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Solutions to LE. Irodov’s Problems in General Physics Volume II Waves . Optics . Modern Physics Second Edition ABHAY KUMAR SINGH Abhay’s J.T. Physics Teaching Centre Patna-6 CBS PUBLISHERS & DISTRIBUTORS 4596/1A, 11 DARYAGANW, NEW DELHI - 110 002 (INDIA) ISBN : 81-239-0486-X First Edition : 1996 Reprint: 1997 Second Edition : 1998 Reprint : 2000 Reprint : 2002 Reprint : 2004 Copyright © Author & Publisher Ail rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical. including photocopying, recording. or any information storage and retrieval system without permission, in writing, from the publisher. Published by S.K. Jain for CBS Publishers & Distributors, 4596/1A, 11 Darya Ganj, New Delhi - 110 002 (India). Printed at : J.S. Offset Printers, Delhi - 110 051 In the memory of Late Shri Arvind Kumar (Ex-Director, The Premier institute, Patna) The man who taught me how to teach. FOREWORD Science, in general, and physics, in particular, have evolved out of man’s quest to know beyond unknowns. Matter, radiation and their mutual interactions are basically studied in physics. Essentially, this is an experimental science. By observing appropriate phenomena in nature one arrives at a set of rules which goes to establish some basic fundamental concepts. Entire physics rests on them. Mere knowledge of them is however not enough. Ability to apply them to real day-to-day problems is required. Prof. Irodov’s book contains one such set of numerical exercises spread over a wide spectrum of physical disciplines. Some of the problems of the book long appeared to be notorious to pose serious challenges to students as well as to their teachers. This book by Prof. Singh on the solutions of problems of Irodav’s book, at the outset, seems to remove the sense of awe which at one time prevailed. Traditionally a difficult exercise to solve continues to draw the attention of concerned persons over a sufficiently long time. Once a logical solution for it becomes available, the difficulties associated with its solutions are forgotten very soon. This statement is not only valid for the solutions of simple physical problems but also to various physical phenomena. Nevertheless, Prof. Singh’s attempt to write a book of this magnitude deserves an all out praise. His ways of solving problems are elegant, straight forward, simple and direct. By writing this book he has definitely contributed to the cause of physics education. A word of advice to its users is hovever necessary. The solution to a particular problem as given in this book is never to be consulted unless an all out effort in solving it independently has been already made. Only by such judicious uses of this book one would be able to reap better benefits out of it. As a teacher who has taught physics and who has been in touch with physics curricula at LLT., Delhi for over thirty years, I earnestly feel that this book will certainly be of benefit to younger students in their formative years. Dr. Dilip Kumar Roy Professor of Physics Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi New Delhi-110016. FOREWORD A proper understanding of the physical laws and principles that govern nature require solutions of related problems which exemplify the principle in question and leads to a better grasp of the principles involved. It is only through experiments or through solutions of multifarious problem-oriented questions can a student master the intricacies and fall outs of a physical law. According to Ira M. Freeman, professor of physics of the state university of new Jersy at Rutgers and author of ‘“physic--principles and Insights’” -- “In certain situations mathematical formulation actually promotes intuitive understand- ing....... Sometimes a mathematical formulation is not feasible, so that ordinary language must take the place of mathematics in both roles. However, Mathematics is far more rigorous and its concepts more precise than those of language. Any science that is able to make extensive use of mathematical symbolism and procedures is justly called an exact science”. I.E. Irodov’s problems in General Physics fulfills such a need. This book originally published in Russia contains about 1900 problems on mechanics, thermody- namics, molecular physics, electrodynamics, waves and oscillations, optics, atomic and nuclear physics. The book has survived the test of class room for many years as is evident from its number of reprint editions, which have appeared since the first English edition of 1981, including an Indian Edition at affordable price for Indian students. Abhay Kumar Singh’s present book containing solutions to Dr. LE. Irodov’s Problems in General Physics is a welcome attempt to develop a student’s problem solving skills. The book should be very useful for the students studying a general course in physics and also in developing their skills to answer questions normally encountered in national level entrance examinations conducted each year by various bodies for admissions to profes- sional colleges in science and technology. B.P. PAL Professor of Physics LLT., Delhi Preface to the Second Edition Perhaps nothing could be more gratifying for an author than seeing his ‘brainchild’ attain wide acclaim. Fortunately, it happes so with ‘Solutions to I. E. Trodov’s Problems in General Physics (Volume-II) authored by me. Since inception, it showed signs of excellence amidst its ‘peer-group’, so much so that it fell victim to Piracy-syndrome. The reported on rush of spurious copies of this volume in the market accelerated the pace of our contemplation for this second edition. Taking advantage of this occassion the book has almost been comptelely vetted to cater to the needs of aspiring students. My heart felt thanks are due to all those who have directly or indirectly engineered the cause of its existing status in the book-world. Paina June 1997 Abhay Kumar Singh Preface the second volume of my “Solutions to LE. Irodov’s Problems in General It contains solutions to the last three chapters of the problem book ‘‘Problems in General Physics’’. As in the first volume, in this second one also only standard methods have been used to solve the problems, befitting the standard of the problems solved. Nothing succeeds like success, they say. From the way my earlier books have been received by physics loving people all over the country, I can only hope that my present attempt too will be appreciated and made use of at a large scale by the physics fraternity. My special thanks are due to my teacher Dr. (Prof.) J. Thakur, Department of Physics, Patna University, who has been my source of energy and inspiration throughout the preparation of this book. I am also thankful to computer operator Mr. S. Shahab Ahmad and artist Rajeshwar Prasad of my institute (Abhay’s LIT. Physics Teaching Centre, Mahendru, Patna-6) for their pains-taking efforts. I am also thantful to all my well-wishers, friends and family members for their emotional support. Abhay Kumar Singh Patna July, 1996 Preface 4.1 4.2 4.3 44 5.1 5.2 5.3 54 5.5 5.7 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 6.7 CONTENTS PART FOUR OSCILLATIONS AND WAVES Mechanical Oscillations Electric Oscillations . . os Elastic Waves. Acoustics ..... . Electromagnetic Waves. Radiation . PART FIVE OPTICS Photometry and Geometrical Optics 1s Interference of Light - 149 Diffraction of Light . 162 Polarization of Light Dispersion and Absorption of Light Optics of Moving Sources Thermal Radiation. Quantum Nature of Light . PART SIX ATOMIC AND NUCLEAR PHYSICS Scattering of Particles. Rutherford-Bohr Atom ........ Wave Properties of Particles. Schrédinger Equation Properties of Atoms. Spectra Molecules and Crystals Radioactivity... .......5 Nuclear Reactions . Elementary Particles PART FOUR OSCILLATIONS AND WAVES 4.1 MECHANICAL OSCILLATIONS 41 (a) Given, x = acos (+-3) : . x 7 x So, v, =x = -awsin{ of-2) and w, = x = - a0? cos{ wt-= a ) On-the basis of obtained expressions plots x(t), v(t) and w,(t) can be drawn as shown in the answershect, (of the problem book ). (b) From Eqn (1) v= ~aesin(or-Z) So, = aatsn? (1-3) Q) But from the law x = acos(wt-1/4), so,x” = a’ cos*(wt-2/4) or, cos*(wt-n/4) = x*/a? or sin?(wt-x/4) = 1-8 @) Using (3) in (2), te ee#(1-5] or vz = w*(a’-x*) @ Again from Eqn (4), w, = - 4.07 cos(wt-1/4) = -w?x [=r] 4.2 (a) From the motion law of the particle x = asin’ (wt-2/4) = a_a x a. 4. or, x-$ = ~Gom(201-F) = -Feindor = Fsin@aren) ; ala, ie. x-5 sin (20142). @ Now compairing this equation with the general equation of harmonic oscillations : X = Asin (apt+a) 2 Amplitude, A = 5 and angular frequency, @) = 20. Thus the period of one full oscillation, T= 2a, z 0

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