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MOLLUSCICIDAL ACTIVITY OF MANGIFERA INDICA (MANGO) BARK EXTRACT

AGAINST POMACEA CANALICULATA LAMARCK


(GOLDEN APPLE SNAIL)

Barrion, Marie Angela B., Esplana, Janeksy O., Macalintal, Lyka Angel M., Mangaoang, Renier Jay DC.,
Monte, Ivy Katherina I.

Abstract: The study is intended to test the molluscicidal activity of Mangifera indica bark depending on
the following concentrations: 15%, 25%, 50% and 75% within 15, 30 and 45 minutes based on the
mortality rates of the Pomacea canaliculata Lamarck (Golden Apple Snails). The concentrations were
obtained using the process of decoction in which 15 grams of Mangifera indica bark was subjected into
100 ml distilled water and the same goes with the other concentrations. The experimental design used in
the study was the Randomized Complete Block Design in which allows every experimental unit to have
an equal probability of receiving a treatment. A total of ten (10) Pomacea canaliculata Lamarck were
submerged in a 5 ml test concentrations in each Petri dish and this set-up underwent three (3) trials for
different time intervals: 15 minutes, 30 minutes and 45 minutes. The test organisms underwent a recovery
period for twenty-four (24) hours in distilled water and were observed based on their mortality rates. The
two way factor Analysis of Variance was the statistical test used for the mortality rates of the Pomacea
canaliculata Lamarck. The results of the study showed that there is a molluscicidal activity in the
Mangifera indica bark extract because there was a significant difference between the time intervals and
also in the respective concentrations based on the mortality rates of the test organisms. It was also found
out that the increasing quantity within the concentrations and between the time intervals yields an
increase in the mortality rate.

Key words: molluscicidal activity, Mangifera indica, Pomacea canaliculata Lamarck, decoction,
Randomized Complete Block Design

Introduction According to Rohrich (2015), Pesticides are


categorized based on how it affects its target
The Philippines is one of the most rice which is called “modes of action”. Such
consuming countries. Rice is Philippine’s staple classifications include Insecticides, Acaricides,
food and most fibers grained nutrient that Nematicides, Molluscicides, Rodenticides,
provides a bulk of carbohydrates which is suited Herbicides, Fungicides, Algicides,
for people who does hard labors (Yumul, 2013). Antimicrobials, Disinfectants, Fumigants,
With this, the population in the Philippines is Repellents, and Attractants. Other than that, they
continuously growing and this threatens the can also be classified according to their chemical
production of rice. One of the major problems composition for example, organic pesticides.
that a Filipino farmer faces is a lower harvest Organic pesticides are produced with active
because of crop losses due to pest incursion. ingredients derived from living matter such as
Rice Knowledge Bank reported that an plants. Its’ natural component makes it a safer
estimated average of 37% farmers loses their option in controlling pest especially in the field
rice crop to pests and diseases every year. of agriculture. The natural ingredients which are
Pesticides are chemical compounds used to not only cost-effective have a minimal effect on
exterminate pests such as rodents, insects, fungi the soil as well on humans.
and unwanted plants (World Health Pomacea canaliculata belong in the family
Organization, 2017). In the field of agriculture, Ampullariidae, the apple snails. There are three
farmed crops are vulnerable from the infection reasons why they are introduced in Asia namely:
of pests which cause damages leading to a (1) to increase farmer’s income, (2) to augment
significant reduction of harvest (The Food the protein in the diet, and (3) to be an aquarium
Journal and Food, Nutrition & Science, 2015). pet. (Joshi R.C., 2007). But because of
marketing complications and people’s The study of Gohar, Maatooq, and Ez-
recklessness, it was released in the natural canals Shazly (2014), Zhang, et al. (2012), Nadal and
and began infesting the rice crops until it Sarte (2014), and Bordonada and Narvaez
became a widespread phenomenon (2014) used fruit bark and leaves extract of plant
(Aroonsrimorakot, 1993). species to prove that there is molluscicidal
Mangifera indica, otherwise known as Mango is activity against species of snails. As to this
the third most economically significant fruit study, the researchers chose Mangifera Indica
crop in our country among the tropical fruit bark extract as molluscicide to Pomacea
family called Anacardiaceae. It is native to canaliculata Lamarck (Golden Apple snail). The
tropical Asian countries but as of today, almost reviews have shown that Mangifera indica is
all tropical and subtropical countries grow said to possess 16% to 20% tannins and
mangoes (Vadi, 2015). The bark of the tree is according to the Natural Crop Protection in the
said to have styptic, astringent, and anti- Tropics (2003), tannins are considered to have
inflammatory properties in which its extract can potential as molluscicides because of its toxicity
harvest resin, gum, ash, and tannin. According to that are worthy of further exploration and
the study of Prado et.al (2015), Mangifera studies. In addition, their studies are delimited to
Indica contains glucosyl xanthone that can have the level of concentrations only. They did not
a low toxicity effect to its highest dosage to rats emphasize the effect of exposing the snails in
when induced orally. Molluscicides are different time intervals. In this study, there are
pesticides which kill mollusks, an animal two independent variables to be focused on:
phylum of tens of thousands of invertebrate concentration levels and time interval.
creatures. Slugs and snails are well-known by
farmers and gardeners as some of the most Methodology
annoying and destructive pests. It is sometimes
referred to as bait, are touched or ingested by the The experimental design used was
slug or snail, and then the chemicals manipulate Randomized Complete Block Design in which it
the water balance of the animal. By affecting the was accomplished by allocating similar
amount of water in the mollusk’s body, the experimental units into blocks or replicates.
molluscicides put the slugs or snails on the path Replicates involved the three trials and block
to organ failure and inhibit healthy body refers to one trial consisting of four
functions. concentrations for the mango bark extract. There
were intervals of time between 15, 30, and 45
The research aims to discover the minutes. Four different concentrations were
possible molluscicidal activity of Mangifera utilized at three replicates in three blocks which
indica aqueous bark extract against Pomacea were 15%, 25%, 50%, and 75%.
canaliculata Lamarck. There are multiple The scraped bark of the Mangifera
studies as to which the bark of the Mangifera Indica, as well as the organism, Pomacea
indica is used to different pesticides for it canalicuta Lamarck in Oryza sativa (Asian rice)
contains tannins that can have a toxic property was collected in a farm in Barangay Cararayan,
that may also contribute to a molluscicidal Naga City in the mid-September. The extraction
activity. Based on the studies and literature of the aqueous solution of the bark of the
gathered by the researchers, there is likely no Mangifera indica was held at Ateneo de Naga
research concerning its molluscicidal properties University chemical laboratory as well as the
thus the research explored the possibility of the cultivation of the test organism.
Mangifera indica to have a mollucicidal
properties that is able to eliminate the said Long strips of the inner bark of the
organism. Mangifera indica tree called cambium layer was
collected. The collection of the bark was done
*statement of the problem, significance through scraping using a knife on one phase of
*, scope * the bark to let the tree heal. Once the barks were
gathered, it was placed on a drying rack until it were subjected using the statistics
dries from a few days of storage. application, Simplified Statistics for
The process to extract the mango Beginners (SSB).
bark was through decoction. As suggested
by Barrameda et al (2015), the mango barks Results and Discussion
were boiled at 100 ml of distilled water. The researchers submerged the test
Different concentrations were decocted organisms in the different concentrations of
according to the number of the bark’s grams. Mangifera indica and were observed at
The unit of mass in liters used was milliliter different time intervals. Figure 1 and table 1
(ml), and the mass for the bark was in grams encapsulates the test results.
(g) only.
The researchers submerged ten (10) 10
newly hatched Pomacea canaliculata Mean
Lamarck in each concentration for specific Mortality 5 15 mins
minutes: 15 minutes, 30 minutes and 45 Rates
minutes. The test organisms were placed in 30 mins
petri dishes containing 5 milliliters of 0
45 mins
15% 25% 50% 75%
Mangifera indica bark extract
concentrations each. After these respective
Concentrations of Mangifera Indica bark
minutes, the snails undergone a 24-hour extract
recovery period based on the standard of the
Figure 2. Mean Mortality Rates of Pomacea canaliculata
World Health Organization (1983) (as cited Lamarck at Different Concentrations and Time Intervals of
by Nadal and Sarte, 2014) in which the Mangifera indica Bark Extract
snails in each concentration were exposed in
distilled water and in petri dishes. After the Table 3. Mean Mortality Rate and Mean Percentage
recovery period, the researchers observed if Mortality of Pomacea canaliculata Lamarck submerged in
the snails were dead based on the study of the different concentrations of Mangifera Indica bark
extract.
Gohar et al. (2014) in which Pomacea
canaliculata Lamarck: (1) have a lack of Period of Observation
movement (2) have a lack of reaction to Concentration Mortality 15 30 45
gentle nudging (3) have a discoloration of
Rate minutes minutes minutes
the outer shell (4) if there is a presence of
bleeding (5) emission of foul odor (6) if the Mean 0.33 2.33 7.67
body of the snail stays outside of the shell
15 % Percentage
and does not move.
3.30 23.3 76.7
(%)
Adapted in the study of Barrameda
and Francisco (2015), the Two-Way Mean 2.67 4 7.33
Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was used to 25 % Percentage
determine the significant difference of the 26.7 40 73.3
time intervals and the four different (%)
concentrations. The average mortality rate of
Mean 5 6 8.67
the test organism was determined using the
formula for the percentage morality and 50 % Percentage
50 60 86.7
getting its mean through the three trials that (%)
was conducted. These statistical treatments
Mean 6 8.33 9 F-
Sum of Mean
df F-Ratio Critical Decision
75 % Squares Square (5%)
Percentage
60 83.3 90
(%)
Between
Time
Reject
Intervals 134.22 2 67.11 18.58** 3.40
(15, 30, and Ho
As shown in Figure 1 and Table 1, the 45 minutes)
15% concentration applied in snails after 15
minutes yields a mean of 3.30%. But, as the time
interval increased to 30 minutes, the mortality Within
also increased to 23.3%, and 76.7% after 45 Concentratio-
Reject
minutes. Proceeding with the 25% ns 100.556 3 33.52 9.28** 3.01
(15, 25, 50, Ho
concentration, it yields 26.7% mortality for the and 75%)
first 15 minutes then increased to 40% after 30
minutes, and 73.3% in 45 minutes, subsequently.
Interaction
After increasing the concentration to 50%, the Among
15-minute time interval yields 50%, 30-minute Accept
Concentratio- 23.111 6 3.85 1.07 2.51
Ho
to 60%, and 45-minute to 86.7%. Lastly, the ns and Time
highest concentration, 75%, yields an average Exposure
mortality of 60% in 15 minutes, which then **Significant difference if F-ratio>F critical,
increased to 83.3% in 30 minutes, and 90% in 45 otherwise no significant difference
minutes, respectively. The highest average
mortality rate of the Pomacea canaliculata As indicated in the table 4, the F-ratio between
Lamarck submerged in 15%, 25%, 50%, and the time intervals (15 minutes, 30 minutes and
75% concentration of Mangifera Indica bark 45 minutes) is 18.58 having a greater value than
extract within 15 minutes, 30 minutes and 45 the F-critical which is 3.40, showed a significant
minutes is 9 and having the percentage of 90%. difference based on the mortality rates of the test
This shows that 90 % of the sample died in this organisms exposed in the time intervals given. It
specific concentration and time interval. On the can be inferred that the longer time the Pomacea
other hand, the lowest average mortality rate of canaliculata Lamarck are expose to the
the Pomacea canaliculata Lamarck is 0.33 concentration, the mortality rates of the said
having a 3.30 mortality percentage. This also organism also increases.
shows that 3.30% of the sample died in this Also, the F-ratio within the
specific concentration and time interval. concentrations (15%, 25%, 50% and 75%) of
Mangifera indica bark extract is 9.28 having a
Using Two-way Analysis of Variance, higher value than the F-critical value which is
the test for significant differences between 3.08 indicates having a significant difference
intervals of time and four concentrations were based on the mortality rates of Pomacea
computed. The test also includes the assessment canaliculata Lamarck at the given
if there was an interaction between the given concentrations. It can be concluded that as the
time durations and level of concentrations. The concentration of the Mangifera indica bark
presented results can be seen in Table 2. extract increases, the mortality rate of the test
organism also increases.
Table 4. Two Factor Analysis of Variance for the Four
Different Concentrations (15%, 25%, 50%, and 75%) of On the other hand, since the F-ratio of
Mangifera indica Bark extract at 15, 30, 45 Minutes Period the interaction among concentrations and time
of Exposure exposure is 1.07 and is much lesser than the F-
critical which is 2.51 indicating that there is no
relation among these two thus being independent
from each other affecting the organism in
separate ways. Another basis is the F-ratio close
to 1.00 which means that there is no interaction Barrameda and Francisco (2015), where from
in the time interval and the concentrations. insects it can now be applied to mollusks.
In this study, the use of different
concentrations and time intervals was proven to Based on the experiment’s outcome, the
be useful in determining the molluscicidal aqueous bark extract of Mangifera indica has
activity of the snails. Otherwise if there were no moluscicidal activity on Pomacea canaliculata
significant differences, there is no need to Lamarck. The lowest mortality rate acquired
subject the snails in the two variables because from the experiment is 0.33 in 15 minutes and
the results would be most likely the same. 15% concentration. On the contrary, the highest
Among the concentrations, the mortality rate mortality rate was acquired from 45 minutes and
varies and gets higher when the concentration is 75% concentration which is 9. It can also be
being increased that would implicate a inferred that there is significant difference
concentration-dependent toxicity. The between the time intervals the test organisms
concentration dependent-toxicity was also were exposed based on the statistical result. The
observed in the study of Nadal (2014), in their result showed a direct proportion because as the
research on the molluscicidal activity of time increased, the mortality rate also increased.
Alocasia Macrorrhiza (Biga Leaf) extract Similarly, the results indicated that there is
against Pomacea canaliculata Lamarck (Golden significant difference in the concentrations 15%,
Apple Snail). In this case, it can be inferred that 25%, 50%, and 75%. The higher the
the 75% concentration has the strongest concentration is, the higher mortality rate
molluscicidal activity other than the 15%, 25% becomes since there was a significant difference
and 50%. Furthermore, the mortality rate of between the concentrations and within the time
Pomacea canaliculata Lamarck among the time intervals as indicated in the ANOVA test
intervals also varied so the implication would measures. Nevertheless, the time interval and
be: the longer time the snails are subjected to the concentrations showed no interaction in each
concentration, the higher mortality rate will have other because there was no significant difference
which can also indicate a time-dependent in the results. Therefore the third null hypothesis
toxicity. The study of Nadal (2014) also showed can be accepted. *recommendation*
a time-dependent toxicity between the Alocasia
Macrorrhiza (Biga Leaf) extract against Acknowledgement
Pomacea canaliculata Lamarck (Golden Apple
Snail). Herein, in this study, 45 minutes showed The researchers would like to extend our
the highest mortality other than 15 minutes and deepest gratitude to the following people for
30 minutes. The findings above can also be their valuable support and help: Dr. Ramona S.
supported by the study of Bodonada (2014) on Renegado, Ed. D., Ms. Yummi Valenzuela- De
the molluscicidal activity of Euphorbia hirta and Luna, Mr. Dhomar Noveno, Mr. Carl Thomas
Euphorbia thymifolia against Pomacea Realizan, Ms. Yolanda Beguia and to the
canaliculata Lamarck in which a concentration-
Almighty Father.
dependent and time-dependent toxicity of both
plant extracts was shown in the results of the
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