’s standards. This
assumption is advanced by Cultural deviance theory.
93. If people fear being apprehended and punished, they will
not risk breaking law. This view is being held by the general
deterrence theory.
94. To be eligible for grant of conditional pardon, at least one
half of minimum of his indeterminate sentencesentence
must have been served by petitioner-prisoner
95. Can apply for release under Law on Release on
Recognizance: One who is charged with an offense whose
penalty is not more than six (6) months
96. NOT objective in conduct of interview of probation
applicant: To determine his paying capacity
97. Boston bootmaker who was founder of probation in United
States?John Augustus
98. Latin word “probatio” Testing period
99. Sociologists look at corrections as:A total institution in
which the basic physiological needs of prisoners were to
be met away from the outside world
100. Function responsibility of prison guards?Prison security
101. Level of security facility which is usually enclosed by thick
wall about 18-25 feet high, on top are catwalks in every
corner, a tower post is manned by heavily armed
guards:Maximum security facility
102. Procedures should be observed in handling drug addicts
who are incarcerated:
a) They should be segregated especially during the
withdrawal period
b) They should be closely supervised to prevent
attempts to commit suicide or self-mutilation
c) They should not be administered
sedatives/stimulants unless prescribed by a
physician
103. Aggressive, violent, quarrelsome and does not cooperate
with other inmates is referred to as Tough
104. Applicant who was granted probation reports to assigned
Probation Officer for Interview?Within seventy-two (72)
hours from his receipt of the probation order
105. Issues Certificate of Final Release and Discharge of Parolee:
Board of Pardons and Parole
106. Bringing of arrested person to police station and
administrative record of arrest is prepared. He is
fingerprinted, interrogated and placed in a line-up for
identification by witnesses.Booking
107. “Discharge on Parole” issued by Board to parolee, and also
issued by President of Philippines to pardonee upon
Board’s recommendation: Release document
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108. Body of unwritten guidelines which expresses values,
attitudes and types of behavior that older inmates demand
of younger ones: Inmate social code
109. When parolee commits infraction of terms and conditions
appearing in his Release Documents: NOT INCLUDED IN
GUIDELINES: The parolee is made to pay fine for his
infraction
110. Censorship of inmates’ mails: unusual names and
sentences: Study the letter carefully and analyze the
contents to determine the real meaning of the names and
sentences
111. Classical theory of criminology provides that the basis for
criminal liability is human free will
112. “Crime must be considered an injury to society, and the
only rational measure of crime is the extent of
injury.”Cesare Beccaria
113. Effect of grant of probation: The execution of sentence is
suspended
114. Prisoners assigned so that they can engage in producing
goods: Industrial
115. Mass jailbreak: Plug off the escape routes
116. Prison record and carpeta of petitioner for executive
clemency forwarded to Board of Pardon and Parole (BPP):
Within one (1) month from receipt of the BUCOR Director
of the request made by the BPP for the prison record and
carpeta
117. Contributes to prison violence?Inhuman prison conditions,
including overcrowding and threats of homosexual rapes
118. Factor making it difficult for released prisoner to lead
straight life?Lasting reformation must come from within
and cannot be imposed
119. Sound of first pre-arranged alarm: All inmates must be
locked up inside their respective cell
120. Agency exercises supervision over parolees: Probation and
Parole Administration
121. Judge approves or denies grant of probation based on
report of probation officer
122. Grants probation to first time offenders who are sent to
prison terms of not more than six (6) years?Presidential
Decree No. 968
123. Can apply for Release on Recognizance if convicted with
offense whose penalty is:Not more than six (6) months
124. Prison administrator’s tool for controlling and stabilizing
prison operation?Supervision
125. Pre-release facility called Half-Way Housefor counseling
and therapy.
126. “Greatest happiness of greater number” espoused by
Jeremy Bentham: Utilitarianism
127. Prison term of prision correccional. Based on his penalty, is
he qualified for probation?Yes, his sentence is less than 6
years and 1 day
128. Approval of application of probation: Probation Order
129. Social actions are repeated (or not repeated) as
consequence of their association in actors mind with
punishing or rewarding experiences: Operant Conditioning
130. People are law-abiding but under great pressure they will
resort to crime: Strain theory
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131. Reduction of duration of prison sentence: Commutation of
sentence
132. Report on background of convict, prepared for judge to
decide on approval or denial of application of probation:
Post-Sentence Investigation Report
133. Selling of illegal commodities inside prison or jail known:
Vending
134. Secures prisoner from escape or violence: Security
135. National Record of prisoner at New Bilibid Prison is
calledCarpeta
136. Founder of Classical School of Criminological Theory:
Cesare Lombroso
137. President of Philippinesgrants pardon?
138. Guarantees appearance in court of defendant granted
release on recognizance?His/her ties with family, friends,
employment, etc.
139. Prisoners are awarded Good time off from their minimum
or maximum term for maintaining good behavior or
participating in various types of vocational, educational
and treatment programs.
140. Following requirements shall qualify prisoner for parole?
a. Confinement in jail or prison to serve an
indeterminate sentence
b. Maximum period exceeds one (1) year pursuant to a
final judgment of conviction
c. Service of the minimum period of said sentence less
the good conduct time allowance earned
141. Private entities paid by accused who post amount required
by the court to secure his release are called:Bondsmen
142. Accused released from imprisonment on his or her promise
to return to court as required, or upon undertaking of
suitable person that he will guarantee accused’ appearance
in court, there is what is called:Recognizance
143. Routine activities theory:
a. Presence of motivated offenders
b. Absence of capable guardians
c. Availability of suitable targets
144. Group with short history, limited size, and little define
territory: Sporadic
145. Correctional program which enables individual to enhance
his employability, develop his intellectual faculties, and
graduate to free existence in community living all at same
time is referred to as livelihood program
146. Rehabilitation program that provides presocial
environment within prison to help inmates develop
noncriminal ways to coping outside: Milieu therapy
Therapy and Counseling – Group counseling in prison
usually tries to stimulate inmates’ self-awareness and
their ability to deal with everyday problems. Various
innovative psychological treatment approaches have been
used in the prison system:
 Behavior Therapy uses tokens to reward conformity
and help develop positive behavior traits.
 Reality Therapy is meant to help satisfy individuals’
needs to feel worthwhile to themselves and others
Therapy and Counseling
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 Transactional Analysis encourages inmates to identify the
different aspects of their personalities and to be their own
therapists.
 Milieu Therapy uses the social structure and processes of
the institution to influence the behavior patterns of
offenders. SOURCE: Siegel, L. J. (2006). Criminology.
Belmont, California, USA: Thomas Higher Education.
147. Prisoners should not be given corporal punishment nor
confined in dark cells or sweat boxes as these
are:absolutely prohibited
148. Not form part of basic principles for riot control:
Dissemination of plan to everyone
149. Whenever the transfer of inmates to another jail is
effected, the following rules shall be observed, EXCEPT
a. Notorious/disastrous prisoners being moved shall be
handcuffed
b. Before any transfer, all offenders shall be inspected
and searched for dangerous weapons or objects
c. A prisoner must be handcuffed and secured to a part
of the vehicle during transit to abort any escape plan
or self-destruction
d. When two or more prisoners are transported, each
must be secured to the other
150. Prison time is considered dead time when minutes seem to
crawl and soul grows bitter: Rehabilitation programs
151. Prisoner who is sentenced to prison term of three (3) years
and one (1) day to death, is known as: Insular Prisoner
152. How is an offender released from prison or jail?
a. After service of sentence
b. Issuance of order of the court
c. Grant of parole
d. Grant of pardon
e. Grant of amnesty
f. Any lawful order of competent authority
153. Institution during the Golden Age of Penology in 1870 to
1880 that used parole extensively.Elmira Reformatory
154. Strip search should be conducted: Private room where it
will be out of view of others to avoid further
embarrassment
155. Idea of probation first existed early in 19th century in U.S.A.
156. Alexander Maconochie – Father of Parole
157. John Augustus – father of probation & 1st probation officer
158. Benefit of Clergy –roots of probation
159. Inmate Personal Checks & Counts – 4 times a day
160. Frank Lee Morris – escaped from Alcatraz
161. Number of escape attempts in Alcatraz – 14 times
162. Gov. Alexander H. Rice – passed and signed 1st probation
law
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