[4] DESIGN DAM

ENTIN HIDAYAH
  SEEPAGE
 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF DAMS
OUTLINE  DAM SAFETY AN APPROACH TO PREVENT
INCIDENTICAL STUDIES for DAM CONSTRUCTION
ENGINEERING GEOLOGICAL STUDIES for DAM
CONSTRUCTION
1. RECONNAISSANCE 1. Evaluation of the data having at archives of MTA, DSI, EIE,
Universities,......etc
STUDY
2. Field investigation for limited time (Reconnaissance Study)
3. Some maps in small scale, for example 1/25.000 or 1/50.000
4. Some hydraulic data about
a. Basin
b. Precipitation area
c. Runoff, maximum discharge {Q=R/t (m3/s)}
d. Modulus of Runoff (R/t/m2 ~ R/t/km2)
5. Some approach to the reservoir area, dam site and type of dam and
height of dam...etc
6. Photogeological studies
7. A preliminary report
 1. Dam site investigations
1. Location of dam axis
2. Location of diversion tunnel
3. Location of spillway
2. PRELIMINARY 4. Location of powerhouse...etc
STUDIES at the 2. Geological studies
RESERVOIR 3. Geophysical surveying
AREA and DAM 4. Underground investigations
1. Boreholes
SITE 2. Investigation galleries
3. Pitholes

5. Surveying for materials

1. Field surveying
2. Laboratory tests
6. Slope stability investigations
7. Earthquake hazard & risk analysis
8. Environmental studies
9. Leakage possibilities from reservoir area
10. Leakage possibilities from dam site
11. Erosion, sedimentation & siltation
 1. Topographic surveyings
DETAIL 2. Geological mappings
INVESTIGASI 1/5000 – 1/1000 or 1/500
PADA LOKASI 3. Underground explorations
Boreholes, adits....etc
DAM
4. Hydrogeological studies
5. Slope stability analysis
  Topography
 Geology
 Bearing capacity of the underlying soil
 Foundation settlements
 Permeability of the foundation soil
FAKTOR  Material availability
FAKTOR  Spillway position
PENENTU TIPE  Earthquakes
DAM  Safety
 Height
 Aesthetic view
 Qualified labour
 Cost
  Topography
 Geology
 Materials
FAKTOR FAKTOR  Spillway location availability
YANG  Derivation
MEMPENGARUHI  Sediments in the flowing water
PENENTUAN  Water quality
LETAK AXIS DAM  Expropriation costs
 Earthquake possibility
 Downstream water rights
RIVER BASINS in TURKEY
Turkey has been separated into 26 main river basins for the
hydrological studies.
SEEPAGE
SEEPAGE

Flow nets
• Lines of constant potential, and constant flow
– Perpendicular
– Should form a series of squares

• Note boundary conditions

• ES254 Geotechnics Lectures 8&9
SEEPAGE

Typical flow
nets
SEEPAGE

Typical flow
nets: Earth
dams
SEEPAGE

Zoned earth
dams: piping
SEEPAGE Toe drain

Blanket drain

Earth dams

Chimney and blanket

drain

Impermeable core and

blanket
SEEPAGE

Earth dams:
Zoned

Filters

Core
SEEPAGE

Zoned earth
dams
SEEPAGE

Zoned earth
dams

Ramganga project
SEEPAGE

Zoned earth
dams

Kishan rockfill dam

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF
DAMS
  River pollution
DAMPAK  Erosion
LINGKUNGAN  Loss of aesthetic view
MASA
 Air pollution
PEMBANGUNAN
 Noise pollution
DAM
 Dust
  Loss of land
 Habitat Destruction :
 The area that is covered by the reservoir is destroyed, killing whatever
habitat existed there before hand.
 Loss of archeological and histrorical places
DAMPAK  Loss of mineral deposits
LINGKUNGAN  Loss of special geological formations
MASA  Aesthetic view reduction
PEMBANGUNAN  Sedimentation
DAM  Change in river flow regime and flood effects
 Reservoir induced seismicity
 Change in climate and plant species
  Change in temperature
 Turbidity
PENGARUH  Dissolved gases in the water
 Water discharged from the spillway contains 110-120%
DAM saturated nitrogen. This amount may be destructive for
TERHADAP fish life.

KUALITAS AIR  Eutrophication

 It means increase in vegetation. If moss and other plants
exist in water, quality of that water gets worse.
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF
DAMS
Dam failure results in a catastrophic
break followed by a flood wave often with
considerable loss of life or property

Safety
during Design, Construction, Operation,
Maintenance, and Surveillance of dams
Past incidents of unacceptable performance can help
us in understanding of method of detection and
expand our knowledge on behavior of dams and
reservoir and this simulates further improvements in
design, maintenance and surveillance of dams
  Lack of shear strength and discontinuity in
foundation
Main  Excessive uplift in the foundation (inadequate or
causes non-existent drainage)
 Lack of dam stability
of Dam  Excessive or differential deformation of the
Failure foundation
Failure of  Piping and erosion in the foundation caused by high
Concrete permeability
Dams  Flaw in design
 Lack of supervision during construction
 No monitoring or warning system (systems were out
of order)
Cont. next page…
  Human error during site investigation and design and
Main construction and operation

causes of
 Inadequate foundation investigation
 Incomplete data on available material

Dam  Poor design

 Negligible construction supervision

Failure  Incomplete first impoundment

Failure of  Incorrect operation of flood gates

 Insufficient monitoring and data analysis
Concrete  Lack of preventive measures or repair work
Dams (cont. )
Main  Overtopping during flood discharge because of inadequate
spillway capacity or non-functioning flood gate
Causes  Internal erosion along the dam-foundation interface or along
embankment with adjoining or embeded appurtunent structures
of Dam or concentrated piping in the embankment itself because of
inadequate or non-existent filter zones
Failure  Nonhomogeneity in the foundation or dam (leading to
foundation failure or erosion )
Embankme  Large settlement in the foundation
nt Dam  Crack following the settlement, with resulting piping effect
Failure  liquefaction
Failure Prevention

 Failure could have been prevented if some of these points had

been observed
 Failure is a complex process
 Begins with some abnormality in behaviour (not detected)
 Consequent deteriorations (not observed)
 Further damage or disaster

Inspection and Monitoring of

dams as well as data analysis
and interpretation has a critical
role in the field of dam safety
Konsepsi Keamanan Bendungan
(adapted for INDONESIA)
Dam Safety Guidelines

 Intended to offer a comprehensive review:

 Dam -design -operation -construction
–maintenance -surveillance
 Recommendations rather than binding regulations
 Guidelines are not standards
 Details dealt with as necessary
Bendungan Konsepsi Keamanan memiliki 3 pilar:
(peraturan, standar, pedoman, dan manual (NSPM))

Pilar I : Keamanan Struktur

Bendungan harus didesain dan dikonstruksi sesuai perkembangan ilmu pengetahuan dan teknologi,
sehingga aman untuk segala kondisi dan kombinasi beban kerja serta aman dioperasikan pada segala
kondisi operasi (normal, luar biasa, darurat), untuk itu harus memenuhi kriteria desain.

Pilar II : Pemantauan, Pemeliharaan dan Operasi

Bendungan harus selalu dipantau sehingga dapat diketahui sedini mungkin setiap problem yang sedang
berkembang sebelum menjadi ancaman yang nyata dan selalu dipelihara sehingga selalu siap dioperasikan
pada segala kondisi operasi.
Pada kondisi darurat, operasi bendungan harus diutamakan untuk pengamanan bendungan.

Pilar III : Kesiapsiagaan Tanggap Darurat

Pemilik / Pengelola bendungan harus selalu siap menghadapi kondisi terburuk dari bendungan yang
dimilkinya / dikelolanya. Penanganan pada kondisi darurat tidak dibenarkan dilakukan dengan cara "
improvisasi " / coba-coba tetapi harus berdasarkan RENCANA TANGGAP / TINDAK DARURAT yang telah
disiapkan secara matang.
  External and internal examination of dams during their life
time
 Long term surveillance program
 Ensure dam’s owner of their safe operation
 Monitoring
 Measure Displacement
 Settlement
MONITORING  Strain
Instrumentation and  Piezometric pressure
Surveillance  Seepage
 Uplift
 Water level
 Alarm System

Compilation of Results,
Interpretation,
Recommendation,
To take appropriate action
MONITORING
Instrumentation

 To characterize dam site and dam structure condition

 To verify Design
 To asses safety
 To asses performance
Technical problems
with dams
Entin Hidayah
 • Climate change
• Fertility of downstream banks
• Displacement

Dampak Sosial • Changes in local economy

Bendungan • Deforestation
• Possibility of financial collapse
• Possibility of failure
• See; World commission on dams
www.dams.org
Silting
Silting
 • Overtopping – inadequate spillways (1/3)
• Foundation failure (1/3)
– Excess seepage through foundation
– Piping – insufficient drainage/grading

• Wave action
• Erosion of downstream face
Failure modes
• Slump
• Bank stability
• Seismic activity
• Degradation – lack of maintenance
• Material supplies sub specification
Failure:
St Francis breach
Failure:
St Francis breach
Failure:
Piping -
Hellhole dam

Dec 22 3:00 pm Dec 23 7:00 am

Dec 23 9:30 am Dec 23 3:30 pm

Failure: San
Luis Dam
Slide
Failure:
Fatehgarh
dam
earthquake
damage
Failure:
Vaiont dam
bank slip
 • Climate change
• Fertility of downstream banks

Dampak Sosial • Displacement

Bendungan • Changes in local economy

• Deforestation
• Possibility of financial collapse
• Possibility of failure
• See; World commission on dams
www.dams.org