IIT Delhi

APL 102
T(°C)
L: Cowt%Sn
300 L

L+
200
TE  183°C L+ 

100 +
: 97.8wt%Sn
: 18.3wt%Sn
0
0 20 40 60 80 100
18.3 CE 97.8
61.9 Co, wt% Sn

Phase diagrams or Equilibrium diagrams

Concepts: Tie-line rule, Lever rule, Eutectic, Eutectoid, peritectic phase diagram

Lecture 22
IIT Delhi

Microstructural changes in
Isomorphous system
IIT Delhi

Courtesy: A. Subramanium
IIT Delhi
Question for thought

In unary one composition variable, but in binary how to get the

composition of both the elements?
IIT Delhi

Tie-line rule & Lever Rule

 Tie line Rule
IIT Delhi
 Say the composition C0 is cooled slowly (equilibrium)
 At T0 there is L + S equilibrium
 Solid (crystal) of composition C1 coexists with liquid of composition C2

 We draw a horizontal line (called the Tie Line) at the

temperature of interest (say T0)

 Tie line is XY

 Note that tie lines can be drawn only in the two

phase coexistence regions (fields). Though they may be
extended to mark the temperature.

Courtesy: A. Subramanium
IIT Delhi
Question for thought

Given a temperature and composition, how do one find the

fraction/amount of the phases present?
 Lever Rule
IIT Delhi
 We draw a horizontal line (called the Tie Line) at the temperature of interest (say T0)
 The portion of the horizontal line in the two phase region is akin to a ‘lever’ with the
fulcrum at the nominal composition (C0)
 The opposite arms of the lever are proportional to the fraction of the solid and liquid
phases present (lever rule)
Cooling At T0
Arm of the lever
proportional to
Arm of the lever L  The fraction of liquid (fl) is  (C0  C1)
proportional to
the liquid the solid  The fraction of solid (fs) is  (C2  C0)
T0 C0  C1 C2  C0
L+S f liquid atT0  f solid 
Fulcrum of the lever
C2  C1 at T0
C2  C1
Tie line
T →

S
A C1 C0 %B → C2 B Courtesy: A. Subramanium
 Summary: Tie line and Lever Rule
IIT Delhi

At T0
 The fraction of liquid (fl) is proportional to (C0  C1) → AC
 The fraction of solid (fs) is proportional to (C2  C0) → CB

Arm of the lever

Arm of the lever
proportional to the
proportional to the
liquid AC C0  C1
solid fliquid  
C Extended tie line
AB C2  C1
T0 A B
CB C2  C0
f solid  
Fulcrum of the lever AB C2  C1

C1 C0 C2

Courtesy: A. Subramanium
IIT Delhi
In two phase regime:

Tie line: gives you composition of phases

Lever rule: gives you relative amounts of phases

IIT Delhi

100

% of Solid or L iquid
80

60 Fraction of Liquid (%)

Fractionof Solid (%)
40

20

0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Temperature Label
Courtesy: A. Subramanium
 Binary Phase Diagram
IIT Delhi

Binary phase diagrams can be classified as:

 Complete Solubility in both liquid & solid states

 Complete Solubility in liquid state, but limited solubility in
the solid state
 Limited Solubility in both liquid & solid states
 Type-II Phase Diagrams
IIT Delhi

The diagrams that show complete solubility in liquid state

but limited solubility in solid state

Four kinds:

 Eutectic diagrams

 Eutectoid diagrams

 Peritectic diagrams

 Peritectoid diagrams
IIT Delhi

Eutectic diagrams
 Eutectic systems
IIT Delhi

 The term EUTECTIC means Easy Melting → The alloy of eutectic composition
freezes at a lower temperature than the melting points of the constituent components

 This has important implications→ e.g. the Pb-Sn eutectic alloy melts at 183C, which
is lower than the melting points of both Pb (327C) and Sn (232C)
 can be used for soldering purposes (as we want to input least
amount of heat to solder two materials)
 327C Liquidus
L
IIT Delhi

300 Eutectic reaction

T (ºC) →
L→+
Solidus 232C

200 +L L+
D E 183C F 
Teutectic = TEE
100 Solvus + Ceutectic = CE

18% 97%

50 62% 70 90
Pb 10 30 Sn
%Sn →
CE CE

Eutectic reaction (the proper L Cool  


way of writing the reaction) 62% Sn 183 C 18% Sn 97% Sn
CE CE CE
Note that Pb is CCP, while Sn at RT is Tetragonal → therefore complete solid solubility across compositions is ruled out!!
 Eutectic Diagram (Pb-Sn)
IIT Delhi

T(°C)

3 00
L (liquid)
Phase boundaries
a L + a
200 183 °C L +b b
18.3 61.9 97.8 3 phase equilibrium:
150 α, β & L
1 00 a +b
Eutectic reaction
Invariant reaction
0 20 40 60 80 10 0
Co , wt% Sn
IIT Delhi

Microstructure evolution
 Solidification of Eutectic alloy (Pb-Sn)
IIT Delhi
(Lab session)
 Co = CE
 Eutectic microstructure Micrograph of Pb-Sn
- alternating layers of α and β solid crystals. eutectic
microstructure
T(°C)
L: Cowt%Sn
300 L

L+
200
TE  183°C L+ 
160m

100 +
: 97.8wt%Sn
: 18.3wt%Sn
0
0 20 40 60 80 100
18.3 CE 97.8
61.9 Co, wt% Sn
Pb-Sn system
IIT Delhi
Question for thought

How alloys with composition C < CE and

C > CE are labelled?

Hypo-eutectic & Hyper-eutectic

 Solidification of Hypereutectic alloy (Pb-Sn)
IIT Delhi

Liquid (melt)
L Cooling
Hypereutectic
300 composition

+L
200 L+ Proeutectic

 

100

+
Eutectic
Pb 10 30 50 CE 70 90 Sn Mixture of
+
 Solidification of Hypoeutectic alloy (Pb-Sn)
IIT Delhi

T(°C)
300 L
Hypo eutectic: C < Ce
L+
200
TE  L+ (Pb-Sn
Hyper eutectic: C > Ce 
 +  System)
100

Globular Pro-eutectic Co Co
hypoeutectic hypereutectic
phase: α and β phases 0
0 20 40 60 80 100 Co, wt% Sn
18.3 eutectic 97.8
61.9
hypoeutectic: Co=50wt%Sn hypereutectic: (illustration only)

eutectic: Co=61.9wt%Sn
 
 
   
 
 
175m 160m
eutectic micro-constituent
IIT Delhi

Eutectoid diagram
 Eutectoid Diagram
IIT Delhi

 Solid 1 Solid 2 + Solid 3

T(°C)

• Analogous to eutectic except  (solid)

that liquid is replaced by solid 1 a +
 b+ 
• TE: Eutectoid Temperature TE
CE
C1 C2
• Example: Fe-C system b+
• Analogously
o Below CE, hypo-eutectoid alloys 0
wt% B
o Above CE, hyper-eutectoid alloys
 (CE)  (C1) +  (C2)
IIT Delhi

Peritectic diagram
 Peritectic Diagram
IIT Delhi
C

1700 L Type-II phase diagram

L+ Ag-Pt system
1500
Peritectic reaction Melting points of the
L+→
T (ºC) →

1300 components vastly

B D E different
1100 L+ α
Liquidus, solidus
A  and solvus
+
900
 Invariant reaction:
F G
3 phase equilibrium
Ag 10 30 50 70 90 Pt
%Pt →
IIT Delhi

Peritectoid diagram
 Peritectoid Diagram
IIT Delhi

Peritectoid reaction (All Solids)

+→γ

No liquid phase

T 3 phase equilibrium

Peritectoid reaction
“Invariant” reaction
 Summary of Important terms
IIT Delhi

Phase boundaries
Hypoeutectic alloy
Liquidus
Hypereutectic alloy
Solidus
Pro-eutectic phase
Solvus
Note that the above
Eutectic
terms are valid for
Compositions
Eutectic system and
Temperature
Other related systems
Alloy, Microstructure
α, β phases
IIT Delhi
APL 102
Minor 1
Class performance
Top mark : 48.5
Least mark : 0 !!
Average : 27.1