TUGAS TERJEMAHKAN

Educational System in England

Education
Education encompasses both the teaching and learning of knowledge, proper conduct, and technical
competency. It thus focuses on the cultivation of skills, trades or professions, as well as mental,
moral & aesthetic development.
Formal education consists of systematic instruction, teaching and training by professional teachers.
This consists of the application of pedagogy and the development of curricula.
The right to education is a fundamental human right. Since 1952, Article 2 of the first Protocol to
the European Convention on Human Rights obliges all signatory parties to guarantee the right to
education. At world level, the United Nations' International Covenant on Economic, Social and
Cultural Rights of 1966 guarantees this right under its Article 13.
Educational systems are established to provide education and training, often for children and the
young. A curriculum defines what students should know, understand and be able to do as the result
of education. A teaching profession delivers teaching which enables learning, and a system of
policies, regulations, examinations, structures and funding enables teachers to teach to the best of
their abilities. Sometimes educational systems can be used to promote doctrines or ideals as well as
knowledge, which is known as social engineering. This can lead to political abuse of the system,
particularly in totalitarian states and government.
Primary (or elementary) education consists of the first years of formal, structured education. In
general, primary education consists of six or seven years of schooling starting at the age of 5 or 6,
although this varies between, and sometimes within, countries. Globally, around 70% of primary-
age children are enrolled in primary education, and this proportion is rising.
In most contemporary educational systems of the world, secondary education consists of the second
years of formal education that occur during adolescence. It is characterized by transition from the
typically compulsory, comprehensive primary education for minors, to the optional, selective
tertiary, "post-secondary", or "higher" education (e.g., university, vocational school) for adults.
Higher education, also called tertiary, third stage, or post-secondary education, is the non-
compulsory educational level that follows the completion of a school providing a secondary
education, such as a high school or secondary school. Tertiary education is normally taken to
include undergraduate and postgraduate education, as well as vocational education and training.
Colleges and universities are the main institutions that provide tertiary education. Collectively, these
are sometimes known as tertiary institutions. Tertiary education generally results in the receipt of
certificates, diplomas, or academic degrees.
Comprehension:
1. a definition of education includes:
a. the process of teaching b. the process of teaching and learning
2. Everywhere in the world children go to primary schools:
a. at the same age b. the age may differ.
3. tertiary education refers to:
a. primary education b. secondary education,
c. post-secondary education.
4. Tertiary education is:
a. optional b. compulsory
 TUGAS TERJEMAHKAN
2
Reading Comprehension - Pollution and its Negative Effects

Develop your reading skills. Read the following text on pollution and its effect on the
environment. Then answer the comprehension questions

Pollution is the degradation of natural environment by external substances introduced directly or

indirectly. Human health, ecosystem quality and aquatic and terrestrial biodiversity may be affected
and altered permanently by pollution.
Pollution occurs when ecosystems cannot get rid of substances introduced into the environment.
The critical threshold of its ability to naturally eliminate substances is compromised and the balance
of the ecosystem is broken.
The sources of pollution are numerous. The identification of these different pollutants and their
effects on ecosystems is complex. They can come from natural disasters or the result of human
activity, such as oil spills, chemical spills, nuclear accidents ... These can have terrible
consequences on people and the planet where they live: destruction of the biodiversity, increased
mortality of the human and animal species, destruction of natural habitat, damage caused to the
quality of soil, water and air...
Preventing pollution and protecting the environment necessitate the application of the principles of
sustainable development. we have to consider to satisfy the needs of today without compromising
the ability of future generations to meet their needs. This means that we should remedy existing
pollution, but also anticipate and prevent future pollution sources in order to protect the
environment and public health. Any environmental damage must be punishable by law, and
polluters should pay compensation for the damage caused to the environment.
Comprehension
1. The damage caused by pollution might be irreversible:
a. True b. False
2. The ecosystem
a. can always cope with pollutants
b. may not always be able to cope with pollution.
3. Pollution
a. is always caused by humans.
b. may sometimes be caused by natural disasters.
4. An ideal solution to prevent pollution would be to
a. refrain the development of some countries.
b. continue developmental projects.
c. take into consideration the future generations need to live in a healthy environment.
 TUGAS TERJEMAHKAN
3
Climate change and global warming
Climate change
Wikipedia defines climate as follows:
Climate encompasses the statistics of temperature, humidity, atmospheric pressure, wind, rainfall,
atmospheric particle count and other meteorological elements in a given region over a long period
of time. Climate can be contrasted to weather, which is the present condition of these same elements
and their variations over shorter time periods.
Climate may be inherently variable as evidenced by the irregularity of the seasons from one year to
another. This variability is normal and may remain partially understood. It is related to changes in
ocean currents, volcanic eruptions, solar radiation and other components of the climate system. In
addition, our climate also has its extremes (such as floods, droughts, hail, tornadoes and hurricanes),
which can be devastating. However, in recent decades, a number of indicators and studies show
more and more evidence of climate warming across the globe. A disturbing phenomenon that
challenges human habits and activities which are responsible for greenhouse gas emissions.
The greenhouse effect
The greenhouse effect is the process by which absorption and emission of infrared radiation by
gases in the atmosphere warm a planet's lower atmosphere and surface. It was proposed by Joseph
Fourier in 1824 and was first investigated quantitatively by Svante Arrhenius in 1896.
Naturally occurring greenhouse gases have a mean warming effect of about 33 °C (59 °F). But
Human activity since the Industrial Revolution has increased the amount of greenhouse gases in the
atmosphere, leading to increased radioactive forcing from CO2, methane, tropospheric ozone, CFCs
(chlorofluorocarbon) and nitrous oxide. The concentrations of CO2 and methane have increased by
36% and 148% respectively since 1750. These levels are much higher than at any time during the
last 650,000 years, the period for which reliable data has been extracted from ice cores. Over the
last three decades of the 20th century, GDP (Gross Domestic Product) per capita and population
growth were the main drivers of increases in greenhouse gas emissions. CO2 emissions are
continuing to rise due to the burning of fossil fuels and land-use change.
Consequences of global warming
There are two major effects of global warming: the increase of temperature on the earth by about 3°
to 5° C (5.4° to 9° Fahrenheit) by the year 2100 and Rise of sea levels by at least 25 meters (82 feet)
by the year 2100. Other consequences are listed below:
 Sea levels are rising due to thermal expansion of the ocean, in addition to melting of land
ice.
 Amounts and patterns of precipitation are changing.
 The total annual power of hurricanes has already increased markedly since 1975 because
their average intensity and average duration have increased.
 Changes in temperature and precipitation patterns increase the frequency, duration, and
intensity of other extreme weather events, such as floods, droughts, heat waves, and
tornadoes.
 Higher or lower agricultural yields, further glacial retreat, reduced summer stream flows,
species extinctions.
 Diseases like malaria are returning into areas where they have been extinguished earlier.

Comprehension:
1. Climate is by definition variable.
a. True b. False
2. Climate change observed in the last decades is natural.
a. True b. False
3. Global warming is caused by industrialization.
a. True b. False
4. Greenhouse effects have no impacts on our health.
a. True b. False
 TUGAS TERJEMAHKAN
4
Six health tips
The context in which an individual lives is of great importance on health status and quality of life.
Health is maintained and improved not only through the advancement and application of health
science, but also through the efforts and intelligent lifestyle choices of the individual and society.
Here are some basic tips for maintaining a good health.
1. Exercise
You don't have to belong to a gym club. Thirty minutes walk every day will to prevent weight
gain and encourage moderate weight loss.
2. Eat healthy
Reduce fat intake, cut down on sugar and opt for fruits and vegetables. This helps reduce
cholesterol and blood pressure. Healthy food will also lead to better blood sugar control.
3. Reduce stress
Not everything we want we get. We have to accept that there are things that we cannot control.
Managing time is also of great importance too. We must allow ourselves enough time to get
things done. Set a time during the day for relaxation.
4. Improve sleep
Avoid caffeine, alcohol, nicotine, and other chemicals that interfere with sleep. Equip your
bedroom with a comfortable mattress and pillows. Sleep in a dark clean and quiet environment.
5. Meditation
Meditation has been linked to a variety of health benefits. It has been linked to changes in
metabolism, blood pressure, brain activation, and other bodily processes.
6. Positive thinking
People who think positively have an optimistic view of life that affects their health and well-
being. Optimism has been shown to explain between 5–10% of the variation in the likelihood of
developing some health conditions, notably including cardiovascular disease, stroke, depression,
and cancer.
 TUGAS TERJEMAHKAN
5

Organizations - UNICEF

UNICEF stands for United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund. It was created
by the United Nations General Assembly on December 11, 1946, to provide emergency food and
health care to children in countries that had been devastated by World War II.
In 1954, UNICEF became a permanent part of the United Nations System. UNICEF relies on
contributions from governments and private donors. Governments contribute two thirds of the
organization's resources; private groups and some 6 million individuals contribute the rest through
the National Committees. Most of UNICEF's work is in the field, with staff in over 190 countries
and territories. More than 200 country offices carry out UNICEF's mission through a program
developed with host governments. Seven regional offices provide technical assistance to country
offices as needed.
UNICEF's programs emphasize developing community-level services to promote the health and
well-being of children. UNICEF was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1965 and the Prince of
Asturias Award of Concord in 2006.
Source: Wikipedia
Comprehension:
1. UNICEF was established before the end of world war II.
a. True b. False
2. The organization relies only on governments contributions.
a. True b. False
3. Most of UNICEF's work is in its headquarters.
a. True b. False
4. UNICEF has won two awards so far.
a. True b. False
 TUGAS TERJEMAHKAN
6
Health Benefits of Fasting
Fasting is part and parcel of the practices of many religions including, Islam, Judaism and
Christianity. Today many are trying to dig up the benefits of fasting. Some people fast for spiritual
reasons while others fast as a way to physically discipline the body. Whatever reasons one might
come up with, it has been scientifically proved that fasting has tremendous health benefits.
First, fasting is said to play an important role in the detoxification of the body. Detoxification is a
normal body process of eliminating or neutralizing toxins through the colon, liver, kidneys, lungs,
lymph glands, and skin. This process starts when fasting. Food no longer enters the body and the
latter turns to fat reserves for energy. These fat reserves were created when excess glucose and
carbohydrates were not used for energy or growth, not excreted, and therefore converted into fat.
When the fat reserves are used for energy during a fast, it releases the chemicals from the fatty acids
into the system which are then eliminated through the body organs, leading to the cleansing of the
whole body.
Another known benefit of fasting is the healing process that is obvious in the body during a fast.
When fasting energy is diverted away from the digestive system due to its lack of use and towards
the metabolism and immune system. The healing process during a fast is made easy by the body's
search for energy sources. Abnormal growths within the body, tumors and the like, do not have the
full support of the body's supplies and therefore are more susceptible to disappear.
Fasting also leads to a feeling of rejuvenation and extended life expectancy. This might be due to
the detoxification effect of fasting. A study was performed on earthworms that showed the
extension of life thanks to fasting. The experiment was performed in the 1930s by isolating one
worm and putting it on a cycle of fasting and feeding. The isolated worm outlived the other worms
by 19 generations, while still maintaining its freshness and youthful physiological characteristics.
Comprehension:
1. People fast for only spiritual reasons.
a. True b. False
2. One of the benefits of fasting is the disintoxication of the body.
a. True b. False
3. The body turns to the fat reserves for energy when fasting.
a. True b. False
4. The experiment on worms was undertaken to prove that fasting leads to the detoxification of the
body.
a. True b. False
 TUGAS TERJEMAHKAN
7

The Great Depression

The Great Depression was a severe worldwide economic depression in the decade preceding World
War II. In most countries the depression started in about 1929 and lasted until the late 1930s or early
1940s. It was the longest, most widespread, and deepest depression of the 20th century. In the 21st
century, the Great Depression is commonly used as an example of how far the world's economy can
decline.
The depression originated in the U.S. Economic historians usually attribute the start of the Great
Depression to the sudden devastating collapse of US stock market prices on October 29, 1929,
known as Black Tuesday;[9] some dispute this conclusion, and see the stock crash as a symptom,
rather than a cause, of the Great Depression
There were multiple causes for the first downturn in 1929 but the real causes are still unclear.
Historians emphasize structural factors like major bank failures and the stock market crash. In
contrast, some economists point to monetary factors such as actions by the US Federal Reserve that
contracted the money supply, as well as Britain's decision to return to the Gold Standard at pre–
World War I parities.
The Great Depression had devastating effects in virtually every country, rich and poor. Personal
income, tax revenue, profits and prices dropped, while international trade plunged by more than
50%. Unemployment in the U.S. rose to 25%, and in some countries rose as high as 33%. Cities all
around the world were hit hard, especially those dependent on heavy industry. Construction was
virtually halted in many countries. Farming and rural areas suffered as crop prices fell by
approximately 60%. Facing plummeting demand with few alternate sources of jobs, areas
dependent on primary sector industries such as cash cropping, mining and logging suffered the
most.
Some economies started to recover by the mid-1930s; in many countries the negative effects of the
Great Depression lasted until the start of World War II
Adapted from Wikipedia
Comprehension:
1. The Great Depression started in the 40s.
a. True b. False
2. The causes of The Great Depression are not evident.
a. True b. False
3. The Great depression had equal devastating effects on both agricultural and industrial sectors.
a. True b. False
4. Economic recovery started during world war II.
a. True, b. False
 TUGAS TERJEMAHKAN
8

Organizations - WHO
The World Health Organization (WHO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations (UN) that
is concerned with international public health. It was established on 7 April 1948, with headquarters
in Geneva, Switzerland. Its predecessor, the Health Organization, was an agency of the League of
Nations. The constitution of the World Health Organization had been signed by all 61 countries of
the United Nations by 22 July 1946, with the first meeting of the World Health Assembly finishing
on 24 July 1948
Since its creation, WHO has been responsible for playing a leading role in the eradication of
smallpox which is An acute, highly infectious, often fatal disease caused by a poxvirus. Its current
priorities include:
 communicable diseases, in particular, HIV/AIDS, malaria and tuberculosis;
 the mitigation of the effects of non-communicable diseases;
 sexual and reproductive health, development, and aging;
 nutrition, food security and healthy eating;
 substance abuse;
 and drive the development of reporting, publications, and networking.
WHO is responsible for the World Health Report, a leading international publication on health, the
worldwide World Health Survey, and World Health Day which is celebrated every year on 7 April.
Source: Wikipedia
Comprehension:
1. WHO was established by the United Nations
a. True b. False
2. Health Organization replaced WHO in 1948.
a. True b. False
3. WHO is concerned only with communicable diseases.
a. True b. False
4. One of WHO's missions is to communicate information about diseases.
a. True b. False
 TUGAS TERJEMAHKAN
9

Factors of good health

Health is the general condition of a person's mind, body and spirit, usually meaning to be free from
illness, injury or pain. The World Health Organization (WHO) defined health in its broader sense in
1946 as "a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of
disease or infirmity."
Generally, the context in which an individual lives is of great importance on health status and
quality of life. It is increasingly recognized that health is maintained and improved not only through
the advancement and application of health science, but also through the efforts and intelligent
lifestyle choices of the individual and society. According to the World Health Organization, the
main determinants of health include the social and economic environment, the physical
environment, and the person's individual characteristics and behaviors. In fact, an increasing
number of studies and reports from different organizations and contexts examine the linkages
between health and different factors, including lifestyles, environments, health care organization,
and health policy.
Focusing more on lifestyle issues and their relationships with functional health, data from different
studies suggested that people can improve their health via:
 exercise,
 enough sleep,
 maintaining a healthy body weight,
 limiting alcohol use,
 and avoiding smoking.
In addition to that, the ability to adapt and to self manage have been suggested as core components
of human health.
Personal health also depends partially on the social structure of a person's life. The maintenance of
strong social relationships, volunteering, and other social activities have been linked to positive
mental health and even increased longevity. In contrast, prolonged psychological stress may
negatively impact health, and has been cited as a factor in cognitive impairment with aging,
depressive illness, and expression of disease.
Source: Wikipedia
Comprehension:
1. Definition of health include physical and mental aspects.
a. True b. False
2. Lifestyle choices constitute an important determinant to health.
a. True b. False
3. Being sociable can improve health.
a. True b. False
4. Prolonged stress can cause only physical health problems.
a. True b. False
 TUGAS TERJEMAHKAN
10

Organizations - WFP
The World Food Program (WFP) is the food assistance branch of the United Nations, and the
world's largest humanitarian organization addressing hunger worldwide. It was first established in
1961 after the 1960 Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) Conference, when George
McGovern, director of the US Food for Peace Programs, proposed establishing a multilateral food
aid program. WFP was formally established in 1963 by the FAO and the United Nations General
Assembly on a three-year experimental basis. In 1965, the program was extended to a continuing
basis.
WFP provides food, on average, to 90 million people per year, 58 million of whom are children.
From its headquarters in Rome and more than 80 country offices around the world, WFP works to
help people who are unable to produce or obtain enough food for themselves and their families. It is
a member of the United Nations Development Group and part of its Executive Committee. The core
strategies behind WFP activities, according to its mission statement, are to provide food aid to:
1. save lives in refugee and other emergency situations,
2. improve the nutrition and quality of life of the most vulnerable people at critical times in
their lives,
3. and help build assets and promote the self-reliance of poor people and communities,
particularly through labor-intensive works programs.
Source: Wikipedia
Comprehension:
1. WFP was permanently established in 1965.
a. True b. False
2. Most of WFP work is addressed to adults.
a. True b. False
3. WFP's headquarters are in the United States.
a. True b. False
4. One of the WFP's missions is to help poor people become self-reliant.
a. True b. False
 TUGAS TERJEMAHKAN
11

Smoking and health problems

Develop your reading skills. Read the following text and do the comprehension questions

What is smoking?
Smoking is one of the most common forms of recreational drug use. It is a habit which consists of
breathing in a smoke from a burned substance. This substance contains the active
alkaloid nicotine which is absorbed into the bloodstream. It may cause various diseases and
dysfunctions. Tobacco smoking is the most popular form of smoking. It is practiced by over one
billion people globally, of whom the majority are in the developing world. Less common drugs for
smoking include cannabis and opium. Some of the substances are classified as hard narcotics, like
heroin, but the use of these substances is very limited as they are usually not commercially
available.
History of smoking
The practice of smoking can be dated to as early as 5000 BC, and has been recorded in many
different cultures across the world. Early smoking evolved in association with religious ceremonies;
as offerings to deities, in cleansing rituals or to allow shamans and priests to alter their minds for
various religious purposes. After the European exploration and conquest of the Americas, the
practice of smoking tobacco quickly spread to the rest of the world.
Smoking and health problems
Smoking has negative health effects, because smoke inhalation inherently poses challenges to
various physiologic processes such as respiration. Diseases related to tobacco smoking have been
shown to kill approximately half of long term smokers when compared to average mortality rates
faced by non-smokers. A 2007 report states that, each year, about 4.9 million people worldwide die
as a result of smoking. It is among the leading causes of many diseases such as lung cancer, heart
attacks, erectile dysfunction, and birth defects. The health hazards of smoking have caused many
countries to institute high taxes on tobacco products, run ads to discourage use, limit ads that
promote use, and provide help with quitting for those who do smoke.
Comprehension:
1. Cannabis and opium smoking are the most popular forms of smoking.
a. True b. False
2. Smoking was originally associated with religious practices.
a. True b. False
3. Nearly 50% of long term smokers face death as a result of diseases caused by the habit of
smoking.
a. True b. False
 TUGAS TERJEMAHKAN
12

Factors of good health

Health is the general condition of a person's mind, body and spirit, usually meaning to be free from
illness, injury or pain. The World Health Organization (WHO) defined health in its broader sense in
1946 as "a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of
disease or infirmity."
Generally, the context in which an individual lives is of great importance on health status and
quality of life. It is increasingly recognized that health is maintained and improved not only through
the advancement and application of health science, but also through the efforts and intelligent
lifestyle choices of the individual and society. According to the World Health Organization, the
main determinants of health include the social and economic environment, the physical
environment, and the person's individual characteristics and behaviors. In fact, an increasing
number of studies and reports from different organizations and contexts examine the linkages
between health and different factors, including lifestyles, environments, health care organization,
and health policy.
Focusing more on lifestyle issues and their relationships with functional health, data from different
studies suggested that people can improve their health via:
 exercise,
 enough sleep,
 maintaining a healthy body weight,
 limiting alcohol use,
 and, avoiding smoking.
In addition to that, the ability to adapt and to self-manage have been suggested as core components
of human health.
Personal health also depends partially on the social structure of a person's life. The maintenance of
strong social relationships, volunteering, and other social activities have been linked to positive
mental health and even increased longevity. In contrast, prolonged psychological stress may
negatively impact health, and has been cited as a factor in cognitive impairment with aging,
depressive illness, and expression of disease.
Comprehension:
1. Definition of health includes physical and mental aspects.
a. True b. False
2. Lifestyle choices constitute an important determinant to health.
a. True b. False
3. Being sociable can improve health.
a. True b. False
4. Prolonged stress can cause only physical health problems.
a. True b. False
 TUGAS TERJEMAHKAN
13

Bacteria are extremely small living things. While we measure our own sizes in inches or
centimeters, bacterial size is measured in microns. One micron is a thousandth of a millimeter a
pinhead is about a millimeter across. Rod shaped bacteria are usually from two to four microns
long, while rounded ones are generally one micron in diameter Thus if you enlarged a founded
bacterium a thousand times, it would be just about the size of a pinhead. An adult human
magnified by the same amount would be over a mile (1.6 kilometers) tall.
Even with an ordinary microscope, you must look closely to see bacteria. Using a
magnification of 100 times, one finds that bacteria are barely visible as tiny rods or dots One
cannot make out anything of their structure. Using special stains, one can see that some bacteria
have attached to them wavy - looking "hairs" called flagella. Others have only one flagellum. The
flagella rotate, pushing the bacteria through the water. Many bacteria lack flagella and cannot
move about by their own power while others can glide along over surfaces by some little
understood mechanism.
From the bacterial point of view, the world is a very different place from what it is to humans
To bacterium water is as thick as molasses to us. Bacteria are so small that they are influenced by
the movements of the chemical molecules around them. Bacteria under the microscope, even those
with no flagella, often bounce about in the water. This is because they collide with the water
molecules and are pushed this way and that. Molecules move so rapidly that within a tenth of a
second the molecules around a bacterium have all been replaced by new ones even bacteria without
flagella are thus constantly exposed to a changing environment.

1. Which of the following is the main topic of the passage?

a. The characteristics of bacteria b. How bacteria reproduce
c. The various functions of bacteria d. How bacteria contribute to disease

2. Bacteria are measured in…….

a. inches b. centimeters c. microns d. millimeters

3. Which of the following is the smallest?

a. A pinhead b. A rounded bacterium c. A microscope d. A rod-shaped bacterium

4. According to the passage, someone who examines bacteria using only a microscope that
magnifies 100 times would see……
a. tiny dots b. small "hairs c. large rods d. detailed structures

5. The relationship between a bacterium and its flagella is most nearly analogous to which of the
following?
a. A rider jumping on a horse's back c. A boat powered by a motor
b. A ball being hit by a bat d. A door closed by a gust of wind