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Aviation Knowledge

General Philosophy

Philosophy of Aviation:
 High Technology
 High Risk
 Safety First

Aviation means anything relating to the use of airspace, aircraft, airports, concerning air
transport, aviation security and safety, and other related activities and supporting facilities.

Applicable Regulations
a. National
 Departemen Perhubungan (Department of Transportation)
 Direktorat Jenderal Perhubungan Udara (Directorat of Air Transportation)
 DKUPPU (Direktorat Kelaikan Udara & Pengoperasian Pesawat Udara)
 CASR (Civil Aviation Safety Regulations)

b. International
 ICAO (International Civil Aviation Organization)
1) The International Civil Aviation Organization is a major agency of the United
Nations, codifies the principle and techniques of international air navigation and
fosters the planning and development of international air transport to ensure safe
and orderly growth. Its headquarters are located in the Quartier International of
Montreal, Canada.
2) Aircraft Registration
ICAO Regulations requires all civil airline to have an aircraft registration.
Aircraft Registration is an unique alphanumeric string that identifies an aircraft, in
similar fashion to license plate on an automobile. In accordance with the
Convention on International Civil Aviation all aircraft must be registered with a
national authority and furthermore they must carry proof of this registration in the
form of a legal document called a Certificate of Registration at all times when in
operation.

 IATA (International Air Transport Association)

The International Air Transport Association is an international industry trade group
of airlines headquartered in Montreal, Quebec, Canada.

 IOSA (IATA Organization Safety Audit)

 FAA / FAR (Federal Aviation Administration)

 CAA / JAR

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Aviation Terminology

a. Airport
An airport is a location where aircraft such as fixed-wing aircraft, helicopters and blimps
take off and land. Aircraft may be stored or maintained at an airport.

b. Runway
A runway (RWY) is a strip of land at an airport on which aircraft can take off and land and
form part of the maneuvering area. Runways may be a man-made surface (often
asphalt, concrete or a mixture of both) or a natural surface (grass, dirt, gravel or salt).

c. Air Traffic Control

Air Traffic Control (ATC) is a service provided by ground-based controllers who direct
aircraft on the ground and in the air. The primary purpose of ATC systems worldwide is to
separate aircraft to prevent collisions, to organize and expedite the flow of traffic, and to
provide information and other support for pilots when able.

d. Airport Terminal
An Airport Terminal is a building at an airport where passengers transfer between ground
transportation and the facilities that allow them to board and disembark from aircraft.

e. Gate
A gate in aviation is a section at an airport terminal for transferring passengers and
airline crews on an aircraft. Passengers embark or disembark an aircraft through one of
these methods:
 Jet way brdge
 Air stairs
 Mobile lounge
 Leaving the aircraft via mobile steps and walking across the apron into or from the
terminal building.

f. Jet Bridge
A jet bridge also termed loading bridge, aerobridge/airbridge, jetway or passenger
boarding bridge is an enclosed, movable connector which extends from an airport
terminal gate to an airplane, allowing pasengers to board and disembark withoit having
to go outside.

g. Air Stair
An air stair is a passenger staircase that is built in to an airliner.

h. Mobile Lounge
The mobile lounge is a system for boarding and disembarkation from aircraft. It consists
of a 54-by16-foot carriage mounted on a scissor truck, capable of carrying 102
passengers.

i. Apron
A defined area, on a land aerodrome, intended to accommodate aircraft for purposes of
loading or unloading passengers, mail or cargo, fuelling, parking and maintenance.
j. Hangar

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A hangar is a closed structure to hold aircraft in protective storage. Most hangars are
built of metal, but wood and concrete are other materials used. The word hangar comes
from a northern French dialect and means “cattle pen”.

Aviation terminology are words or phrases which is used by the aviation personnel to
communicate. For example:
 Alphabet
 Terminology
 Rank of Order

The pronounciation of the words in the alphabet as well as numbers may vary according to
the language habits of the speakers. In order to eliminate wide variations in pronounciation,
posters illustrating the pronounciation desired are available from the ICAO.

Aircraft Terminology

a. Aircraft
Aircraft is a vehicle which is able to fly by being supported by the air, or in general the
atmosphere of a planet. An aircraft counters the force of gravity by using either static lift
(as with balloons, blimps and dirigibles) or by using the dynamic lift of an airfoil (as with
vehicles that plane the air with wings in a straight manner, such as airplanes and gliders,
or vehicles that generate lift with wings in a rotary manner, such as helicopters or
gyrocopters).

b. Airplane
A fixed-wing aircraft, usually called an airplane, aeroplane or plane, is an aircraft capable
of flight using forward motion that causes air to pass over its wings to generate lift.
Planes include jet engine and propeller driven vehicles propelled forward by thrust, as
well as unpowered aircraft (such as gliders). Fixed-wing aircraft are distinct from
ornithopters in which lift is generated by blades and rotary-wing aircraft in which wings
move relative to the aircraft.

c. Fuselage
The fuselage (from the French fusele “spindle-shaped”) is an aircraft’s main body section
that holds crew and passengers or cargo.

d. Cockpit or Flight Deck

A cockpit or flight deck is the area, usually near the front of an aircraft, from which a pilot
controls the aircraft. Most modern cockpits are enclosed, except on some small aircraft
and cockpits on larger airlines are also physically separated from the cabin.

e. Cabin
An aircraft cabin is the section of an aircraft in which passengers travel, often just called
the cabin. At cruising altitudes, the surrounding atmosphere is too thin to breath without
an oxygen mask. So cabn pressurization adapts the cabin to atmospheric pressures.

f. Galley

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The galley is the compartment of a ship, submarine, train or aircraft where food is
cooked and prepared. It can also refer to a land based kitchen on a naval base.

g. Lavatory
An aircraft lavatory is an onboard bathroom with toilet and sink.

h. Port
Port is the nautical term (used on boats and ships) that refers to the left side of a ship, as
perceived by a person on board the ship and facing towards the bow (the front of
vessel). The term is also used on aircraft, spacecraft and analogous vessels. The port
side of a vessel is indicated with a red navigation light at night.

i. Starboard
Starboard is the nautical term that refers to the right side of a vessel as perceived by a
person on board a vessel and facing the bow (front). The equivalent for the left-hand side
is port. The starboard side of a vessel is indicated with a green navigation light at night.

j. Wing
A wing is a surface used to produce lift for through the air or another gaseous or fluid
medium. The wings shape is usually an airfoil. The word originally referred only to the
foremost limbs of birds, but has been extended to include the wings of insects (see
insect wing), bats, pterosaurus, and aircraft.

k. Engine
An aircraft engine is a propulsion system for an aircraft. Aircraft engines are almost
always either lightweight piston engines or gas turbines.

l. Landing Gear
In aviation the undercarriage or landing gear is the structure (usually wheels, but
sometimes skids, floats or other elements) that supports an aircraft on the ground and
allows it to taxi, takeoff and land.

m. Rank of Order
Aircrew, are the personnel who operate an aircraft while in flight. The composition of the
crew depends on the type of aircraft as well as the purpose of the flight.

1. Flight Crewmember, a crewmember assigned to duty in an aircraft as a pilot, flight

engineer, second officer or navigator or a licensed crew member changed with duties
essential to the operation of an aircraft during a flight duty period.
 Pilot, is a person who flies an aircraft or drives a boat.
 Captain (Pilot in Command), is the person onboard the aircraft who is ultimately
responsible for its operation and safety during flight.
 First Officer (Co-Pilot), is the second pilot (sometimes reffered to as the “co-pilot”) of
an aircraft. The First Officer is second-in-command of the aircraft, to the captain
who is the legal commander. In the event of incapacitation of the captain, the first
officer will assume command of the aircraft.
 Flight Engineer

2. Cabin Crew, or flight attendants (historically known as steward/stewardesses or air

hosts/hostesses) are members of an aircrew employed by airlines primarily to ensure

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the safety but also the comfort of passengers onboard commercial flights as well as on
select business jet aircraft.
 Purser (Flight Service Manager / FA1), also called the cabin manager or chief flight
attendants.
 Senior Flight Attendant
 Junior Flight Attendant

Basic Theory of Flight

Basic Theory of Flight also called Basic Aerodynamic Theory.

Newton’s laws: Lift and the defelction of
flow
The cause of the aerodynamic lifting force is
the downward acceleration of air by the
airfoil.
by Klaus Weltner and Martin Ingelman-
Sundberg
Air close to the upper surface of the wing has a
velocity greater than air at the lower surface of
the wing. Causes the air pressure below the
wing is higher than the top of the wing and the
wing will go up.
by Swiss Mathematician in 1738

The International Standart Atmosphere (ISA) is an atmospheric model of how the

pressure, temperature, density and viscosity of the Earth’s atmosphere change over a
wide range of altitudes.

Wind is the flow of gases on a large scale. On earth, wind consists of the bulk movement of
air.

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 Lift is defined to be the component of

this force that is perpendicular to the oncoming flow direction. It contrasts with the drag
force, which is defned to be the component of the fuid-dynamic force parallel to the flow
direction.

 Thrust is a reaction force described quantitatively by Newton’s second and third laws.
When a system expels or accelerates mass in one direction the accelerated mass will
cause the proportional but opposite force on that system.

 Drag is the component of the net aerodynamic or hydrodynamic force acting opposite to
the direction of the movement.

 Angle of Attack is a term used in fluid dynamics to describe the angle between a
reference line on a lifting body (often the chord line of an airfoil) and the vector
representing the relative motion between the lifting body and the fluid through which it is
moving. Angle of attack is the angle between the lifting body’s reference line and the
oncoming flow. This article focuses on the most common application, the angle of attack
of a wing or airfoil moving through air.

 Stall, in fluid dynamics a stall is a reduction in the lift coefficient generated by an airfoil
as angle of attack increases. This occurs when the critical angle of attack is typically
about 15 degrees, but it may vary significantly depending on the airfoil and Reynolds
number.

Properties of Air

a. Density
The earth’s atmosphere (air) is made up of a mixture of gases, principally nitrogen
(78%) and oxygen (21%). The density of the air is a measure of how many molecules
are present in any given volume. At sea level density of 1.225 kg/m³, decreasing with
altitude (like pressure) at a rapid rate initially and at lower rate here after.

b. Pressure
The total force acting on the given area, which in the international (SI) system of unit,
is measure in Newton’s/sq.metre or pascals. At sea level pressure is 1013.2 hPa.
Pressure decreasing with altitude at rapid rate initially (about 1 hPa every 30 ft to
5.000 ft) and at lower rate there after.

c. Temperature

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Is a measure of how much energy the molecules of a substances have – of how as
they vibrate. At sea level temperature of + 15˚ C, decreasing a uniform rate of 1.98˚
C/1000 ft (36.090ft).

Relevant of Aircraft System

Primary Flight Control

a. Aileron → Longitudinal Axis (Roll Movement)

 Ailerons are hinged control surfaces attached to the trailing edge of the wing of a
fixed-wing aircraft. The ailerons are used to control the aircraft in roll. The two
ailerons are typically interconnected so that one goes down when the other goes up:
the down going aileron increases the lift on its wing while the up going aileron
reduces the lift on its wing, producing a rolling moment about the aircraft’s
longitudinal axis. The word aileron is French for “little wing”.

 Longitudinal Axis passes through the plane from nose to tail. Rotation about this axis
is called bank or roll. Bank changes the orientation of the aircraft’s wings with respect
to the downward force of gravity. The pilot changes bank angle by increasing the lift
on one wing and decreasing it on the other. This differential list causes bank rotation
around the longitudinal axis. The ailerons are the primary control of bank. The rudder
also has a secondary effect on bank.

b. Elevator → Lateral Axis (Pitch Movement)

 Elevators are control surfaces, usually at the rear of an aircraft, which control the
aircraft’s orientation by changing the pitch of the aircraft, and so also the angle of
attack of the wing. In simplified terms, they make the aircraft nose-up or nose-down.

 Lateral Axis passes through the plane from the wingtip to wingtip. Rotation about this
axis is called pitch. Pitch changes the vertical direction the aircraft’s nose is pointing.
The elevators are the primary control of pitch.
It is important to note that these axes move with the aircraft moves. For example, for
an aircraft whose left wing is pointing straight down, its “vertical” axis is parallel with
the ground, while its “lateral” axis is perpendicular to the ground.

c. Rudder → Vertical Axis (Yaw Movement)

 Rudder is a device used to steer a ship, boat, submarine, hovercraft, aircraft of other
conveyance that moves through a fluid (generally air or water). On an aircraft the
rudder is used primarily to counter adverse yaw and p-factor and is not the primary
control used to turn the airplane.

 Vertical Axis passes through the plane from top to bottom. Rotation about this axis is
called yaw. Yaw changes the direction of the aircraft’s nose is pointing, left or right.
The primary control of yaw is with the rudder. Ailerons also have a secondary effect
on yaw. Plane control and motion.

Secondary Flight Control

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a. Flap

b. Slat / Leading Edge Flat

c. Spoiler

Aircraft Systems

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a. Auxiliary Power Unit (APU) / Ground Power

 Auxiliary Power Unit is a device on a vehicle whose purpose is to provide energy for
functions other than propulsion. The primary purpose of an aircraft APU is to provide
power to start the main engines but also used to keep electronic equipment running
inside without using the larger, louder main engines. APU is used for powering the
aircraft during aircraft on the ground. Its used for lighting, air conditioning, galley
powered, etc.

 Ground Power is used if APU unserviceable (only electrical). And for air conditioning
used air-conditioning air.

b. Air Conditioning / Cabin Pressurization

 Cabin Pressurization is maintained at an altitude of 5.000 – 7.000 ft for the comfort
and safety passenger and crewmembers. Decompression occurs when cabin
pressurization is lost, either slowly or rapidly.

Flight Recorder

Any type of recorder installed in the aircraft for the purpose of complementing
accident/incident investigation.

a. Flight Data Recorder (FDR) also called Accident Data Recorder (ADR) is a kind of flight
recorder. It is a device used to record specific aircraft performance parameters.

b. Cockpit Voice Recoder (CVR), a standart CVR is capable of recording 4 channels of

audio data for a period of 2 hours. The original requirement was for a CVR to record for
30 minutes, but this has been found to be insufficient in many cases, significant parts of
the audio data needed for a subsequent investigation having occurred more than 30
minutes before the end of investigation having occurred more than 30 minutes before the
end of the recording.

Communication Systems
a. VHF Communication (in the cockpit)
b. HF Communication (in the cockpit)
c. Passenger Address System (in the cockpit and cabin)
d. Interphone (in the cockpit and cabin)

Fuel
Fuel for the aircraft is using Jet A1 or called Avtur.

Hydraulic System
The hydraulic system used for moving (controlling) are flight control and landing gear.

Instrument
a. Flight Instruments
Are the instruments in the cockpiof an aircraft that provide the pilot with information
about the flight situation of that aircraft, such as height, speed and altitude. The flight
instruments are of particular use in conditions of poor visibility, such as in cloud, when
such information is not available from visual reference outside the aircraft.

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b. System Instruments (air-conditioning, engine, electrical, fuel, and hydraulic)

Engine for the modern aircraft used Turbofan.

Aircraft Movement
a. Normal Operation
 Push Back, is an airport procedure during which an aircraft is pushed backwards
away from an airport gate by external power. Puchback are carried out by special,
low-profile vehicles called pushback tractors or tugs.

 Taxiing, refers to the movement of an aircraft on the ground, under its own power.
The aircraft usually moves on wheels, but the term also includes aircraft with skies or
floats (for water-based travel).

 Takeoff, or airbone is the phase of flight in which an aircraft goes through a transition
from moving along the ground (taxiing) to flying in the air, usually strating on a
runway.

 Climb, the actual operation of increasing the altitude of an aircraft and to the logical
phase of a typical flight (often called the climb phase or climb out) following take-off
and preceding the cruise, during which an increase in altitude to a predetermined
level is effected.

 Cruise, is the level portion of aircraft travel where flight is most fuel efficient. It occurs
between ascent and descent phases and is usually the majority of a journey.

 Descent, is any portion where an aircraft decreases altitude and is the opposite of an
ascent or climb. Descents are an essential component of an approach to landing.

 Go-Around, is an aborted landing of an aircraft which is on final approach.

 Final Approach, is the last leg in an aircraft’s approach to landing. In aviation radio
terminology, it is often abbreviated to “on final”.

 Landing, is the last part of a flight, where a flying animal, aircraft, or spacecraft
returns to the ground.

b. Abnormal / Emergency Operation

Types of Emergency Landings there are several different types of emergency landings
for powered aircraft, planned landing or unplanned landing.

An Emergency Landing is an unplanned landing made by an aircraft in response to a

crisis which either interferes with the operation of the aircraft or involves sudden medical
emergencies necessitating diversion to the nearest airport.

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 Forced Landing, the aircraft is forced to make a landing due to technical problems.
Medical problems or weather conditions. Landing as soon as possible is a priority, no
matter where.

 Precautionary Landing, may result from a planned landing at a location about which
information is limited, from unanticipated changes during the flight or from abnormal
or even emergency situations.

 Crash Landing, is caused by the failure of or damage to vital systems such as

engines, hydraulics or landing gear, and so a landing must be attempted where a
runway is needed but none is available.

 Ditching, the forced landing of an aircraft on water. Ditching is the same as a crash
landing, only on water. After the disabled aircraft makes contact with the surface of
the water, the aircraft will typically if it is not designed to float.

 A belly landing or gear-up landing is when an aircraft lands without its landing gear
fully extended and uses its underside, or belly, as its primary landing device.

 Rejected Takeoff (RTO), more commonly known outside aviation jargon as an

aborted takeoff, is the situation in which it is decided to abort the takeoff of an
airplane.

 Return to Apron (RTA), usually after rejected takeoff or any technical problem, the
aircraft should be returns to apron or gate.

 Return to Base (RTB), The flight failed to take off properly, before eventually climbing
enough to return to the airport for a safe landing.

 Divert, Safety regulations require aircraft to carry fuel beyond the minimum needed to
fly from origin to destination, allowing for unforeseen circumstances or for diversion to
another airport if the planned destination becomes unavailable.

Physiology of Flight

Subjects associated with altitude physiology:

a. Affect of altitude
b. Hypoxia
c. The aircraft oxygen system and operation
d. Gas expansion
e. Depressurization
f. Decompression sickness

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Weight and Balance

Weight terminology

1. Basic Empty Weight

Basic empty weight includes the airframe, engine, fixed equipment (which is used for all
operations), unusable fuel, but full oil and other items necessary for all flights.

2. Zero Fuel Weight

The zero fuel weight is the gross weight of the aircraft excluding the usable fuel in the
wing fuel tanks (i.e. it includes the pilot, payload, and ballast but non of the usable).

3. Maximum Ramp / Taxi Weight

The maximum ramp weight is the maximum gross weight permitted prior to taxiing. It
may exceed the maximum take off weight.

4. Maximum Take Off Weight (MTOW)

The MTOW is the maximum certificated gross weight permitted for take off.

5. Maximum Landing Weight (MLW)

The MLW is the maximum certificated gross weight for landing.

Load Sheet

The load sheet provided a convenient way of checking whether zero fuel weight, MTOW,
and intended landing weight are within the applicable limits.

 Ensure that every item to be loaded on the aircraft is listed.

 Add the aircraft empty weight, crew, total passengers, total freight and baggage weight to
obtain the zero feul weight.

 Ass the weight of the fuel to obtain the take off weight.

 Subtract the weight of the fuel burn-off to obtain landing weight.

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