Name: _________________________________ Section: _______________

LESSON 2: The Characteristics, Processes, and Ethics of Research

I. What to Know

Based on our previous activities, can you give the meaning of research in your own words? What
do you think are the characteristics, processes, and ethics involved in conducting a research?

The following questions can be answered as you learn more about research:
 What are the qualities of a good researcher?
 What are the components of the research process?
 How do you differentiate the types of variables?
 What are the classifications of research?
 What are the processes involved in conducting research?
 What are the obligations of researchers in order to adhere to professional
standards?
 What factors should be considered in selecting a research problem?
 Why do we need ethics in research?
 What are the unethical practices in conducting research?

MEANING AND CHARACTERISTICS OF RESEARCH

Research is defined as the scientific investigation of phenomena which includes collection, presentation,
analysis and interpretation of facts that lines an individual‘s speculation with reality.

Characteristics of Research
1. Empirical. Research is based on direct experience or observation by the researcher.
2. Logical. Research is based on valid procedures and principles.
3. Cyclical. Research is a cyclical process because it starts with a problem and ends with a problem.
4. Analytical. Research utilizes proven analytical procedures in gathering the data, whether
historical, descriptive, and experimental and case study.
5. Critical. Research exhibits careful and precise judgment.
6. Methodical. Research is conducted in a methodical manner without bias using systematic method
and procedures.
7. Replicability. The research design and procedures are replicated or repeated to enable the
researcher to arrive at valid and conclusive results.
Source: Calmorin and Calmorin, Research Methods and Thesis Writing

To make students realize the nature of research, you may present the research process diagram
that includes the following research processes:
1. Select a general problem.
2. Review the literature of the problem.
3. Select a specific research problem, question, or hypothesis.
4. Collect data.
5. Analyze and present or display data.
6. Interpret the findings and state conclusions or generalizations regarding the problem.

Factors to Consider in Selecting a Research Problem

1. Researcher‘s area of interest
2. Availability of funds
3. Investigator‘s ability and training

Formative Assessment 1.2

Finding and analyzing an existing research study

Select one (1) published research aligned with your specialization. Ask them to analyze the research
by answering the following questions:

What is the research all about?

What are the processes used in the research study?
Did the researcher consider the ethics in conducting research? Why did you say so?
II. What to Process

What is Ethics in Research & Why is it important? By David B. Resnik, J.D., Ph.D. Retrieved from:
https://www.niehs.nih.gov/research/resources/bioethics/whatis/index.cfm

When most people think of ethics (or morals), they think of rules for distinguishing between right
and wrong, such as the Golden Rule ("Do unto others as you would have them do unto you"), a code of
professional conduct like the Hippocratic Oath ("First of all, do no harm"), a religious creed like the Ten
Commandments ("Thou Shalt not kill..."), or a wise aphorisms like the sayings of Confucius. This is the
most common way of defining "ethics": norms for conduct that distinguish between acceptable and
unacceptable behavior.

There are several reasons why it is important to adhere to ethical norms in research:
1. First, norms promote the aims of research, such as knowledge, truth, and avoidance of error. For
example, prohibitions against fabricating, falsifying, or misrepresenting research data promote the
truth and minimize error.
2. Second, ethical standards promote the values that are essential to collaborative work, such as
trust, accountability, mutual respect, and fairness. For example, many ethical norms in research,
such as guidelines for authorship, copyright and patenting policies, data sharing policies, and
confidentiality rules in peer review, are designed to protect intellectual property interests while
encouraging collaboration.
3. Third, many of the ethical norms help to ensure that researchers can be held accountable to the
public. For instance, federal policies on research misconduct, conflicts of interest, the human
subject’s protections, and animal care and use are necessary in order to make sure that
researchers who are funded by public money can be held accountable to the public.
4. Fourth, ethical norms in research also help to build public support for research. People are more
likely to fund a research project if they can trust the quality and integrity of research.
5. Finally, many of the norms of research promote a variety of other important moral and social
values, such as social responsibility, human rights, animal welfare, compliance with the law, and
public health and safety. Ethical lapses in research can significantly harm human and animal
subjects, students, and the public. For example, a researcher who fabricates data in a clinical trial
may harm or even kill patients and a researcher who fails to abide by regulations and guidelines
relating to radiation or biological safety may jeopardize his health and safety or the health and
safety of staff and students.

Codes and Policies for Research Ethics

The following is a rough and general summary of some ethical principles that various codes address:

Honesty
Strive for honesty in all scientific communications. Honestly report data, results, methods and
procedures, and publication status. Do not fabricate, falsify, or misrepresent data. Do not deceive
colleagues, research sponsors, or the public.

Objectivity
Strive to avoid bias in experimental design, data analysis, data interpretation, peer review, personnel
decisions, grant writing, expert testimony, and other aspects of research where objectivity is expected or
required. Avoid or minimize bias or self-deception. Disclose personal or financial interests that may affect
research.

Integrity
Keep your promises and agreements; act with sincerity; strive for consistency of thought and action.

Carefulness
Avoid careless errors and negligence; carefully and critically examine your own work and the work of
your peers. Keep good records of research activities, such as data collection, research design, and
correspondence with agencies or journals.

Openness
Share data, results, ideas, tools, resources. Be open to criticism and new ideas.

Respect for Intellectual Property

Honor patents, copyrights, and other forms of intellectual property. Do not use unpublished data,
methods, or results without permission. Give proper acknowledgement or credit for all contributions to
research. Never plagiarize.
Confidentiality
Protect confidential communications, such as papers or grants submitted for publication, personnel
records, trade or military secrets, and patient records.

Responsible Publication
Publish in order to advance research and scholarship, not to advance just your own career. Avoid
wasteful and duplicative publication.

Responsible Mentoring
Help to educate, mentor, and advise students. Promote their welfare and allow them to make their own
decisions.

Respect for colleagues

Respect your colleagues and treat them fairly.

Social Responsibility
Strive to promote social good and prevent or mitigate social harms through research, public education,
and advocacy.

Non-Discrimination
Avoid discrimination against colleagues or students on the basis of sex, race, ethnicity, or other factors
not related to scientific competence and integrity.

Competence
Maintain and improve your own professional competence and expertise through lifelong education and
learning; take steps to promote competence in science as a whole.

Legality
Know and obey relevant laws and institutional and governmental policies.

Animal Care
Show proper respect and care for animals when using them in research. Do not conduct unnecessary or
poorly designed animal experiments.

Human Subjects Protection

When conducting research on human subjects, minimize harms and risks and maximize benefits; respect
human dignity, privacy, and autonomy; take special precautions with vulnerable populations; and strive to
distribute the benefits and burdens of research fairly.

III. What to Reflect on and Further Understand

Ethics in Research

Ethics generally is considered to deal with beliefs about what is right or wrong, proper
or improper, good or bad. According to a dictionary definition (Webster‘s 1968), to be
ethical is to conform to accepted professional practice.

Ethical considerations in conducting research

1. Objectivity and integrity
2. Respect of the research subjects‘ right to privacy and dignity and protection of subjects from
personal harm
3. Presentation of research findings
4. Misuse of research role
5. Acknowledgement of research collaboration and assistance
6. Distortions of findings by sponsor

Unethical practices in conducting research

1. Deceiving a respondent about the true purpose of a study
2. Asking a respondent questions that cause him or her extreme embarrassment; guilt emotional
turmoil by remaining him or her of an unpleasant experience
3. Invading the privacy of a respondent
4. Studying the respondents or research subjects without their knowledge
 5. When analyzing the data—revealing only part of the facts, presenting facts out of context,
falsifying findings or offering misleading presentation such as lying with statistics

Source: Biglete, ―Ethical Considerations in Conducting Research‖.

IV. What to Transfer (Evaluate the following cases and identify whether it shows ethical or
unethical practices)

Ethical Decision Making in Research

Case 1:

The research protocol for a study of a drug on hypertension requires the administration of the drug at
different doses to 50 laboratory mice, with chemical and behavioral tests to determine toxic effects. Tom
has almost finished the experiment for Dr. Q. He has only 5 mice left to test. However, he really wants to
finish his work in time to go to Florida on spring break with his friends, who are leaving tonight. He has
injected the drug in all 50 mice but has not completed all of the tests. He therefore decides to extrapolate
from the 45 completed results to produce the 5 additional results.

Case 2:

Dr. T has just discovered a mathematical error in his paper that has been accepted for publication in a
journal. The error does not affect the overall results of his research, but it is potentially misleading. The
journal has just gone to press, so it is too late to catch the error before it appears in print. In order to
avoid embarrassment, Dr. T decides to ignore the error.

Case 3:

Dr. Wexford is the principal investigator of a large, epidemiological study on the health of 10,000
agricultural workers. She has an impressive dataset that includes information on demographics,
environmental exposures, diet, genetics, and various disease outcomes such as cancer, Parkinson’s
disease (PD), and ALS. She has just published a paper on the relationship between pesticide exposure
and PD in a prestigious journal. She is planning to publish many other papers from her dataset. She
receives a request from another research team that wants access to her complete dataset. They are
interested in examining the relationship between pesticide exposures and skin cancer. Dr. Wexford was
planning to conduct a study on this topic.

V. Summary/Synthesis/Generalization
This lesson is about the Characteristics, Processes, and Ethics of Research. The lesson
discussed the different characteristics, processes and ethics of research. Also, it encouraged the
teachers to explain the unethical practices of a researcher. It also strengthened the ideas and skills of
students in differentiating the ethical and unethical practices of a research. Moreover, this lesson
explained the processes involved in conducting qualitative research.