1.

Subject Pronouns
A subject pronoun is exactly what it sounds like: a pronoun that takes the place of a
noun as the subject of a sentence. Remember, a sentence’s subject is the person
or thing that performs the action of a verb.
Use: He subject of a sentence is a person or thing that performs the action of the
verb. Subject pronouns are used to replace the subject (person or thing) of a verb.
Example:
1. We gave them a head start in the race.
2. You told Jerry that his score was among the best; that made him feel better.
3. She lost weight by cutting out junk food.
Grammar:
I /you /he /she /it /we /you/they Subject

2. To be
Use: He “to be” is a verb used to describe something or someone. In English, it can
be used to say different things according to the context. However, the most
common use of the to be verb is to talk about names, age, feeling, nationalities, and
professions, especially when talking in the present tense.
Example:
- There is a rabbit inside.
- I am at home now.
- We are from Ukraine.
Grammar:

I am
He is
She is
It is
We are
You are
They are
 3. Wh- Questions
In English there are seven ‘Wh…’ questions. Here’s what they are and how they
are used:
What is used for a thing.
Who is used for a person. Whose has the same meaning but it is always followed
by a noun
Why is used for a reason.
When is used for a time or date.
Which is used for a choice.
Where is used for a place.
How is used for an amount or the way.
Example:
-Why weren´t you late?
-Where do you live?
-How much does it cost?

GRAMMAR
4.- Want and Would like
Want:
"Want" is direct and simple. It is used when it is defined and affirming a fact.
However, keep in mind that sometimes being direct can seem rude and selfish.
“Would like”
"Would like" is suitable for requests and wishes. It is indirect and polite because it
expresses something imagined (subjunctive), not something factual and direct.
Example: WANT
- I want to enjoy this vacation with my family.
- Are you sure you want to swim with sharks?
- I not want greens with my fish instead of potatoes.
Grammar

Example: Would like

-America would like Europe to opt for an aircraft built by Boeing and Lockheed
Martin.
- What would you like on your pizza?
- I not would like to say a few words on the topic of Albania.
Grammar:

5.- Simple present questions

He simple present is a verb tense with two main uses. We use the simple present
tense when an action is happening right now, or when it happens regularly (or
unceasingly, which is why it’s sometimes called present indefinite).
Example:
What do you play on your computer?
When does your mother go to work?
Where do you meet your friends?
Grammar: Present Simple

6.- Simple present yes/no questions

We use do and does to make questions with the present simple. We use does for
the third person singular (she/he/it) and do for the others.
Example:
-Do you play the piano?
-Doesn´t Jack play football?
-Do Rita and Angela live in Manchester?
Grammar:

7.- Questions with any and how many

ANY:
We use any before nouns to refer to indefinite or unknown quantities or an unlimited
entity
How many:
How many is used when we want to know the quantity of something.
It is only used with plural countable nouns.
Examples:
How many days are there in January?
How many people work in your company?
How many cousins do you have?
Do you have any money?
Is there any sugar?
Do you have any pets?
Grammar:
How many + Subject + Verb + Nuoun + ?
To be + Subject + any + complement + ?

8.- Should and have to

Should:
“Should" is a modal verb most commonly used to make recommendations or give
advice. It can also be used to express obligation as well as expectation.
Have to:
We can also use 'have to' to express a strong obligation. When we use 'have to' this
usually means that some external circumstance makes the obligation necessary.
Examples:
Should
-When you go to Berlin, you should visit the palaces in Potsdam.
-You should focus more on your family and less on work.
-I really should be in the office by 7:00 AM.
Have to
-We have to give him our answer today or lose out on the contract.
-You have to pass your exams or the university will not accept you.
-I have to send a report to Head Office every week.

GRAMMAR
Should
 GRAMMAR
subject+ auxiliary verb + have + to-infinitive
Have to

9.- Articles
When to use “The”
Use the before singular and plural nouns when the noun is specific.
When to use “A/An”
When we are referring to any member of a group we use a/an. It is not important
which one we are talking about.
Example:
-I want to buy a new car.
-I want to buy the car we looked at yesterday.
-The teacher I spoke to at the school was very friendly.
Grammar :
10.- There is and There are; some and any
In English grammar we use “there is” or “there are” to talk about things we can see
and things that exist.
We use “there is” for singular and uncountable nouns, and we use “there are” for
plural countable nouns.
With plural countable nouns we can either give the quantity or use “some” if we don’t
know the exact quantity.
For uncountable nouns, use “any”
Examples:
-There are five people in the office.
-There’s a television in the living room.
-There are some people in the office.
-There isn’t any money in my wallet.
Grammar
11.- Prepositions of location
The prepositions at, in, and on can be used to reference time, location, or direction.
These are the simple rules to use these prepositions in reference to location.
AT: We use 'at' when the location is a place / IN: We use 'in' when the location is a
container. / ON: We use 'on' when the location is the surface of something. Etc. Etc.
Etc.
Examples:
-Your sister is at the front door.
-The book isn´t in the desk drawer.
- is The pencil on the top of the desk?
Grammar:

12.- Gerunds
The gerund looks exactly the same as a present participle, but it is useful to
understand the difference between the two. The gerund always has the same
function as a noun (although it looks like a verb).
Uses:
The gerund as the subject of the sentence / The gerund as the complement of the
verb 'to be'.
The gerund after prepositions
The gerund must be used when a verb comes after a preposition. This is also true
of certain expressions ending in a preposition.
The gerund in compound nouns
In compound nouns using the gerund, it is clear that the meaning is that of a noun,
not of a continuous verb.
Examples:
-Eating people is wrong.
-Hunting tigers is dangerous.
-Flying makes me nervous.
-When will you get around to mowing the grass?
- She couldn't help falling in love with him.
Grammar:

13.- Present continuous

we use the present continuous for things that are happening at the moment of
speaking. These things usually last for quite a short time and they are not finished
when we are talking about them.
We can also use this tense for other kinds of temporary situations, even if the action
isn't happening at this moment.
Examples:
-I'm not working at the moment.
-Please call back as we are eating dinner now.
-Julie is sleeping.
Grammar

14.-Simple present vs Present continuous

The main difference between the present simple and present continuous is in its use,
the present continuous indicates actions that happen while we speak, while the
simple present is used to respond to habitual or permanent actions.
Another difference is the formation of both verb tenses: for the present simple we
use the verb in the present, whereas for the present continuous we use the auxiliary
verb to be more the gerund of the corresponding verb.
-Simple present
Su formación es muy fácil, se utiliza la forma verbal en presente.
-Present continuous
Se utiliza el auxiliar to be más el gerundio del verbo principal, es decir, la forma
acabada en -ing.
Examples: Simple present
- He not drinks tea at breakfast.
- She not only eats fish.
-They watch television regularly.
Present continuous
-You are watching TV.
- Are you watching TV?
-You are not watching TV.
Grammar:

15. comparasion with adjectives

Adjective – a word used to modify or describe a noun or pronoun.

There are three forms of adjectives used to show varying degrees of comparison:
the positive, the comparative, and the superlative.

The positive form is used when there is no direct comparison being made to anything
specific, but is used to offer a broad or general comparison.

The comparative form is used when two things are being compared with each other.

The superlative form is used when more than two things are being compared with
one another.
Example:
- Trains are more expensive than buses in London.
- Hannah is taller than Jane.
- Fruit is healthier than chocolate.
Grammar:
Noun + verb + comparative adjective+ than + noun.

16.- ing adjectives

Adjectives are used all the time in English. They’re a great way of adding more
information about a noun, and generally helping you to say something more about a
person or thing.
If you are describing an object, place, or another noun, you would use adjectives
that end in –ing. These are used to describe a particular characteristic or aspect of
the noun.
Examples:
- The bowl was quite striking.
- That was a really boring presentation.
- Have you seen that film? It's really frightening.
Grammar:
Noun + subject + Aux + Verb + ing + noun

17.- Superlative adjectives

A superlative adjective expresses the extreme or highest degree of a quality. We
use a superlative adjective to describe the extreme quality of one thing in a group of
things.
We can use superlative adjectives when talking about three or more things (not two
things).
Examples:
 I can't find my most comfortable jeans.
 The runt of the litter is the smallest.
 Jupiter is the biggest planet in our solar system.

Grammar:
Noun (subject) + verb + the + superlative adjective + noun (object).
18.- Simple past of be
The simple past (also called past simple, past indefinite or preterite) is a verb tense
which is used to show that a completed action took place at a specific time in the
past. The simple past is also frequently used to talk about past habits and
generalizations.
Example:
-You called Debbie.
-Did you call Debbie?
-You did not call Debbie.
Grammar:

19.- Can and could

CAN: The three main uses of Can are: 1) ability 2) possibility and 3) permission.
1. To express ability/ 2. To express a possibility (in general) / 3. To offer to do something
for others / 4. To ask for or give permission / To request something

COULD: Could is similar to Can and often replaces Can in the past tense (though
not always)
1. To express ability in the past / 2. Polite word used to ask for permission or to
request something (in the present) / 3. General permission in the past / 4. A
suggestion when asked what to do (choices and opportunities)
 Examples:
-Birds can fly.
-Elephants can't fly.
- I could ride a horse when I was younger but now I can't.
-She could juggle eight balls when she was only 10 years old.
Grammar:

20.- Comparing with adverbs

There are three degrees of comparison in adverbs – the Positive,
the Comparative, and the Superlative. The adverbs form their comparatives and
superlatives using –er and –est , and more and most. Adverbs that end in –lyuse
the words more and most to form their comparatives and superlatives.

The one-syllable adverbs use --er in the comparative form, and --est in the
superlative form.
Adverbs which end in --ly or have three or more syllables each form the comparative
with more and the superlative with most
The comparative form is used to compare two things.
Examples:

o We must not reach there later than 7 o’clock.

o You speak more loudly than a loudspeaker.
o Sirius shines more brightly than all the other stars.

Grammar:
Subject + verb + Comparing adverbs + noun
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