Analysis of Frames and

Machines

EG1109 Statics and Mechanics of Materials

 Key Concepts
• Differences with trusses

• Difference between frames and machines

• Method of solution
 Difference Between Truss and
Frames/Machines
Truss Frames and Machines
Connection

Member

Load

Methods
 Difference Between Frames and
Machines
Frames Machines
Structure

Support
Solution Procedure
 Machines

EG1109 Statics and Mechanics of Materials

Backhoe Loader
Hydraulic Cylinders

Loader Backhoe

Click here to see how the backhoe works!

EG1109 Statics and Mechanics of Materials

Example 4.1
A backhoe is used to dislodge a concrete slab as shown below. You are
asked to determine the forces in the hydraulic cylinder CG, AD, and EF.
More details are given on the next slide.
0.2 m
0.4 m 0.96 m 0.3 m 0.7 m 0.2 m
A
C 0.24 m
0.72 m B
D E
0.32 m 0.32 m 1.2 m
F
0.36 m
I
H G 0.2 m
0.8 m 0.16 m
J
K 0.1 m

EG1109 Statics and Mechanics of Materials

Example 4.1
The weight of the concrete slab is 5 kN. Assume that the surface at K is
perfectly rough, while the surface at J is frictionless.

J 60ᵒ
C.G
0.3 m
K

1m 1m

EG1109 Statics and Mechanics of Materials

Example 4.1
Solution
Free Body Diagram: Slab

J
C.G
Kx 0.3 m
60ᵒ P
K
Ky 5 kN P
60ᵒ
1m 1m J
Solve for P
+ M K  0;

EG1109 Statics and Mechanics of Materials

Dismember all the frames and construct their free body diagrams.
Why not consider the FBD of the entire frame?

A
A B C C
E Bx
By By
F

D Bx
B
G
Hy
D
E G Hx
Hx H
Iy P 30ᵒ H
I
Ix J Hy Now where do
we start?

EG1109 Statics and Mechanics of Materials

Free Body Diagram: Bucket GHJ (1)
0.7 m 0.2 m

α
G P  3.97 kN C 0.24 m
Hx 0.2 m
P   45
30ᵒ H 0.16 m  1.2  1.2 m
J   tan 1    53.13
Hy  0.9 
0.1 m
H G 0.2 m
0.2 m
0.16 m
J
0.1 m
Solve for FCG
+ M H  0;

EG1109 Statics and Mechanics of Materials

Free Body Diagram: Bucket GHJ (2)

α
G P  3.97 kN
Hx 0.2 m
P   45
30ᵒ H 0.16 m   53.13
J
Hy FCG  2.67 kN
0.1 m
0.2 m

Solve for Hx Solve for Hy

+ F x  0; + F y  0;

*required to solve unknowns in the next FBD

EG1109 Statics and Mechanics of Materials

Free Body Diagram: Frame ABCH
A
β FCG  2.67 kN
B C 0.24 m
Bx α H x  5.04 kN
By H y  4.12 kN
  53.13
1.4 m
 0.72 
  tan 1    38.05
Hy  0.92 

H Hx
0.2 m 0.7 m
0.3 m
Can you continue and solve
Solve for FAD
for FEF, Ix, and Iy?
+ M B  0;

EG1109 Statics and Mechanics of Materials

Free Body Diagram: Frame BDEI
By
1.56 m
Bx  ...
0.4 m B Bx By  ...
D FEF  ...
E 1.16 m I x  ...
Iy 0.68 m I y  ...
I
Ix
0.8 m

EG1109 Statics and Mechanics of Materials

Example 4.2
Piston C moves vertically between two smooth walls. If the spring has a
stiffness k = 80 N/mm, and is unstretched when θ = 0◦, determine the
moment M that must be applied to AB to hold the mechanism in equilibrium
when θ = 30◦ A

200 mm M
θ
B

300 mm

EG1109 Statics and Mechanics of Materials

Example 4.x
Solution
Dismember and construct the free body diagrams.
Ay
A FBC The spring force Fs needs
Ax
C to be determined through
M
N geometry.

B FBC
Fs
FBC B
Fs

FBC

EG1109 Statics and Mechanics of Materials

Spring Force, Fs
Unstretched Stretched Δ is equal to the difference of
length AC at unstretched and
A
A stretched condition.
200 mm
Sine rule,
200 mm θ
B 200 mm 300 mm θ = 30◦
B  ;
sin  sin 
α  200 
  sin 1  sin    19.47
300 mm 300 mm  300 

C Therefore,
C 
  43.95 mm

∆=? Fs  k 
Fs  *

EG1109 Statics and Mechanics of Materials

Free Body Diagram: Piston C
19.47◦ Solve for FBC
FBC + F y  0;
C
N

Fs

Free Body Diagram: Member AB

Ay
Solve for M
M A Ax + M A  0;

200 mm
30◦
B
FBC
19.47◦
EG1109 Statics and Mechanics of Materials
Pistons of a 4-Stroke Engine

EG1109 Statics and Mechanics of Materials

 Frames

EG1109 Statics and Mechanics of Materials

Example 4.x
A system of frames is used to hang a long span billboard. In total, there are
3 identical frames like the one shown below along the entire span. If the
billboard weighs 240 kg and the frames are equally spaced, determine the
forces in all links (AF,BG, DG, EH) at the edge frame (see next slide).

The billboard weight is transferred to the frames through pins at I and B.

A
0.1 m
1.5 m P
I F
1.5 m P P
G B
B H
1.5 m

C D E Close-up view at B
1.5 m 1.5 m 1.5 m
Billboard
EG1109 Statics and Mechanics of Materials
 Edge Frame How do we distribute the total
weight to each frames?
W/4 Equal weight to each frame?

Middle Frame

W/2
L/2
Edge Frame

W/4
L/2

W= 9.81 * 240 kg

EG1109 Statics and Mechanics of Materials

Example 4.x
Solution
The edge frame carries W/4, which means
P = 0.5(W/4) = 294.3 N
Dismember and construct the free body diagrams. What’s next?

FAF FDG
A G
A
A
P
P FAF
F F D
I FAF FDG
FEH
I FAF
P FDG FEH H
P
H FBG B G FBG
B
G FBG B FBG E
Cy FDG FEH FEH
C Cx
D E C
Cx C D E
Cy
EG1109 Statics and Mechanics of Materials
 Free Body Diagram: Entire frame
A
Solve for FBG P  294.3 N

1.5 m
P
F
+ M F  0;
I FAF
1.5 m P FDG FEH
H
B
G FBG Solve for FDG
1.5 m

C
+ M H  0;
D E
0.1 m 1.5 m 1.5 m 1.5 m

You can check the results so far using either ∑MA or ∑ME
Continue to next FBD.

EG1109 Statics and Mechanics of Materials

 Free Body Diagram: Frame ABCI
P  294.3 N
A FBG  627.84 N
P
FAF Solve for FAF
1.5 m 45◦ FDG  1216.44 N

I
+ M C  0;

1.5 m P

B FBG

1.5 m
Cx Do we need to solve for Cx and Cy?
C
Check the FBD for frame CDE, we can solve the
Cy remaining unknown (FDG) without Cx and Cy.
0.1 m
Whenever possible, avoid doing unnecessary work
by planning ahead.

EG1109 Statics and Mechanics of Materials

Free Body Diagram: Frame CDE
P  294.3 N
Cy FDG FEH
FBG  627.84 N
45◦
FDG  1216.44 N
Cx C D E
FAF  314.46 N
1.5 m 3.0 m

Solve for FEH

+ M C  0;

Consider the entire frame FBD, check the results;

+ F x  0; + F y  0;

EG1109 Statics and Mechanics of Materials

Free Body Diagram: Entire Frame
A

P
1.5 m
F
I

1214.44 N
1.5 m P

B
G 627.86 N H
1.5 m

C
D E

0.1 m 1.5 m 1.5 m 1.5 m

EG1109 Statics and Mechanics of Materials