Advanced Helmet Report

ADVANCED HELMET 2016-17
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
Providing safety to a person while riding the bike is of prime concern. One of the way to
do this is by making it mandatory to wear helmet while riding a bike. This is difficult to
implement as every time the concerned people can’t keep an eye on everybody. So detecting
whether the driver has worn a helmet or not, as well whether he has consumed alcohol or not is
the main problem. The system what we have planned to design provides solution to this problem.
The system makes it mandatory for the rider to wear helmet before starting the vehicle and also he
shouldn’t have consumed alcohol. If the rider fail to do so then the vehicle cannot be started. This
system also provides security to the vehicle as every bike will have an unique helmet and without
which a person fails to start that particular bike. This project includes a helmet body and an
integrated electronic system disposed in the helmet body. It is operated through a wireless control
system. The components of the electronic system are sufficiently small and rugged for use in the
helmet, ensuring that the helmet is lightweight and durable. Moreover, the components are spaced
about the helmet to provide even weight distribution to promote overall balance and safety.
1.1 Problem Statement
Wearing a helmet while participating in activities like bicycle riding or motorcycle

riding can drastically lessen the chance of suffering a serious brain injury. All too often,
people taking part in these activities are seriously injured because they chose not to wear a
helmet. Motorcycle helmets and bike helmets lessen the impact of hard surfaces that hit the
head during a bike or motorcycle accident. Helmets are designed to compress when struck,
which decreases the severity of the impact by absorbing and dispersing force.
Of the thousands of deaths that occur each year from bicycling and motorcycle riding,
more than 75% of fatalities and more than 85% of all bike-related injuries can be prevented if
riders wear helmets. Bike helmets and motorcycle helmets can prevent life changing head
injuries.
1.2 Scope of Project

Scope of the project is to avoid severe accidents, locate the rider and send a message to an
emergency contact when an accident has occurred.
Dept. Of CSE,SIET Tumkur Page 1

CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE SURVEY
Literature survey is the most important step in the software development process. Before
developing any tool it is very necessary to determine the factor of time, economy and the
strength of company. After these things are satisfied, then the next step is to determine which
operating system and language can be used for developing a tool. Once a programmer start
building a tool the programmer needs external help. This help can be taken from senior
programmers, from book or from websites. Before developing a system, the above
consideration are taken into account for developing the proposed system in the better way.
The papers on the literature survey,
[1] “Smart Helmet ”
In present time many cases of bike accident can be seen around us. Peoples get
injured or might be dead and one of the reasons is not wearing helmet. Many
people could save their life in accident cases if they wore helmet at the time of
accident. Continuously road rules are violated. So as to overcome these
problems, a Smart helmet is proposed having a control system built inside a
helmet. Smart Helmet for Motorcyclist is a project undertaken to increase the
rate of road safety among motorcyclists. The idea is obtained after knowing that
the increasing number of fatal road accidents over the years is cause for concern
among motorcyclists. It consist a RF transmitter and a RF receiver system. the
bike will not get start without wearing helmet by the user, as user wear helmet a
rf signal radiate from transmitter and once these rf signal get sensed by the
receiver placed in the ignition switch of the bike, bike will get start. Security
system applied in this project meet the characteristics of a perfect rider and the

application should be highlighted. The project is expected to improve safety and

reduce accidents, especially fatal to the motorcyclist
Helmet unit and Bike unit are connected by wireless link of RF. RF
communication circuit contains encoder and decoder circuit. Encoder is on
helmet side which is using to convert parallel data into serial data. The encoder
is capable of encoding massage which contains of 12N data bits and N address
bits. Each address/data can stay set to with two logical states. The oscillator
frequency is selected by Rosy. We choose oscillator frequency is 3 kHz, with
rosy of 1M ohms. Minimum transmission of data is 4 words. Decoder is on bike
side, it used to decode serial data. It converts this serial data in to parallel. The
decoders are capable to receive data that are spread by an encoder and
understand it. The first bits period use as addresses and last 12N bits as our
desired data, where N is stands for address number. In this decoder circuit
oscillator frequency is 50 times greater than fOSCE (encoder oscillator
frequency). fOSCD is 150 kHz, which is select by value of Rosc. Rosc is 1k
ohms.
We already mentioned that we divide a project in two units namely helmet and
bike. In helmet unit, the force sensing resister is placed on inside upper part of
the helmet where actually head was touched with sensor surface. And alcohol
sensor is placed on in front of rider’s mouth. It can sense easily. Solar panels are
mounted on upper side of helmet which is in direct sunlight. And the battery
and regular circuits was fixed inside the helmet. Secondary controller and RF
transmitter circuit was also placed on inside the helmet, antenna are located
outside the helmet.
Disadvantages

 The main of this project is to make helmet mandatory, but in case of

high speed it does not provide any solution to restrain the rider’s
speed, hence this becomes its limitation.
[2] “Helmet with sensors for accident Prevention”
The impact when a motorcyclist involves in a high speed accident

without wearing a helmet is very dangerous and can cause fatality. Wearing a
helmet can reduce shock from the impact and may save a life. There are many
countries enforcing a regulation that requires the motorcycle’s rider to wear a
helmet when riding on their motorcycle, Malaysia is an example. With this
reason, this project is specially developed as to improve the safety of the
motorcycle’s rider. Motorcyclist will be alarmed when the speed limit is
exceeded. A Force Sensing Resistor (FSR) and BLDC Fan are used for
detection of the rider’s head and detection of motorcycle’s speed respectively. A
315 MHz Radio Frequency Module as wireless link which able to communicate
between transmitter circuit and receiver circuit. PIC16F84a is a microcontroller
to control the entire component in the system. Only when the rider buckled the
helmet then only the motorcycle’s engine will start. A LED will flash if the
motor speed exceeds 100 km/hour.
1) Initially, a suitable microcontroller is used to control all the input such as

sensors. In embedded system, PIC16F84a is most suitable as the controller that
can read up to four inputs.
2) The function of PIC16F84a is to read the input like a switch. Therefore, it is
easy to implement and interface with all sensors and switch. The size of
PIC16F84a is small and it is low cost too. Radio Frequency (RF). Radio
Frequency is a wireless concept which is used to transmit data from helmet to

the motor. The signal can be transmitted up to 100 meters in open space and
continuously . A 315 MHz frequency is chosen because 315 MHz is in interval
of testing band and it is free license to use. This RF Module consists of
Transmitter Module and Receiver Module. Each RF module have its own circuit
called the transmitter circuit and is placed at the helmet and the receiver circuit
is placed in the motorcycle. Radio Frequency transmitter circuit consists of
transmitter module, PT2262 as remote encoder and 8-pins DIP-Switch. Radio
Frequency receiver circuit consists of transmitter module, PT2263 as remote
decoder and 8-pins DIP-Switch.
3) Force Sensing Resistor (FSR) is installed in the helmet. The Force Sensing
Resistor (FSR) sensor detects the head of motorcyclist. It connects directly to
the transmitter circuit as a switch. So, the transmitter circuit will be
automatically ON when the helmet is worn. An IC timer 555 was used and
placed in the transmitter circuit with a buzzer to produce a ‘beep-beep’ sound
and this sound will be heard after the transmitter circuit is ON as an indication
to the rider for helmet belt. As the second safety, a SPD installed on the
helmet’s buckle whether the rider is buckle-up or not. It is dir series with Force
Sensing Resistor (FSR) as this SPDT limit switch connected parallel to. After
buckling-up, their supply for IC timer 555. Therefore, a ‘b disappeared and the
short circuit gives Transmitter module and send signal to the Flow chart.
4) At C: RF receiver module is placed and the receiver circuit is placed under
the receiver module is from the transmitter module. This signal is PIC 16F84a
and the output was connected to the relay. The relay is in position is connected
in series to the output Discharge Ignition (CDI) motorcycles.
Disadvantages:
 The purpose of this paper is to prevent accident by allowing the driver

with prevention methods. But what if the driver does not follow the
instructions and encounter further accident, no proper emergency
system is available in this paper, hence its disadvantage.
[3] “Helmet for accident detection Smart”
A smart helmet is a special idea which makes motorcycle driving safer than
before. This is implemented using GSM and GPS technology. The working of
this smart helmet is very simple, vibration sensors are placed in different places
of helmet where the probability of hitting is more which are connected to
microcontroller board. So when the rider crashes and the helmet hit the ground,
these sensors sense and gives to the microcontroller board, then controller
extract GPS data using the GPS module that is interfaced to it. When the data
exceeds minimum stress limit then GSM module automatically sends message
to ambulance or family members.
In this system P89V51RD2 microcontroller is used. When the system is

switched on, LED will be ON indicating that power is supplied to the circuit.
The RF is used for start the two wheeler firstly it check whether the driver is
drunken or not if drunken it will not allow to start two wheeler .The small
voltage of ignition of the two wheeler is grounded. In normal condition when
the helmet is wearied the pressure sensor is senses pressure and the RF
transmitter radiates the FM modulated signal. The RF receiver is connected with
the two wheeler which is receive the radiated signal and activate the relay .The
relay is remove the ignition wire from the ground and connected with the starter
switch now the two wheeler will start. When driver met with accident vibration
sensor sends message to microcontroller. The GPS receives the location of the
vehicle that met with an accident and gives the information back. This
information will be sent to a mobile number through a message. This message
will be received using GSM modem present in the circuit. The message will
give the information of longitude and latitude values. Using these values the
position of the vehicle can be estimated. To run the GPS and GSM module,
microcontroller is a very user friendly device which can be easily interfaced
with any sensors or modules and is very compact in size. Now some of the
thoughts in our mind, how will send the SMS using the GSM module by
keeping the GPS location in the SMS which is obtained from the GPS module.
But when should all this is done? When accident occurs, how will the
microcontroller detect the accident? This can be done by using a vibration
sensor which is placed in the helmet. The vibration sensor is placed in the
helmet such that it detects vibrations of the helmet. When the rider crashes, the
helmet hits the ground and the vibration sensor detects the vibrations that are
created when the helmet hits the ground and then the microcontroller detect the
accident occurrence and it will send an SMS containing information about the
accident and location of accident using GSM and GPS modules. Alcohol sensor
sense the alcoholic content whether the rider drunken or not, if he drunken bike
will not start showing as alcohol detected on LCD display. Use of pressure
sensor, gives the whether the rider wear the helmet or not. If he not wears the
helmet again bike will not start and intimate to rider to wear the helmet
Disadvantages:
 The disadvantage in this paper is that it does not provide any
emergency cure such as clotted bleeding before the arrival of nearby
ambulance.
[4] “ Smart-tech Helmet ”
In present day scenario we encounter numerous cases of two wheeler road

accidents leading to death. The main reason being severe head injuries. Despite
of the fact that helmets are available everywhere, people are not wearing them
for protection. In this regard, and infer that people abandon use of helmet
primarily due to inconvenience caused by excess heat generated inside it. In this
paper we present the design of the prototype we upgraded the helmet with
Pettier module and GPS. With inventory included in helmet, comfortable
temperature can be maintained in helmet by using pettier module which works
on the basis of thermoelectric effect. In the event of road accidents the precise
location of the rider can be tracked out using GPS system and gives the message
to emergency vehicle, Also if any bleeding occurs can be clotted by the
thermoelectric module so that person can be rescued from critical conditions.
The prototype has three inputs and as many outputs routed to and fro the
P89V51RD2 Microcontroller respectively. The two sensors incorporated in the
prototype i.e., LM35D temperature sensor and ADXL3 tilt sensor, along with
the Global Positioning System (GPS) module comprise the input circuitry while
the Peltier module, the Liquid Cristal Display (LCD) module and the Global
System for Mobile communications (GSM) module form the output circuitry.
The LM35D temperature sensor senses the temperature in the area enclosed
between the scalp of the rider and the interior of the helmet. Analog output
signals of the LM35D temperature sensor are converted into digital signals by
the 0804Analog to Digital Converter (ADC) and are sent as input to the
P89V51RD2 Microcontroller. If the sensed temperature exceeds the desired pre-
set temperature by the rider, the Microcontroller sends output signal through the

BC 547 NPN Bi-polar Junction Transistor (BJT) which is used for amplification
of the signal, which controls the switching of the TEC-12706T125Peltier
module, which is responsible for creating comfortable temperature. The
ADXL3 Accelerometer Sensor incorporated in the helmet senses shocks, if at
all they occur, received by the helmet. Analog output signals of the ADXL3
Accelerometer sensor are converted into digital signals by the ADC0804
Analog to Digital Converter (ADC) and are sent as input to the P89V51RD2
Microcontroller. In the event of an accident when the magnitude of the shock
pulse generated is greater than a pre-set value, the Microcontroller sends output
signal through the BC 547 NPN Bi-polar Junction Transistor (BJT) which is
used for amplification of the signal, which controls the switching of the TEC-
12706T125 Peltier module, which in this case is made to reduce the temperature
in the area enclosed between the scalp of the rider and the interior of the helmet
to 22oC, which was found out to be the temperature that would favour the
acceleration of blood clotting mechanism. During such an event, besides
expediting the blood coagulating mechanism, the Microcontroller sends signal
to the Global System for Mobile communications (GSM) module, which would
send the precise location of the rider obtained from the Global Positioning
System (GPS) module at the time of the generation of shock pulse, which is
greater than the critical magnitude, in the form of a text message through a
Subscriber Identity Module (SIM) card inserted externally to the GSM circuitry.
The text message will be received by the SIM whose number is stored in the
Microcontroller that gives the information about the precise latitude and
longitude of the location of the rider. This entire circuit is powered through
switching ON the limit switch when the rider wears the helmet.

CHAPTER 3
SYSTEM METHODOLOGY
3.1 Existing system
The existing system is to control the speed in which the biker is going in. The helmet is fixed
with all the components and sensors that read the speed of the bike and accordingly instruct
the rider to reduce or increase the speed based on the obstacles ahead the bike.
3.1.1 Disadvantages of existing system
 Rider does not wear helmet in region where traffic checking is not done
 The current system does not check whether the rider is drunk or not
3.2 Proposed system
 The idea of our project “ADVANCED HELMET” is to first check if the rider has
actually worn the helmet, in other words the availability of the rider’s head inside the
helmet to allow the vehicle to start.
 The system makes it mandatory for the rider to wear helmet before starting the vehicle
and also he shouldn’t have consumed alcohol. If the rider fail to do so then the vehicle
cannot be started.
 The GSM and GPS have been added in our project to find the location of the rider and
send a message to a nearest emergency service in case accident has happened.
3.2.1 Advantages of proposed system
 No manual attention is needed.

 Can be used for all kinds of two wheelers
 Rider is enforced to wear the helmet
 The rider can reach hospital as soon as possible in case of accident
CHAPTER 4
SYSTEM REQUIREMENT SPECIFICATION

A software requirements specification (SRS) is a description of a software system to be

developed. It lays out functional and non-functionalrequirements, and may include a set
of usecases that describe user interactions that the software must provide.
Software requirements specification establishes the basis for an agreement between

customers and contractors or suppliers (in market-driven projects, these roles may be played
by the marketing and development divisions) on what the software product is to do as well as
what it is not expected to do. Software requirements specification permits a rigorous
assessment of requirements before design can begin and reduces later redesign. It should also
provide a realistic basis for estimating product costs, risks, and schedules.Used appropriately,
software requirements specifications can help prevent software project failure.
4.1 Functional Requirements
Helmet Authentication- For helmet authentication purpose we are using two IR sensor and
one MQ3 sensor. We mount one IR sensor on left side and other on right side inside the
helmet. MQ3 sensor use for alcohol detection.
 Alcohol detection- to ensure that the bike rider has not consumed alcohol.
 Accident detection- to locate the victim using GPS and send a message to a nearest
emergency contact using GSM.
The functional requirements specification is designed to be read by a general audience.

Readers should understand the system, but no particular technical knowledge should be
required to understand the document.
4.2 Non-Functional Requirements
Constraints on the services or the functions offered by the systems such as timing
constraints, constraints on the development process, standards etc,..
Non-functional requirements are those that refer to check weather requirement which
impose constraints on the design or implementation such as performance engineering
requirements, quality standards, or design constraints.

Maintainability: The operation manual of the tools will be provided to the user. For
development, it should be easy to upgrade for new features and new technologies time to
time. Maintenance should be cost effective and easy.
4.3 Software Requirements
 Keil compiler Uvision 3,

 Embedded C
 Atmel studio 7
4.4 Hardware Requirements
 MICROCONTROLLER(ARM), LCD, Buffer, Driver, Relays

 Resistors (470ohms), Capacitors (1000mf,104mf), LEDs, Diodes (IN4007),
Transformer,
 Voltage Regulator, Push Button
 Impact sensor
CHAPTER 5
OVERVIEW OF TECHNOLOGY

5.1 GPS module

This is a GPS Receiver (5V Serial) with high gain having 4 Pin 2.54mm pitch
strip. The third generation POT (Patch Antenna on Top) is used by the receiver for the
GPS module. It can be interfaced with normal 5V ARM7 with the help of the in built
3V-5V converter. The interfacing is made easier with the help of low pin count (4 pin)
strip. The 4 Pins are 5V, TX, RX, and GND. This standalone 5V GPS Module does not
require external components .It consists of internal RTC Back up battery and can be
directly connected to USART of the ARM7 . The current date, time, longitude,
latitude, altitude, speed, and travel direction / heading among other data, are provided
by the module and can be used in a many applications including navigation, fleet
management, tracking systems, mapping and robotics. The module can support up to 51
channels. The GPS solution enables small form factor devices which deliver major
advancements in GPS performances, accuracy, integration, computing power and
flexibility. They are used to simplify the embedded system integration process.
5.1.1 Definition
The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a satellite-based navigation system made

up of a network of 24 satellites placed into orbit by the U.S. Department of Defence.
Military actions was the original intent for GPS, however in the 1980s, the U.S.
government decided to allow the GPS program to be used by civilians. Weather
conditions do not affect the ability for GPS to work. The systems work 24/7 anywhere
in the world. There are no subscription fees or setup charges to use GPS.
GPS devices can have capabilities such as:
 Maps, including streets maps, displayed in human readable format via text or in a
graphical format,
 Turn-by-turn navigation directions to a human in charge of a vehicle or vessel via
text or speech,
 Directions fed directly to an autonomous vehicle such as a robotic probe,
 Traffic congestion maps (depicting either historical or real time data) and
suggested alternative directions,

 Information on nearby amenities such as restaurants, fueling stations, and tourist

attractions.
5.1.2 Main Purpose
The GPS is able to answer:

 The roads or paths available,
 Traffic congestion and alternative routes,
 Roads or paths that might be taken to get to the destination,
 If some roads are busy (now or historically) the best route to take,
 The location of food, banks, hotels, fuel, airports or other places of interests,
 The shortest route between the two locations,
 The different options to drive on highway or back roads.
Of all the applications of GPS, vehicle tracking and navigational systems have brought
this technology to the day-to-day life of the common man. Today GPS fitted cars;
ambulances, fleets and police vehicles are common sights on the roads of developed
countries. Known by many names such as Automatic Vehicle Locating System
(AVLS), Vehicle Tracking and Information System (VTIS), Mobile Asset Management
System (MAMS), these systems offer an effective tool for improving the operational
efficiency and utilization of vehicles.
GPS is used in vehicles for both tracking and navigation. Tracking systems enable a
base station to keep track of the vehicles without the intervention of the driver where,
as navigation system helps the driver to reach the destination. Whether navigation
system or tracking system, the architecture is more or less similar. The navigation
system will have convenient, usually a graphic, display for the driver which is not
needed for a tracking system. Vehicle Tracking Systems combine a number of well-
developed technologies.
5.2 GSM module

GSM Shield (SIM 900a): The SIM900 which is a complete Quad-band

GSM/GPRS solution comes in a SMT module which can be embedded in customer
applications. Featuring an industry-standard interface, the SIM900 delivers GSM/GPRS
850/900/1800/1900MHz performance for Data, voice, SMS and Fax in a small form
factor and with low power consumption. SIM900 can fit almost all the space
requirements in the M2M application with dimensions of 24mm x 24mm x 3 mm.
SIM900 is designed with a very powerful single-chip processor integrating
AMR926EJ-S core. Quad - band GSM/GPRS module with a size of
24mmx24mmx3mm, SMT type suit for customer application, An embedded Powerful
TCP/IP protocol stack Based upon mature and field-proven platform, backed up by our
support service, from definition to design and production.
5.2.1 Definition
Global system for mobile communication (GSM) is a wide area wireless

communications system that uses digital radio transmission to provide voice, data, and
multimedia communication services. A GSM system coordinates the communication
between mobile telephones (mobile stations), base stations (cell sites), and switching
systems.
5.2.2 Purpose
A GSM network consists of several functional entities, whose functions and

interfaces are defined. The GSM network can be divided into following broad parts.
 The Mobile Station (MS)

 The Base Station Subsystem (BSS)
 The Network Switching Subsystem (NSS)
 The Operation Support Subsystem (OSS)
Following is the simple architecture diagram of GSM Network:
The added components of the GSM architecture include the functions of the
databases and messaging systems:

 Home Location Register (HLR)

 Visitor Location Register (VLR)
 Equipment Identity Register (EIR)
 Authentication Centre (AuC)
 SMS Serving Centre (SMS SC)
 Gateway MSC (GMSC)
 Chargeback Centre (CBC)
 Transcoder and Adaptation Unit (TRAU)
Fig.1 GSM interface
Following is the diagram of GSM Network along with added elements:The MS

and the BSS communicate across the Um interface, also known as the air
interface or radio link. The BSS communicates with the Network Service
Switching centre across the A interface.
GSM network areas:

In a GSM network, the following areas are defined:
 Cell: Cell is the basic service area: one BTS covers one cell. Each cell is given a
Cell Global Identity (CGI), a number that uniquely identifies the cell.
 Location Area: A group of cells form a Location Area. This is the area that is
paged when a subscriber gets an incoming call. Each Location Area is assigned a
Location Area Identity (LAI). Each Location Area is served by one or more
BSCs.

 MSC/VLR Service Area: The area covered by one MSC is called the MSC/VLR
service area.
PLMN: The area covered by one network operator is called PLMN.
A PLMN can contain one or more MSCs.
Fig.1 GSM network diagram
CHAPTER 6
SYSTEM DESIGN

6.1 System Architecture
VARIABLE
POWER
SUPPLY
DRIVER
BUFFER RELAY
ARM
RF
microcontroll
RECIEVER er
OUTPUT DEVICE
LCD
DISPLA
M DC Y
MOTOR
Fig (a) Vehicle Unit
ACCIDENT/ MONOSTABLE
IMPACT MULTIVIBRATOR
SENSOR
IR IR
TRANSMITTE
R RECEIVE
R BUFFER AND
DRIVER SWITCHI RF
NG TRANSMITTER
ALCOHOL MONOSTABLE
STAGE
SENSOR MULTIVIBRATOR
Fig (b) Helmet Unit
 Power supply unit :This section needs two voltages viz., +12 V & +5
V, as working voltages. Hence specially designed power supply is
constructed to get regulated power supplies.

 IR transmitter and Receiver :Infrared (IR) transmitters and

receivers are present in many different devices, though they are most
commonly found in consumer electronics. The way this technology
works is that one component flashes an infrared light in a particular
pattern, which another component can pick up and translate into an
instruction. These transmitters and receivers are found in remote
controls and all different types of devices, such as televisions
and DVD players. Peripheral devices that include this technology can
also allow a computer to control various other consumer electronics.
Since infrared remotes are limited to line of sight operation.
 Alcohol Sensor: MQ3 :This alcohol sensor is suitable for

detecting alcohol concentration on your breath, just like your
common breath analyzer. It has a high sensitivity and fast
response time. Sensor provides an analog resistive output based
on alcohol concentration. The drive circuit is very simple; all it
needs is one resistor. A simple interface could be a 0-3.3V ADC.
 Microcontroller :The ARM7TDMI-S is a general purpose 32-bit

microprocessor, which offers high performance and very low
power consumption. The ARM architecture is based on Reduced
Instruction Set Computer (RISC) principles, and the instruction
set and related decode mechanism are much simpler than those of
micro programmed Complex Instruction Set Computers
(CISC).This simplicity results in a high instruction throughput
and impressive real-time interrupt response from a small and
cost-effective processor core. Pipeline techniques are employed

so that all parts of the processing and memory system scan

operate continuously.
 RF transmitter : RF transmitters are electronic devices that
create continuously varying electric current, encode sine waves,
and broadcast radio waves. RF transmitters use oscillators to
create sine waves, the simplest and smoothest form of
continuously varying waves, which contain information such as
audio and video. Modulators encode these sign wives and
antennas broadcast them as radio signals. There are several ways
to encode or modulate this information, including amplitude
modulation (AM) and frequency modulation (FM). Radio
techniques limit localized interference and noise.
 RF receiver :RF receivers are electronic devices that separate
radio signals from one another and convert specific signals into
audio, video, or data formats. RF receivers use an antenna to
receive transmitted radio signals and a tuner to separate a specific
signal from all of the other signals that the antenna receives.
Detectors or demodulators then extract information that was
encoded before transmission. There are several ways to decode or
modulate this information, including amplitude modulation (AM)
and frequency modulation (FM). Radio techniques limit localized
interference and noise.
 Mobile Sniffer :This handy mobile bug or cell phone detector,
pocket-size mobile transmission detector or sniffer can sense the
presence of an activated mobile cell phone from a distance of one and-
a-half meters. So it can be used to prevent use of mobile phones in
examination halls, confidential rooms, etc. It is also useful for
detecting the use of mobile phone for spying and unauthorized video
transmission.
 MonostableMultivibrators : have only ONE stable state (hence

their name: “Mono”), and produce a single output pulse when it
is triggered externally. MonostableMultivibrators only return
back to their first original and stable state after a period of time
determined by the time constant of the RC coupled circuit.
 Buffers: Buffers do not affect the logical state of a digital signal
(i.e. a logic 1 input results in a logic 1 output whereas logic 0 input
results in a logic 0 output). Buffers are normally used to provide
extra current drive at the output but can also be used to regularize
the logic present at an interface.
 Drivers: This section is used to drive the relay where the output
is complement of input which is applied to the drive but current
will be amplified.
 Relays: It is a electromagnetic device which is used to drive the
load connected across the relay and the o/p of relay can be
connected to controller or load for further processing.
 Indicator: This stage provides visual indication of which relay is
actuated and deactivated, by glowing respective LED or Buzzer.
6.2 Dataflow Diagram
Initialize all the port

Initialize all the RF communication

between bike and helmet
Wait for signal to Wait for the signal

detect if helmet is from the alcohol
worn or not sensor
LOCKED
NO NO Worn Driver YES LOCKED
Helmet? YES NO Drunk?
YES
Vehicle start
Sense parameters for accident

NO
YES
Accident?
Locate and send message
Stop

The first step of project is to initialize all the ports and all the RF
communication between bike and helmet. The next step is to check whether the
helmet is worn or not. If not, the bike will not start. The next start is to check
whether the rider has consumed alcohol or not. If not, the bike the bike will not
start. The vehicle gets started only if the above two conditions are satisfied. The
next step is to sense the parameter from sensor of system while riding the bike.
If an accident has happened, the multivibrator which is placed in the helmet unit
will automatically inform the microcontroller for the shock, that is an accident
happened. The microcontroller in turn, will extract the location using GPS and
send a message to the emergency contact using GSM.

6.3 Sequence diagram
HELMET VEHICLE MOTOR

H
Head
Detect head receive Rf
No alcohol Relay ON
Send Rf signal
Send signal run
ARM CONTACT
IMPACT SENSOR
r r
Shock
Send signal GPS locate
GSM receive
coordinate
Send message

CHAPTER 7
IMPLEMENTATION
7.1 Implementation Requirement
7.1.1 Operating System
Windows 7/8/98/2000/XP
7.1.2 Development Tools
Atmel Studio 7 is the platform used for coding.
Atmel Studio 7 is an integrated development platform (IDP) for developing and debugging
embedded software projects.
7.1.3 Programming Language
Embedded C
Embedded C is a set of language extensions for the C programming language by the C

Standards Committee to address commonality issues that exist between C extensions for
different embedded systems. Historically, embedded C programming requires nonstandard
extensions to the C language in order to support exotic features such as fixed-point
arithmetic, multiple distinct memory banks, and basic I/O operations.
In 2008, the C Standards Committee extended the C language to address these issues by
providing a common standard for all implementations to adhere to. It includes a number of
features not available in normal C, such as, fixed-point arithmetic, named address spaces, and
basic I/O hardware addressing.
Embedded C uses most of the syntax and semantics of standard C, e.g., main() function,
variable definition, datatype declaration, conditional statements (if, switch case), loops
(while, for), functions, arrays and strings, structures and union, bit operations, macros, etc.
A Technical Report was published in 2004[1] and a second revision in 2006.
Each processor is associated with an embedded software. The first and foremost thing is the
embedded software that decides functioning of the embedded system. Embedded C language
is most frequently used to program the microcontroller.Two salient features of Embedded

Programming are code speed and code size. Code speed is governed by the processing
power, timing constraints, whereas code size is governed by available program memory and
use of programming language. Goal of embedded system programming is to get maximum
features in minimum space and minimum time.
7.1.4 Compiler
Keil compiler Allows you to write ARM applications in C.
The Keil C51 C Compiler for the 8051 microcontroller is the most popular 8051 C compiler
in the world. It provides more features than any other 8051 C compiler available today.
The C51 Compiler allows you to write 8051 microcontroller applications in C that, once
compiled, have the efficiency and speed of assembly language. Language extensions in the
C51 Compiler give you full access to all resources of the 8051.
The C51 Compiler translates C source files into relocatable object modules which contain full
symbolic information for debugging with the µVision Debugger or an in-circuit emulator. In
addition to the object file, the compiler generates a listing file which may optionally include
symbol table and cross reference information.
7.2 Helmet Detection Implementation
The helmet is fitted with two IR sensors.The IR Sensor image is as

follow:
Fig: IR Sensor
IR Sensor Circuit Diagram and Working Principle

An infrared sensor circuit is one of the basic and popular sensor module in an electronic
device. This sensor is analogous to human’s visionary senses, which can be used to detect
obstacles and it is one of the common applications in real time.This circuit comprises of the
following components:
 LM358 IC 2 IR transmitter and receiver pair
 Resistors of the range of kilo ohms
 Variable resistors.
 LED (Light Emitting Diode).
In this project, the transmitter section includes an IR sensor, which transmits continuous IR
rays to be received by an IR receiver module. An IR output terminal of the receiver varies
depending upon its receiving of IR rays. Since this variation cannot be analyzed as such,
therefore this output can be fed to a comparator circuit. Here an operational amplifier (op-
amp) of LM 339 is used as comparator circuit.
When the IR receiver does not receive a signal, the potential at the inverting input goes
higher than that non-inverting input of the comparator IC (LM339). Thus the output of the
comparator goes low, but the LED does not glow. When the IR receiver module receives
signal to the potential at the inverting input goes low. Thus the output of the comparator (LM
339) goes high and the LED starts glowing. Resistor R1 (100 ), R2 (10k ) and R3 (330) are
used to ensure that minimum 10 mA current passes through the IR LED Devices like
Photodiode and normal LEDs respectively. Resistor VR2 (preset=5k ) is used to adjust the
output terminals. Resistor VR1 (preset=10k ) is used to set the sensitivity of the circuit
Diagram. Read more about IR sensors.

7.3 Alcohol Detection Implement

 The alcohol sensors measure the amount of alcohol present in the breathe of a person.
The alcohol sensor used is MQ3.
 This alcohol sensor is suitable for detecting alcohol concentration on your
breath, just like your common breathalyzer. It has a high sensitivity and fast
response time. Sensor provides an analog resistive output based on alcohol
concentration. The drive circuit is very simple; all it needs is one resistor. A
simple interface could be a 0-3.3V ADC.
Fig: MQ3 Sensor
MQ3 Sensor Circuit Diagram and working principle

This gas sensor is suitable for detecting leakage of gas. It has a high sensitivity and fast
response time. Sensor provides an analog resistive output based on GAS concentration.
The drive circuit is very simple. Sensitive material of MQ-3 gas sensor is SnO2, which
with lower conductivity in clean air. When the target GAS exist, the sensor’s
conductivity is higher along with the gas concentration rising. Convert change of
conductivity to correspond output signal of gas concentration.
MQ-3 gas sensor has high sensitivity to gas, and has good resistance to disturb of
gasoline, smoke and vapor. The sensor could be used to detect leakage of gas with
different concentration, it is with low cost and suitable for different application.
The circuit diagram shows how the timer IC 555 can be used as a Monostable pulse
generator. In this mode, pin 4 is connected to pin 8 and that to +Vcc. The threshold pin
6 and the discharge pin 7 are connected together to +Vcc by a timing resistance P1
(Preset).
The trigger input pin 2 is connected to +Vcc using a pull-up resistor R1. The control
pin 5 is connected to ground via capacitor C2.The
Monostable timing period is initiated by a falling edge (i.e. ‘High’ to ‘Low’ transition)
applied to the trigger input (at pin 2). When such an edge is received and the ‘trigger’
input voltage falls below ⅓ of Vcc, the output of the lower comparator goes ‘high’ and
the Bistable is placed in the ‘set’ state. The Q output of the Bistable then goes low,
switching transistor TR1 is placed in the ‘OFF’ (non-conducting) state and the final
‘output’ (at pin-3) goes High. The circuit can be readil y adapted to drive
aload with operating current less than about 150mA. So, the indicator
LED (D1) goes ‘ON’.
When the voltage at the ‘threshold’ input (at pin-6) exceeds ⅔ of Vcc, the output of the
upper comparator will change state and the Bistable will be reset, making the Ō output
go ’HIGH’ and turning switching transistor TR1 ‘ON’ in the process. Due to the
inverting action of the buffer, the final ‘output’ (at pin-3) will then go ‘LOW’. That
means the indicator LED (D2) goes ‘OFF’. The output is latched in the sam e
condition until another trigger pulse is received.

7.4 Accident Detection
Algorithm for accident detection is as follow:
1 . Establish the vibrator sensors.
2. Initialize GSM module.
3. Initialize GPS module.
4. Wait for threat conditions( shake, tap,…).
5. If any conditions arise then access GPS receiver.
6. Send accessed GPS data to the predefined number through GSM
as SMS.
7. In the mobile terminal immediately receiving SMS open the
android app.
8. In the app, it directly shows the position of the vehicle.
9. From this terminal, the position of vehicle is send to a predefined
number.
10. While running the code related to this algorithm its every status
is reflected on a LCD which is on development board.

CHAPTER 8
TESTING
The purpose of testing is to discover errors. Testing is the process of trying to discover every
conceivable fault or weakness in a work product. It provides a way to check the functionality
of the components, sub assemblies, assemblies and/or a finished product. It is the process of
exercising software with the intent of ensuring that the software system meets its
requirements and user expectations and does not fail in an unacceptable manner. There are
various types of test. Each test type addresses a specific testing requirements.
8.1 System Testing

Testing is a set activity that can be planned and conducted systematically. Testing
begins at the module level and work towards the integration of entire computers based
system. Nothing is complete without testing, as it is vital success of the system.
Testing Objectives:
There are several rules that can serve as testing objectives, they
are:
1. Testing is a process of executing a program with the intent of finding an error.

2. A good test case is one that has probability of finding an undiscovered error.
3. A successful test is one that uncovers an undiscovered error.
If testing is conducted successfully according to the objectives as stated above, it would

uncover errors in the software. Also testing demonstrates that software functions appear to
the working according to the specification, that performance requirements appear to have
been met.
There are three ways to test a program
1. For Correctness.
2. For Implementation.
3. For Computational Complexity.

Tests for correctness are supposed to verify that a program does exactly what it was
designed to do. This is much more difficult than it may at first appear, especially for large
programs. Tests for implementation efficiency attempt to find ways to make a correct
program faster or use less storage. It is a code-refining, which re-examines the
implementation phase of algorithm development.
Tests for computational complexity amount to an experimental analysis of the

complexity of an algorithm or an experimental comparison of two or more algorithms, which
solve the same problem.
Test Correctness:
The following ideas should be a part of any testing plan:
1. Preventive Measures
2. Spot checks
3. Testing all parts of the device
4. Test Data
5. Looking for trouble
6. Time for testing
7. Re Testing
The data is entered in all forms separately and whenever an error occurred, it is
corrected immediately. A quality team deputed by the management verified all the
necessary documents and tested the software while entering the data at all levels. The
entire testing process can be divided into 3 phases
1. Unit Testing
2. Integrated Testing
3. System Testing
8.2 Unit Testing

In our system unit testing has been successfully handled. Each module has been tested found
working properly.
Functionality Input
to be tested Tests done Remarks
Working of Sensors enter into the Sent data to authorized.

sensors controller and signals success
must be sent.
Working of Controller are be able Data transmit to

controller sending and receive particular authority. success
the data or signals
from sensors and
checked validate to
authorized.
8.3 Integration Testing
Class Function
Integrated integrated in Tests done Remarks
each class
Class: Devices tested to check whether
Main Sensor() all command that were applied are
working correctly and success
appropriately or not.

Class: Receiver tested to check whether

Receiver Controller() all signals are calling appropriate
function whenever necessary success
Class: To check whether all Data Signals

Sensor Signal() are sending/calling appropriate
function whenever it receives success
8.4 Validation Testing
In this, all the code modules were tested individually one after the other. The following were
tested in all the modules
1. Loop Testing
2. Boundary value analysis
3. Equivalence Partitioning
In our case, all the modules were combined and given test data.
The combined module works successfully without any side effects on other programs.
Everything was found fine working.
8.4 Output Testing
This is the final step in testing. In this the entire system was tested as a whole with all forms,
code, modules, and class modules. This form of testing is popularly is known as Black box
testing or systemtest. Black box testing methods focus on functional requirements of the
software. That is Black box testing enables a software engineer to derive a sets of input
conditions that will fully exercise all functional requirements for a program. Black box

testing attempts to find errors in the following categories; Incorrect or Missing functions,
interface errors, errors in data structures or external database access, performance errors and
initialization errors and termination errors.
Testing Methodologies
o Black box Testing.

o White box Testing.
o Gray Box Testing.
Levels of Testing
o Unit Testing.
o Module Testing.
o Integration Testing.
o System Testing.
o User acceptance Testing.
Types of Testing
o Smoke Testing.
o Sanitary Testing.
o Regression Testing.
o Re Testing.
o Static Testing.
o Dynamic Testing.
o Alpha Testing.
o Beta Testing.
o Monkey Testing.
o Snake Testing.
o Compatibility Testing.
o Installation Testing.
o Ad-Hoc Testing.
TCD (Test Case Documentation)
o Test Planning.
o Test Development.

o Test Execution.
o Test Analysis.
o Bug Tracing.
o Reporting.
Manual Testing
Automation Testing (Tools)
o Win Runner.
o Test Director.
Testing Methodologies
 Black box Testing: is the testing process in which the tester can perform testing
on application without having any internal structural knowledge of application.
 White box Testing: is the testing process in which the tester can perform testing
on an application with having internal structural knowledge of application.
 Gray Testing: is the process in which combination of black box and white box
techniques are used.
Time Requirement
Functions Max Time Min Time
Required Required
To pair transmitter 15sec 8sec

and receiver
To fix GPS 8min 2min

location
Fig.1 Time requirement table
Response of the device

Action Response
Sudden removal of the Vehicle will stop

helmet immediately
After accident LCD placed on band will
blink continuously
Fig.2 Device response table
Total current consumption
Functions Max time required
Transmitter section 50mA
Receiver section 120mA
Fig.3 Total current consumption table

CHAPTER 9
RESULTS
9.1 Snapshot 1
If the rider has not worn the helmet then the above message is displayed on the screen .
With the help of IR sensor, driving without helmet can be avoided. As sensor is IR based, the
variation across the eye will vary as per eye blink. If the eye is closed means the output is
high otherwise output is low. If output is high then rider is not wearing helmet and vice-versa.
9.2 Snapshot 2

When the alcohol concentration detected exceeds the default thresholds value the message is
displayed.Illegal consumption of alcohol during driving is 0.08 mg/L as per the government
act but for demonstration purpose, It is programmed to the threshold limit 0.04 mg/L.
Threshold can be adjusted using potentiometer. If sensitivity of MQ-5 is more than 0.04 mg/L
of alcohol in breath then ZigBee of Helmet unit will communicate with vehicle unit and show
” alcohol detected ” as shown in Figure 6.2, thereafter ignition system get switched OFF.
9.3 Snapshot 3
If accident occurred, helmet sending the location using GPS.A range of frequency generated
depending upon vibration produced due to accident or obstacle. If frequency is greater than
threshold value then vehicle unit shows accident detected as shown in Figure.

CHAPTER 10
APPLICATIONS
 This project can be used for all kinds of two wheeler.
 Further this project can be to eliminate key-lock arrangement altogether.
 This project can also be implemented in a confined area / geological area,
so as to restrict the movement of vehicle including two-wheelers.
 Near the petrol Pumps, LPG Storages & Explosive Storage Places to
prevent any possible damage due to the Cell Phone / GSM frequency,
which may trigger explosion.
 In the military Camps, Defense establishments etc to prevent the
information leaking.
 The cell phone may cause malfunctioning of the Bio-Medical Equipment.

So this project can be used in the hospitals to detect the active mobile
device.

CHAPTER 11
CONCLUSION
This system was designed majorly to avoid motor bike accident. The
accidents are increased majorly due to absence of helmet or the usage of
alcoholic drinks so the major objective of this system is to develop an electronic
smart helmet system. This system sequentially checking the helmet wearing and
drunken driving.
By implementing this system we can reduce head injuries occur offend. It

helps the driver to control vehicle easily. And it is most economical and easy to
use. So it has good social aspects authority. A prevention with advanced helmet
is better than unfortunate incident.In case of unfortunate fall, shall inform the
concerned.

FUTURE WORK
 In future this intelligent system can be fabricated in a compact size so that

it is globally acceptable to notify No entry and No parking areas.
Government must enforce laws to install such system in every two
wheeler. By implementing such mechanism in two wheeler, deaths due to
driving under influence of alcohol and other road fatalities can be
minimized to large extent.
 We can implement various bioelectric sensors on the helmet to measure
various activity.
 We can use small camera for the recording the drivers activity.
 It can be used for passing message from the one vehicle to another
vehicle by using wireless transmitter.
 We have used solar panel for helmet power supply by using same power
supply we can charge our mobile.

REFERENCES
[1] The 8051 Microcontroller and Embedded Systems” by Muhammad Ali

Mazidi and Janice GillispieMazidi, Pearson Education.
[2]“8051 Microcontroller Architecture, programming and application” by

KENNETH JAYALA ATMEL 89S52 Data sheets.
[3] Wang Wei, Fan Hanbo― “Traffic Accident Automatic Detection And
Remote Alarm Device” 978-1-4244-80395/11/2011 IEEE.
[4] M.AP TAYLOR – “INTELLIGENT TRANSPORT SYSTEMS”- A

handbook of transport systems and traffic control .
[5] Y. Zhao – “Mobile phone location determination and its impact on

intelligent transportation systems”.
[6] “Automatic traffic accident detection and alarm system” International

Journal of Technological Exploration and Learning (IJTEL) Volume 1 Issue 1
(August 2012).
[7] “Automatic accident notification system using gsm and gps modems with
3g technology for video video monitoring” International Journal of Emerging
Trends in Electrical and Electronics (IJETEE) Vol. 1, Is-sue. 2, March-2013.
[8] “Vehicle accident alert and locator” International Journal of Electrical &
Computer Sciences IJECS-IJENS Vol: 11 No: 02.
[9] “Wireless accident information using gps and gsm” September 15, 2012,
Research Journal of Applied Sciences, Engineering and Tech-nology, ©
Maxwell Scientific Organization, 2012.

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ADVANCED HELMET 2016-17

1.1 Problem Statement

Wearing a helmet while participating in activities like bicycle riding or motorcycle

1.2 Scope of Project

Dept. Of CSE,SIET Tumkur Page 1

The papers on the literature survey,

[1] “Smart Helmet ”

Dept. Of CSE,SIET Tumkur Page 2

application should be highlighted. The project is expected to improve safety and

Dept. Of CSE,SIET Tumkur Page 3

 The main of this project is to make helmet mandatory, but in case of

[2] “Helmet with sensors for accident Prevention”

The impact when a motorcyclist involves in a high speed accident

1) Initially, a suitable microcontroller is used to control all the input such as

Dept. Of CSE,SIET Tumkur Page 4

 The purpose of this paper is to prevent accident by allowing the driver

[3] “Helmet for accident detection Smart”

In this system P89V51RD2 microcontroller is used. When the system is

[4] “ Smart-tech Helmet ”

In present day scenario we encounter numerous cases of two wheeler road

Dept. Of CSE,SIET Tumkur Page 8

Dept. Of CSE,SIET Tumkur Page 9

3.1 Existing system

3.1.1 Disadvantages of existing system

3.2 Proposed system

3.2.1 Advantages of proposed system

 No manual attention is needed.

SYSTEM REQUIREMENT SPECIFICATION

Dept. Of CSE,SIET Tumkur Page 10

A software requirements specification (SRS) is a description of a software system to be

Software requirements specification establishes the basis for an agreement between

4.1 Functional Requirements

The functional requirements specification is designed to be read by a general audience.

4.2 Non-Functional Requirements

Dept. Of CSE,SIET Tumkur Page 11

4.3 Software Requirements

 Keil compiler Uvision 3,

4.4 Hardware Requirements

 MICROCONTROLLER(ARM), LCD, Buffer, Driver, Relays

Dept. Of CSE,SIET Tumkur Page 12

5.1 GPS module

The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a satellite-based navigation system made

GPS devices can have capabilities such as:

Dept. Of CSE,SIET Tumkur Page 13

 Information on nearby amenities such as restaurants, fueling stations, and tourist

5.1.2 Main Purpose

The GPS is able to answer:

5.2 GSM module

Dept. Of CSE,SIET Tumkur Page 14

GSM Shield (SIM 900a): The SIM900 which is a complete Quad-band

Global system for mobile communication (GSM) is a wide area wireless

A GSM network consists of several functional entities, whose functions and

 The Mobile Station (MS)

Following is the simple architecture diagram of GSM Network:

Dept. Of CSE,SIET Tumkur Page 15

 Home Location Register (HLR)

Fig.1 GSM interface

Following is the diagram of GSM Network along with added elements:The MS

GSM network areas:

Dept. Of CSE,SIET Tumkur Page 16

Fig.1 GSM network diagram

Dept. Of CSE,SIET Tumkur Page 17

6.1 System Architecture