Energy and Electrification Lecture

WIND ENERGY
TECHNOLOGY

ROPIUDIN
Thermal System and Renewable Energy Engineering Laboratory
Dept. of Agricultural Engineering
Jenderal Soedirman University
What Makes Wind

Wind energy is
created when the
atmosphere is
heated unevenly by
the Sun, some
patches of air
become warmer
than others. These
warm patches of air
rise, other air
rushes in to replace
them – thus, wind
blows.
Global Wind Patterns
 History of Wind Energy

5000 BC 500-900 AD 1300 AD 1850s Late 1880s

Sailboats used on First windmills First horizontal- Daniel Halladay and Thomas O. Perry
the Nile indicate developed in axis John Burnham build conducted 5,000
the power of wind Persia windmills in Halladay Windmill; wind experiments;
Europe start US Wind starts Aermotor
Engine Company Company

1888 Early 1900s 1941 1979

Charles F. Brush Windmills in CA In VT, Grandpa’s First wind turbine
used windmill to pumped saltwater Knob turbine rated over 1 MW
generate electricity to evaporate ponds supplies power to began operating
in Cleveland, OH town during WWII

1985 1993 2004 2011

CA wind capacity US WindPower developed Electricity from Wind power provided
exceeded 1,000 MW first commercial variable-speed wind generation over 12% of renewable
wind turbine costs 3 to 4.5 cents energy used in US
per kWh
 Why Wind Energy?

o Clean, zero emissions

- NOx, SO2, CO, CO2
- Air quality, water quality
- Climate change
o Reduce fossil fuel dependence
- Energy independence
- Domestic energy—national security
o Renewable
- No fuel-price volatility
 Wind Speed
Building wind facilities in the corridor that
stretches from the Texas panhandle to
North Dakota could produce 20% of the
electricity for the United States at a cost of
$1 trillion. It would take another $200 billion
to build the capacity to transmit that energy
to cities and towns.
Renewable Electric Capacity
Worldwide
Wind Capacity in the World
Total Installed Generating Capacity (MW)
Top 5 Countries for 2013
New Installed Capacity
1. China
2. Germany
3. United Kingdom
4. India
5. Canada
 Why Such Growth?
…costs are low!

• Increased Turbine Size

• R&D Advances
• Manufacturing
Improvements

1979 2000 2004 2011

40 cents/kWh 4-6 cents/kWh 3-4.5 cents/kWh Less than 5
cents/kWh
Vertical-Axis Wind Turbines, VAWT Horizontal-Axis Wind Turbines, HAWT

Modern Wind Turbines

Turbines can be categorized into two classes
based on the orientation of the rotor
 Vertical-Axis Turbines

Advantages Disadvantages
o Omni-directional o Rotors generally near ground
where wind is poorer
- accepts wind from any
o Centrifugal force stresses
direction blades
o Components can be o Poor self-starting capabilities
mounted at ground level o Requires support at top of
- ease of service turbine rotor
o Requires entire rotor to be
- lighter weight towers removed to replace bearings
o Can theoretically use o Overall poor performance and
less materials to capture reliability
the same amount of
wind
Horizontal-Axis Wind Turbines

Small (<10 kW) Intermediate(10-250 kW)

oVillage Power
oHomes
oHybrid Systems
oFarms
oDistributed Power
oRemote Applications
(e.g., water pumping,
Telecom sites, ice
making)

Large (250 kW-2+ MW)

oCentral Station Wind Farms
oDistributed Power
oSchools
 Large Wind Turbines
 Common Utility-Scale
Turbines

o 328’ base to blade

o Each blade is 112’
o 200 tons total
o Foundation 20’ deep
o Rated at 1.5-2
megawatts
o Supply about 500
homes
Wind Turbine Components
How a Wind Turbine Operates
Wind Turbine Perspective
Workers Blade
112’ long

Nacelle
56 tons

Tower
3 sections
 WIND TURBINE DESIGN

Power in the Wind (W/m2)

= 1/2 x air density x swept rotor area x (wind speed)3
ρ A V3

Density = P/(RxT)
P - pressure (Pa)
R - specific gas constant (287 J/kgK) Area = π r2 Instantaneous Speed
T - air temperature (K) (not mean speed)
kg/m3 m2 m/s
 Calculation of Wind Power

•Power
Power inWind
in the the wind
= ½ρAV3
Effect of air density, ρ
– Effect of swept area, A
– Effect of wind speed, V
R

Swept Area: A = πR2

Area of the circle swept
by the rotor (m2).
The NEED Project 2014
Air density is lower at higher elevation. For 1000 feet above
sea level, ρ is about 1.16 kg/m3

Power = ½ (ρ)(A)(V)3 (η)

= 0.5(1.16)(π502)(12)3(0.4)
= 3.15 x 106 Watt
= 3.15 MW

where we assumed the turbine efficiency is 40%.

 Power Generated by Wind
Turbine

Swept area

Diameter
Elevation

There are about 4,800 wind turbines in California at Altamont Pass

(between Tracy and Livermore). The capacity is 580 MW, enough to serve
180,000 homes. In the past, Altamont generated 822x106 kW hours,
enough to provide power for 126,000 homes (6500 Kwh per house)
Typical Wind Turbine Operation
0 ~ 10 mph --- Wind speed is too low for generating power. Turbine is not
operational. Rotor is locked.

10 ~ 25 mph --- 10 mph is the minimum operational speed. It is called “Cut-

in speed”. In 10 ~ 25 mph wind, generated power
increases with the wind speed.

25 ~ 50 mph --- Typical wind turbines reach the rated power (maximum
operating power) at wind speed of 25mph (called Rated wind
speed). Further increase in wind speed will not result in
substantially higher generated power by design. This is
accomplished by, for example, pitching the blade angle to
reduce the turbine efficiency.

> 50 mph --- Turbine is shut down when wind speed is higher than 50mph
(called “Cut-out” speed) to prevent structure failure.
Wind Farms
Offshore Wind Farms
Residential Wind Systems
and Net Metering
 Potential Impacts and Issues

 Property Values
 Noise
 Visual Impact
 Land Use
 Wildlife Impact

Properly siting a wind turbine can mitigate many of these issues.

Impacts of Wind Power: Noise

The NEED Project 201

 Wind Energy Storage
 Pumped hydroelectric
• Georgetown facility – Completed 1967
• Two reservoirs separated by 1000 vertical feet
• Pump water uphill at night or when wind energy production exceeds demand
• Flow water downhill through hydroelectric turbines during the day or when wind
energy production is less than demand
• About 70 - 80% round trip efficiency
• Raises cost of wind energy by 25%
• Difficult to find, obtain government approval and build new facilities
 Compressed Air Energy Storage
• Using wind power to compress air in underground storage caverns
 Salt domes, empty natural gas reservoirs
• Costly, inefficient
 Hydrogen storage
• Use wind power to electrolyze water into hydrogen
• Store hydrogen for use later in fuel cells
• 50% losses in energy from wind to hydrogen and hydrogen to electricity
• 25% round trip efficiency
• Raises cost of wind energy by 4X
 REVIEW

1 - What causes wind?

A. Air pressure
B. Weight of the atmosphere
C. Pressure difference
D. Low pressure
E. High pressure
2 - What are the units of pressure?

A. Force/Area
B. Pascals (Pa)
C. Pounds per square inch (psi)
D. Millirads
E. B and C
3 - Wind power is linearly proportional
to which one of the following term?

A. Wind Speed
B. (Wind Speed)2
C. (Wind Speed)3
D. (Wind Speed)4
4 - Why do turbine blades have a
“twisted’ shape?
A. Looks cool
B. More aerodynamic
C. Easy to remove from the mold
D. Less weight near the tip of the blade.
E. Keep angle of attack same along the
blade
Thank you