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Compressor

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For other uses, see Compressor (disambiguation).

A small stationary high pressure breathing air compressor for filling scuba cylinders

A compressor is a mechanical device that increases the pressure of a gas by reducing its volume. An air compressor is a specific type of
gas compressor.
Compressors are similar to pumps: both increase the pressure on a fluid and both can transport the fluid through a pipe. As gases are
compressible, the compressor also reduces the volume of a gas. Liquids are relatively incompressible; while some can be compressed, the
main action of a pump is to pressurize and transport liquids.

Contents

 1Types of compressors
o 1.1Positive displacement
 1.1.1Reciprocating compressors
 1.1.2Ionic liquid piston compressor
 1.1.3Rotary screw compressors
 1.1.4Rotary vane compressors
 1.1.5Rolling piston
 1.1.6Scroll compressors
 1.1.7Diaphragm compressors
o 1.2Dynamic
 1.2.1Air bubble compressor
 1.2.2Centrifugal compressors
 1.2.3Diagonal or mixed-flow compressors
 1.2.4Axial-flow compressors
o 1.3Hermetically sealed, open, or semi-hermetic
 2Thermodynamics of Gas Compression
o 2.1Isentropic Compressor
o 2.2Minimizing work required by a Compressor
 2.2.1Comparing Reversible to Irreversible Compressors
 2.2.2Effect of Cooling During the Compression Process
o 2.3Compressors in Ideal Thermodynamic Cycles
 3Temperature
 4Staged compression
 5Drive motors
 6Applications
 7See also
 8References

Types of compressors[edit]
The main and important types of gas compressors are illustrated and discussed below:
Positive displacement[edit]
A positive displacement compressor is the system which compresses the air by the displacement of a mechanical linkage reducing the
volume (since the reduction in volume due to a piston in thermodynamics is considered as positive displacement of the piston).[vague]
Reciprocating compressors[edit]
Main article: Reciprocating compressor
A motor-driven six-cylinder reciprocating compressor that can operate with two, four or six cylinders.

Reciprocating compressors use pistons driven by a crankshaft. They can be either stationary or portable, can be single or multi-staged,
and can be driven by electric motors or internal combustion engines.[1][2][3] Small reciprocating compressors from 5 to 30 horsepower (hp) are
commonly seen in automotive applications and are typically for intermittent duty. Larger reciprocating compressors well over 1,000 hp
(750 kW) are commonly found in large industrial and petroleum applications. Discharge pressures can range from low pressure to very high
pressure (>18000 psi or 180 MPa). In certain applications, such as air compression, multi-stage double-acting compressors are said to be
the most efficient compressors available, and are typically larger, and more costly than comparable rotary units.[4] Another type of
reciprocating compressor, usually employed in automotive cabin air conditioning systems,[citation needed] is the swash plate or wobble plate
compressor, which uses pistons moved by a swash plate mounted on a shaft (see axial piston pump).
Household, home workshop, and smaller job site compressors are typically reciprocating compressors 1½ hp or less with an attached
receiver tank.
A linear compressor is a reciprocating compressor with the piston being the rotor of a linear motor.
Ionic liquid piston compressor[edit]
Main article: Ionic liquid piston compressor
An ionic liquid piston compressor, ionic compressor or ionic liquid piston pump is a hydrogen compressor based on an ionic liquid piston
instead of a metal piston as in a piston-metal diaphragm compressor.[5]
Rotary screw compressors[edit]
Diagram of a rotary screw compressor

Main article: Rotary screw compressor


Rotary screw compressors use two meshed rotating positive-displacement helical screws to force the gas into a smaller space.[1][6][7]These
are usually used for continuous operation in commercial and industrial applications and may be either stationary or portable. Their
application can be from 3 horsepower (2.2 kW) to over 1,200 horsepower (890 kW) and from low pressure to moderately high pressure
(>1,200 psi or 8.3 MPa).
The classifications of rotary screw compressors vary based on stages, cooling methods, and drive types among others.[8] Rotary screw
compressors are commercially produced in Oil Flooded, Water Flooded and Dry type. The efficiency of rotary compressors depends on the
air drier,[clarification needed] and the selection of air drier is always 1.5 times volumetric delivery of the compressor.[9]
Designs with a single screw [10] or three screws [11] instead of two exist.
Rotary vane compressors[edit]
Eccentric rotary-vane pump

See also: Rotary vane pump


Rotary vane compressors consist of a rotor with a number of blades inserted in radial slots in the rotor. The rotor is mounted offset in a
larger housing that is either circular or a more complex shape. As the rotor turns, blades slide in and out of the slots keeping contact with
the outer wall of the housing.[1] Thus, a series of increasing and decreasing volumes is created by the rotating blades. Rotary Vane
compressors are, with piston compressors one of the oldest of compressor technologies.
With suitable port connections, the devices may be either a compressor or a vacuum pump. They can be either stationary or portable, can
be single or multi-staged, and can be driven by electric motors or internal combustion engines. Dry vane machines are used at relatively
low pressures (e.g., 2 bar or 200 kPa or 29 psi) for bulk material movement while oil-injected machines have the necessary volumetric
efficiency to achieve pressures up to about 13 bar (1,300 kPa; 190 psi) in a single stage. A rotary vane compressor is well suited to electric
motor drive and is significantly quieter in operation than the equivalent piston compressor.
Rotary vane compressors can have mechanical efficiencies of about 90%.[12]
Rolling piston[edit]
Rolling piston compressor

The Rolling piston in a rolling piston style compressor plays the part of a partition between the vane and the rotor.[13] Rolling piston forces
gas against a stationary vane.
2 of these compressors can be mounted on the same shaft to increase capacity and reduce vibration and noise. A design without a spring
is known as a swing compressor.
In refrigeration and air conditioning, this type of compressor is also known as a rotary compressor, with rotary screw compressors being
also known simply as screw compressors.
Scroll compressors[edit]

Mechanism of a scroll pump

Main article: Scroll compressor


A scroll compressor, also known as scroll pump and scroll vacuum pump, uses two interleaved spiral-like vanes to pump or
compress fluids such as liquids and gases. The vane geometry may be involute, archimedean spiral, or hybrid curves.[14][15][16] They operate
more smoothly, quietly, and reliably than other types of compressors in the lower volume range.
Often, one of the scrolls is fixed, while the other orbits eccentrically without rotating, thereby trapping and pumping or compressing pockets
of fluid between the scrolls.
Due to minimum clearance volume between the fixed scroll and the orbiting scroll, these compressors have a very high volumetric
efficiency.
These compressors are extensively used in air conditioning and refrigeration because they are lighter, smaller and have fewer moving parts
than reciprocating compressors and they are also more reliable. They are more expensive though, so peltier coolers or rotary and
reciprocating compressors may be used in applications where cost is the most important or one of the most important factors to consider
when designing a refrigeration or air conditioining system.
This type of compressor was used as the supercharger on Volkswagen G60 and G40 engines in the early 1990s.
Diaphragm compressors[edit]
Main article: Diaphragm compressor
A diaphragm compressor (also known as a membrane compressor) is a variant of the conventional reciprocating compressor. The
compression of gas occurs by the movement of a flexible membrane, instead of an intake element. The back and forth movement of the
membrane is driven by a rod and a crankshaft mechanism. Only the membrane and the compressor box come in contact with the gas being
compressed.[1]
The degree of flexing and the material constituting the diaphragm affects the maintenance life of the equipment. Generally stiff metal
diaphragms may only displace a few cubic centimeters of volume because the metal can not endure large degrees of flexing without
cracking, but the stiffness of a metal diaphragm allows it to pump at high pressures. Rubber or silicone diaphragms are capable of enduring
deep pumping strokes of very high flexion, but their low strength limits their use to low-pressure applications, and they need to be replaced
as plastic embrittlement occurs.
Diaphragm compressors are used for hydrogen and compressed natural gas (CNG) as well as in a number of other applications.

A three-stage diaphragm compressor


The photograph on the right depicts a three-stage diaphragm compressor used to compress hydrogen gas to 6,000 psi (41 MPa) for use in
a prototype compressed hydrogen and compressed natural gas (CNG) fueling station built in downtown Phoenix, Arizona by the Arizona
Public Service company (an electric utilities company). Reciprocating compressors were used to compress the natural gas. The
reciprocating natural gas compressor was developed by Sertco.[17]
The prototype alternative fueling station was built in compliance with all of the prevailing safety, environmental and building codes in
Phoenix to demonstrate that such fueling stations could be built in urban areas.
Dynamic[edit]
Dynamic compressors depend upon the inertia and momentum of a fluid.
Air bubble compressor[edit]
Also known as a trompe. A mixture of air and water generated through turbulence is allowed to fall into a subterranean chamber where the
air separates from the water. The weight of falling water compresses the air in the top of the chamber. A submerged outlet from the
chamber allows water to flow to the surface at a lower height than the intake. An outlet in the roof of the chamber supplies the compressed
air to the surface. A facility on this principle was built on the Montreal River at Ragged Shutes near Cobalt, Ontario in 1910 and supplied
5,000 horsepower to nearby mines.[18]
Centrifugal compressors[edit]

A single stage centrifugal compressor

Main article: Centrifugal compressor


Centrifugal compressors use a rotating disk or impeller in a shaped housing to force the gas to the rim of the impeller, increasing the
velocity of the gas. A diffuser (divergent duct) section converts the velocity energy to pressure energy. They are primarily used for
continuous, stationary service in industries such as oil refineries, chemical and petrochemical plants and natural gas
processing plants.[1][19][20] Their application can be from 100 horsepower (75 kW) to thousands of horsepower. With multiple staging, they can
achieve high output pressures greater than 1,000 psi (6.9 MPa).
This type of compressor, along with screw compressors, are extensively used in large refrigeration and air conditioning systems.
Magnetically levitated and air bearing centrifugal compressors exist.
Many large snowmaking operations (like ski resorts) use this type of compressor. They are also used in internal combustion engines
as superchargers and turbochargers. Centrifugal compressors are used in small gas turbine engines or as the final compression stage of
medium-sized gas turbines.
Diagonal or mixed-flow compressors[edit]
Diagonal or mixed-flow compressors are similar to centrifugal compressors, but have a radial and axial velocity component at the exit
from the rotor. The diffuser is often used to turn diagonal flow to an axial rather than radial direction.[21] Comparative to the conventional
centrifugal compressor (of the same stage pressure ratio), the value of the speed of the mixed flow compressor is 1.5 times larger.[22]
Axial-flow compressors[edit]

An animation of an axial compressor.

Main article: Axial-flow compressor


Axial-flow compressors are dynamic rotating compressors that use arrays of fan-like airfoils to progressively compress a fluid. They are
used where high flow rates or a compact design are required.
The arrays of airfoils are set in rows, usually as pairs: one rotating and one stationary. The rotating airfoils, also known as blades or rotors,
accelerate the fluid. The stationary airfoils, also known as stators or vanes, decelerate and redirect the flow direction of the fluid, preparing
it for the rotor blades of the next stage.[1] Axial compressors are almost always multi-staged, with the cross-sectional area of the gas
passage diminishing along the compressor to maintain an optimum axial Mach number. Beyond about 5 stages or a 4:1 design pressure
ratio a compressor will not function unless fitted with features such as stationary vanes with variable angles (known as variable inlet guide
vanes and variable stators), the ability to allow some air to escape part-way along the compressor (known as interstage bleed) and being
split into more than one rotating assembly (known as twin spools, for example).
Axial compressors can have high efficiencies; around 90% polytropic at their design conditions. However, they are relatively expensive,
requiring a large number of components, tight tolerances and high quality materials. Axial-flow compressors are used in medium to
large gas turbine engines, natural gas pumping stations, and some chemical plants.
Hermetically sealed, open, or semi-hermetic[edit]

A small hermetically sealed compressor in a common consumer refrigerator or freezer typically has a rounded steel outer shell permanently welded shut,
which seals operating gases inside the system. There is no route for gases to leak, such as around motor shaft seals. On this model, the plastic top
section is part of an auto-defrost system that uses motor heat to evaporate the water.

Compressors used in refrigeration systems are often described as being either hermetic, open, or semi-hermetic, to describe how the
compressor and motor drive are situated in relation to the gas or vapor being compressed. The industry name for a hermetic
is hermetically sealed compressor, while a semi-hermetic is commonly called a semi-hermetic compressor.
In hermetic and most semi-hermetic compressors, the compressor and motor driving the compressor are integrated, and operate within the
pressurized gas envelope of the system. The motor is designed to operate in, and be cooled by, the refrigerant gas being compressed.
The difference between the hermetic and semi-hermetic, is that the hermetic uses a one-piece welded steel casing that cannot be opened
for repair; if the hermetic fails it is simply replaced with an entire new unit. A semi-hermetic uses a large cast metal shell with gasketed
covers with screws that can be opened to replace motor and compressor components.
The primary advantage of a hermetic and semi-hermetic is that there is no route for the gas to leak out of the system. Open compressors
rely on shaft seals to retain the internal pressure, and these seals require a lubricant such as oil to retain their sealing properties.
An open pressurized system such as an automobile air conditioner can be more susceptible to leak its operating gases. Open systems rely
on lubricant in the system to splash on pump components and seals. If it is not operated frequently enough, the lubricant on the seals
slowly evaporates, and then the seals begin to leak until the system is no longer functional and must be recharged. By comparison, a
hermetic or semi-hermetic system can sit unused for years, and can usually be started up again at any time without requiring maintenance
or experiencing any loss of system pressure.
The disadvantage of hermetic compressors is that the motor drive cannot be repaired or maintained, and the entire compressor must be
replaced if a motor fails. A further disadvantage is that burnt-out windings can contaminate whole systems, thereby requiring the system to
be entirely pumped down and the gas replaced (This can also happen in semi hermetic compressors where the motor operates in the
refrigerant). Typically, hermetic compressors are used in low-cost factory-assembled consumer goods where the cost of repair and labor is
high compared to the value of the device, and it would be more economical to just purchase a new device or compressor. Semi-hermetic
compressors are used in mid-sized to large refrigeration and air conditioning systems, where it is cheaper to repair the compressor rather
than buying and installing a new one. A hermetic compressor is simpler and cheaper to build than a semi-hermetic compressor.
An advantage of open compressors is that they can be driven by non-electric power sources, such as an internal combustion
engine or turbine. However, open compressors that drive refrigeration systems are generally not totally maintenance-free throughout the life
of the system, since some gas leakage will occur over time.

Thermodynamics of Gas Compression[edit]


Isentropic Compressor[edit]
A compressor can be idealized as internally reversible and adiabatic, thus an isentropic steady state device, meaning the change
in entropy is 0.[23] By defining the compression cycle as isentropic, an ideal efficiency for the process can be attained, and the ideal
compressor performance can be compared to the actual performance of the machine. Isotropic Compression as used in ASME PTC 10
Code refers to a reversible, adiabatic compression process [24]
Isentropic efficiency of Compressors:

is the enthalpy at the initial state

is the enthalpy at the final state for the actual process

is the enthalpy at the final state for the isentropic process


Minimizing work required by a Compressor[edit]
Comparing Reversible to Irreversible Compressors[edit]
Comparison of the differential form of the energy balance for each device

Let be heat, be work, be kinetic energy and be potential energy.


Actual Compressor:
Reversible Compressor:

The right hand side of each compressor type is equivalent, thus:

re-arranging:

By substituting the know equation into the last equation and dividing
both terms by T:

Furthermore, and T is [absolute temperature] ( ) which


produces:

or

Therefore, work-consuming devices such as pumps and compressors


(work is negative) require less work when they operate reversibly.[23]
Effect of Cooling During the Compression Process[edit]
P-v (Specific volume vs. Pressure) diagram comparing isentropic, polytropic,
and isothermal processes between the same pressure limits.

isentropic process: involves no cooling,


polytropic process: involves some cooling
isothermal process: involves maximum cooling
By making the following assumptions the required work for the

compressor to compress a gas from to is the following for


each process:
Assumptions:

and
All processes are internally reversible
The gas behaves like an ideal gas with constant specific heats

Isentropic ( , where ):

Polytropic ( ):
Isothermal ( or ):

By comparing the three internally reversible


processes compressing an ideal gas

from to , the results show that

isentropic compression ( ) requires the most


work in and the isothermal compression(

or ) requires the least amount of work

in. For the polytropic process ( ) work in


decreases as the exponent, n, decreases, by
increasing the heat rejection during the
compression process. One common way of
cooling the gas during compression is to use
cooling jackets around the casing of the
compressor.[23]
Compressors in Ideal Thermodynamic
Cycles[edit]
Ideal Rankine Cycle 1-
>2 Isentropic compression in a pump
Ideal Carnot Cycle 4->1 Isentropic compression
Ideal Otto Cycle 1->2 Isentropic compression
Ideal Diesel Cycle 1->2 Isentropic compression
Ideal Brayton Cycle 1->2 Isentropic compression
in a compressor
Ideal Vapor-compression refrigeration Cycle 1-
>2 Isentropic compression in a compressor
NOTE: The isentropic assumptions are only
applicable with ideal cycles. Real world cycles
have inherent losses due to inefficient
compressors and turbines. The real world
system are not truly isentropic but are rather
idealized as isentropic for calculation purposes.

Temperature[edit]
Main article: Gas laws
Compression of a gas increases its temperature.

where

or

and

so

in which p is pressure, V is
volume, n takes different
values for different
compression processes
(see below), and 1 & 2 refer
to initial and final states.
 Adiabatic - This model
assumes that no energy
(heat) is transferred to
or from the gas during
the compression, and
all supplied work is
added to the internal
energy of the gas,
resulting in increases of
temperature and
pressure. Theoretical
temperature rise is:[25]

with T1 and T2 in
degrees Rankine or kel
vins, p2 and p1 being
absolute pressures

and ratio of
specific
heats (approximately
1.4 for air). The rise in
air and temperature
ratio means
compression does not
follow a simple pressure
to volume ratio. This is
less efficient, but quick.
Adiabatic compression
or expansion more
closely model real life
when a compressor has
good insulation, a large
gas volume, or a short
time scale (i.e., a high
power level). In practice
there will always be a
certain amount of heat
flow out of the
compressed gas. Thus,
making a perfect
adiabatic compressor
would require perfect
heat insulation of all
parts of the machine.
For example, even a
bicycle tire pump's
metal tube becomes hot
as you compress the air
to fill a tire. The relation
between temperature
and compression ratio
described above means
that the value

of for an adiabatic

process is (the
ratio of specific heats).

 Isothermal - This
model assumes
that the
compressed gas
remains at a
constant
temperature
throughout the
compression or
expansion process.
In this cycle,
internal energy is
removed from the
system as heat at
the same rate that it
is added by the
mechanical work of
compression.
Isothermal
compression or
expansion more
closely models real
life when the
compressor has a
large heat
exchanging
surface, a small gas
volume, or a long
time scale (i.e., a
small power level).
Compressors that
utilize inter-stage
cooling between
compression stages
come closest to
achieving perfect
isothermal
compression.
However, with
practical devices
perfect isothermal
compression is not
attainable. For
example, unless
you have an infinite
number of
compression stages
with corresponding
intercoolers, you
will never achieve
perfect isothermal
compression.
For an isothermal

process, is 1, so
the value of the work
integral for an
isothermal process is:

When evaluated,
the isothermal work
is found to be lower
than the adiabatic
work.

 Polytropic -
This model
takes into
account both a
rise in
temperature in
the gas as well
as some loss of
energy (heat) to
the
compressor's
components.
This assumes
that heat may
enter or leave
the system, and
that input shaft
work can
appear as both
increased
pressure
(usually useful
work) and
increased
temperature
above adiabatic
(usually losses
due to cycle
efficiency).
Compression
efficiency is
then the ratio of
temperature
rise at
theoretical 100
percent
(adiabatic) vs.
actual
(polytropic).
Polytropic
compression
will use a value

of betwee
n 0 (a constant-
pressure
process) and
infinity (a
constant
volume
process). For
the typical case
where an effort
is made to cool
the gas
compressed by
an
approximately
adiabatic
process, the
value
of will be
between 1

and .

Staged
compression[
edit]
In the case of
centrifugal
compressors,
commercial designs
currently do not
exceed a
compression ratio
of more than 3.5 to
1 in any one stage
(for a typical gas).
Since compression
raises the
temperature, the
compressed gas is
to be cooled
between stages
making the
compression less
adiabatic and more
isothermal. The
inter-stage coolers
typically result in
some partial
condensation that is
removed in vapor-
liquid separators.
In the case of small
reciprocating
compressors, the
compressor
flywheel may drive
a cooling fan that
directs ambient air
across
the intercooler of a
two or more stage
compressor.
Because rotary
screw compressors
can make use of
cooling lubricant to
reduce the
temperature rise
from compression,
they very often
exceed a 9 to 1
compression ratio.
For instance, in a
typical diving
compressor the air
is compressed in
three stages. If
each stage has a
compression ratio
of 7 to 1, the
compressor can
output 343 times
atmospheric
pressure (7 × 7 × 7
=
343 atmospheres).
(343 atm or
34.8 MPa or
5.04 ksi)
Drive
motors[edit]
There are many
options for the
motor that powers
the compressor:

 Gas turbines po
wer the axial
and centrifugal
flow
compressors
that are part
of jet engines.
 Steam
turbines or wat
er turbines are
possible for
large
compressors.
 Electric
motors are
cheap and
quiet for static
compressors.
Small motors
suitable for
domestic
electrical
supplies
use single-
phase alternati
ng current.
Larger motors
can only be
used where an
industrial
electrical three
phase alternati
ng current
supply is
available.
 Diesel
engines or petr
ol engines are
suitable for
portable
compressors
and support
compressors.
 In automobiles
and other types
of vehicles
(including
piston-powered
airplanes,
boats, trucks,
etc.), diesel or
gasoline
engines power
output can be
increased by
compressing
the intake air,
so that more
fuel can be
burned per
cycle. These
engines can
power
compressors
using their own
crankshaft
power (this
setup known as
a supercharger)
, or, use their
exhaust gas to
drive a turbine
connected to
the compressor
(this setup
known as
a turbocharger)
.

Applications[
edit]
Gas compressors
are used in various
applications where
either higher
pressures or lower
volumes of gas are
needed:

 In pipeline
transport of
purified natural
gas from the
production site
to the
consumer, a
compressor is
driven by a gas
turbine fueled
by gas bled
from the
pipeline. Thus,
no external
power source is
necessary.
 Petroleum
refineries,
natural gas
processing
plants,
petrochemical
and chemical
plants, and
similar large
industrial plants
require
compressing
for intermediate
and end-
product gases.
 Refrigeration a
nd air
conditioner equi
pment use
compressors to
move heat in re
frigerant cycles
(see vapor-
compression
refrigeration).
 Gas turbine
systems
compress the
intake combusti
on air.
 Small-volume
purified or
manufactured
gases require
compression to
fill high
pressure
cylinders
for medical, wel
ding, and other
uses.
 Various
industrial,
manufacturing,
and building
processes
require compre
ssed air to
power pneumat
ic tools.
 In the
manufacturing
and blow
moulding of
PET plastic
bottles and
containers.
 Some aircraft
require
compressors to
maintain cabin
pressurization a
t altitude.
 Some types
of jet engines—
such
as turbojets an
d turbofans—
compress the
air required for
fuel
combustion.
The jet
engine's turbine
s power the
combustion air
compressor.
 In SCUBA
diving, hyperba
ric oxygen
therapy, and
other life
support
devices,
compressors
put breathing
gas into small
volume
containers,
such as diving
cylinders.[26][27]
 In surface
supplied diving,
an air
compressor
frequently
supplies low
pressure air (10
to 20 bar) for
breathing.
 Submarines us
e compressors
to store air for
later use in
displacing
water from
buoyancy
chambers to
adjust depth.
 Turbochargers
and supercharg
ers are
compressors
that
increase intern
al combustion
engine perform
ance by
increasing the
mass flow of air
inside the
cylinder, so the
engine can
burn more fuel
and hence
produce more
power.
 Rail and
heavy road
transport vehicl
es
use compresse
d air to
operate rail
vehicle or road
vehicle brakes
—and various
other systems
(doors, windscr
een
wipers, engine,
gearboxcontrol,
etc.).
 Service stations
and auto repair
shops use
compressed air
to fill
pneumatic tires
and power
pneumatic
tools.
 Fire
pistons and hea
t pumps exist to
heat air or other
gasses, and
compressing
the gas is only
a means to that
end.
 Rotary lobe
compressors
are often used
to provide air in
pneumatic
conveying lines
for powder or
solids.
Pressure
reached can
range from 0.5
to 2 bar g.[28]

Diving air
compressor in noise
reduction cabinet

See also[edit]
 Axial
compressor
 Cabin
pressurization
 Centrifugal fan
 Compressed air
 Compressed air
dryer
 Electrochemical
hydrogen
compressor
 Energy-saving
rotary Blade
compressor Pat
ent numbers:
EP0933500
 Fire piston
 Foil bearing
 Gas
compression
heat pump
 Guided rotor
compressor
 Hydrogen
compressor
 Linear
compressor
 Liquid ring
compressor
 Hydride
compressor
 Natterer
compressor
 Pneumatic
cylinder
 Pneumatic tube
 Reciprocating
compressor (pi
ston
compressor)
 Roots blower (a
lobe-type
compressor)
 Slip factor
 Trompe
 Vapor-
compression
refrigeration
 Variable speed
air compressor

References[e
dit]

1. ^ Jump up
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Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning

 Air changes per hour

 Bake-out

 Building envelope

 Convection

 Dilution

 Domestic energy consumption


Fundamental
 Enthalpy
concepts
 Fluid dynamics

 Gas compressor

 Heat pump and refrigeration cycle

 Heat transfer
 Humidity

 Infiltration
 Latent heat
 Noise control

 Outgassing

 Particulates

 Psychrometrics

 Sensible heat

 Stack effect

 Thermal comfort

 Thermal destratification

 Thermal mass

 Thermodynamics

 Vapour pressure of water

 Absorption refrigerator

 Air barrier

 Air conditioning

 Antifreeze

 Automobile air conditioning

 Autonomous building

Technology Building insulation materials

 Central heating

 Central solar heating

 Chilled beam

 Chilled water
 Constant air volume (CAV)

 Coolant
 Dedicated outdoor air system (DOAS)
 Deep water source cooling

 Demand-controlled ventilation (DCV)

 Displacement ventilation

 District cooling

 District heating

 Electric heating

 Energy recovery ventilation (ERV)

 Firestop

 Forced-air

 Forced-air gas

 Free cooling

 Heat recovery ventilation (HRV)

 Hybrid heat

 Hydronics

 HVAC

 Ice storage air conditioning

 Kitchen ventilation

 Mixed-mode ventilation

 Microgeneration

 Natural ventilation

 Passive cooling

 Passive house

 Radiant heating and cooling system


 Radiant cooling
 Radiant heating
 Radon mitigation

 Refrigeration

 Renewable heat

 Room air distribution

 Solar air heat

 Solar combisystem

 Solar cooling

 Solar heating

 Thermal insulation

 Underfloor air distribution

 Underfloor heating

 Vapor barrier

 Vapor-compression refrigeration (VCRS)

 Variable air volume (VAV)

 Variable refrigerant flow (VRF)

 Ventilation

 Air conditioner inverter

 Air door

 Air filter

 Air handler
Components
 Air ionizer

 Air-mixing plenum
 Air purifier

 Air source heat pumps


 Automatic balancing valve
 Back boiler

 Barrier pipe

 Blast damper

 Boiler

 Centrifugal fan

 Ceramic heater

 Chiller

 Condensate pump

 Condenser

 Condensing boiler

 Convection heater

 Cooling tower

 Damper

 Dehumidifier

 Duct

 Economizer

 Electrostatic precipitator

 Evaporative cooler

 Evaporator

 Exhaust hood

 Expansion tank

 Fan coil unit

 Fan heater
 Fire damper
 Fireplace
 Fireplace insert

 Freeze stat

 Flue

 Freon

 Fume hood

 Furnace

 Furnace room

 Gas compressor

 Gas heater

 Gasoline heater

 Geothermal heat pump

 Grease duct

 Grille

 Ground-coupled heat exchanger

 Heat exchanger

 Heat pipe

 Heat pump

 Heating film

 Heating system

 High efficiency glandless circulating pump

 High-efficiency particulate air (HEPA)

 High pressure cut off switch

 Humidifier
 Infrared heater
 Inverter compressor
 Kerosene heater

 Louver

 Mechanical fan

 Mechanical room

 Oil heater

 Packaged terminal air conditioner

 Plenum space

 Pressurisation ductwork

 Process duct work

 Radiator

 Radiator reflector

 Recuperator

 Refrigerant

 Register

 Reversing valve

 Run-around coil

 Scroll compressor

 Solar chimney

 Solar-assisted heat pump

 Space heater

 Smoke exhaust ductwork

 Thermal expansion valve

 Thermal wheel
 Thermosiphon
 Thermostatic radiator valve
 Trickle vent

 Trombe wall

 Turning vanes

 Ultra-low particulate air (ULPA)

 Whole-house fan

 Windcatcher

 Wood-burning stove

 Air flow meter

 Aquastat

 BACnet

 Blower door

 Building automation

 Carbon dioxide sensor

 Clean Air Delivery Rate (CADR)

 Gas sensor
Measurement
 Home energy monitor
and control
 Humidistat

 HVAC control system

 Intelligent buildings

 LonWorks

 Minimum efficiency reporting value (MERV)

 OpenTherm
 Programmable communicating thermostat

 Programmable thermostat
 Psychrometrics
 Room temperature

 Smart thermostat

 Thermostat

 Thermostatic radiator valve

 Architectural acoustics

 Architectural engineering

 Architectural technologist

 Building services engineering

 Building information modeling (BIM)

 Deep energy retrofit

 Duct leakage testing


Professions, trades,
 Environmental engineering
and services
 Hydronic balancing

 Kitchen exhaust cleaning

 Mechanical engineering

 Mechanical, electrical, and plumbing

 Mold growth, assessment, and remediation

 Refrigerant reclamation

 Testing, adjusting, balancing

 ACCA

Industry AMCA

organizations ASHRAE
 ASTM International
 BRE
 BSRIA

 CIBSE

 LEED

 SMACNA

 Indoor air quality (IAQ)

 Passive smoking
Health and safety
 Sick building syndrome (SBS)

 Volatile organic compound (VOC)

 ASHRAE Handbook

 Building science

 Fireproofing
See also
 Glossary of HVAC terms

 Template:Home automation

 Template:Solar energy

Authority GND: 4078787-4

control  NDL: 00560392


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 Heating, ventilating,
and air conditioning
 Gas compressors
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equipment
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