INDEX

SI.NO. PARTICULARS PAGE NO

1 Synopsis of the Project work 2
2 Rational of the study 3
3 Methodology of the study 3
4 Schedule of activity 4
5 Synopsis Approval 5
6 Glossary of the abbreviation 6
7 Title of the Project 8
8 Objective of the Study 9
9 Statement of the problem 9
Introduction to DAMODAR VALLEY
10 CORPORATION 10
11 Overview of GSS NIMIAGHAT GSS 11
12 SLD of GSS 12
13 Connectivity Diagram of GSS 13
14 Data Collection/Input Data 14
15 Statement, Analysis and Solution 30
16 Final Result 39
17 Conclusion 39
18 Scope of future Study 40
19 Reference 41

SYNOPSIS OF THE PROJECT

TITLE: -ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS FAULTS, PROTECTION SYSTEMS AND
REMEDIAL MEASURES FOR TRANSMISSION GRID. - A CASE STUDY OF
132/33 KV GRID SUB-STATION NIMIAGHAT GOMD-IV PUTKI, DHANBAD

OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

There are various problems and faults persisting in switchyard equipments

and intransmission GSS observed in NIMIAGHAT G/S/S switchyard are as
under-

Phase Over Current, Earth Fault and Bus-Bar fault

Total power failure at GSS

Leakage of SF6 gas of Circuit breaker installed in switchyard

Trip circuit healthy indication of circuit Breaker of disappeared during its

service condition.

Faults in 132/33 KV, 31.5 MVA Power transformer: Overheating problems

in Transformer, Over Current and Earth Fault, Low Insulation Resistance,
Gas Formation, Various Impurities in Transformer Oil, HV-LV Current
Imbalance, Restricted Earth Fault.

The above problems caused a lot of loss of revenue on accounts on less

wheeling of Power by the Gss apart from inconvenience to consumers.

RATIONAL OF THE STUDY

Grid Sub-Station NIMIAGHAT is a very important sub-station of DAMODAR

VALLEY CORPORATION to supply electricity to various PSS of Jharkhand
BijaliVitaran Nigam Limited and East central Railway. This all PSS supply
electricity to half capital city DHANBAD & GIRIDIH . This half area of GIRIDIH
City fully depends on NIMAGHAT GSS. To supply un-interrupted power to city,
proper functioning of this sub-station for stability of power transmission is of
prime importance.
 PLACES/LABS/EQUIPMENTS & TOOLS REQUIRED AND PLANNING OF
ARRANGEMENTS

Labs: Electronic Lab for Relay testing & calibration, workshop for repairing
of switchyard equipments.

Equipments& Tools:Laptop with 9 pin D- Connector and accessories,

Multimeter, Tong tester, Megger05KV, 0 – 10,000 MΩ, Earth Resistance
Tester, SF6 Gas Filling kit, Ring & Dial and Box spanners of various sizes,
Screw Driver various sizes... etc.

Places: 132/33 KV Grid Sub-Station NIMIAGHAT, GOMD-IV PUTKI,

DHANBAD

METHODOLOGY OF THE STUDY

In 132 KV and 33 KV Switch Yard of GSS, there are various types of

equipments and protection devices installed for smooth operation of GSS.
These equipments and protection devices are CB, VCB, CT, PT, LA,
CVT,Transformer, transducers, various type of protective Relays, annunciation
& indication devices, monitoring devices... etc. Relays, circuit breakers, CTs
and PTs are the main devices of the protection system. CTs and PTs
secondary are connected to various relay and this relay sends command to
tripping circuit of circuit breaker to isolate faulty system parts from rest of
healthy system parts.Auxiliary supply is 220 V DC for relay, tripping coil,
closing coil of breaker and other protective devices. Operation of relay is fully
time dependent i.e., fault duration and tripping duration. All system
equipments performance analyzed during operation, observed and apply
corrective measure by adopting various methodology as under-
 Study the single line diagram of the Grid Sub – Station.

Study of circuit drawings, catalogs & manuals, Concept and Principles of

the system.

Study the technical specification of the equipments installed in

switchyard and control room.

Study the protection scheme of the switchyard.

Collecting various data during operation of the system, from Log-Book,

Equipment History.

Analyzing the faults and review the existing setting of relays.

Analyze test results, apply corrective measure and change relay setting if
required.

To ascertainthe type of problems in equipments for analyze the reasons

of mal-functioning.

Useful suggestions for the remedies of the problems persisting in

equipments.

SCHEDULE OF ACTIVITY FOR COMPLETION OF PROJECT

TIME (IN DAYS)
Sl. from
ACTIVITY
No. 10/06/2018
to10/07/2018
 01. Meeting with Project Guide and getting approval 05
of topic and synopsis.

Visited the site and got acquaintance with the

02. 05
system.

Study of working on the main system

03. equipments& existing protection and gathering 06
information about them.

Collecting information about the local day to day

faults, equipment defects, major failures, TPF,
04. 06
problems faced during O&M activities and study
testing equipments& tools.

Study and analysis on the problems by discussing

05. with Testing & Commissioning engineers team 04
and finding solution.

06. Finalization of project & Submission 04

SYNOPSIS APPROVAL

The Synopsis of this Project Report entitled “ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS FAULTS,

PROTECTION SYSTEMS AND REMEDIAL MEASURES FOR TRANSMISSION
GRID. - A CASE STUDY OF 132/33 KV GRID SUB STATION NIMIAGHAT GOMD-
IV PUTKI, DHANBAD” is hereby approved.

SUBMITTED BY APPROVED BY
BIKASH KUMAR Er. DEEPAK KUMAR
(ST-617712-9) (AM-147590-0)
(ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING) (PROJECT GUIDE)

GLOSSARY OF THE ABBREVIATION

JUVNL: -Jharkhand UrjaVikash Nigam Limited

JUSNL: -Jharkhand UrjaSancharan Nigam Limited

JUUNL: -Jharkhand UrjaUtpadan Nigam Limited

JBVNL: -Jharkhand BijliVitaran Nigam Limited

JSEB: -Jharkhand State Electricity Board

PTPS: -Pataratu Thermal Power Station

SRHP: -Shawarna-RekhaHydal Project

PGCIL: -Power Grid Corporation of India Limited

CGL: -Crompton Greaves Ltd

TSD: -Transmission Sub - Division

GSS: - Grid Sub- Station

PSS: -Power Sub-Station

CB: -Circuit Breaker

VCB: -Vacuum Circuit Breaker

CT: -Current Transformer

PT: -Potential Transformer

CVT: -Capacitor Voltage Transformer

LA: -Lightening Arrester

B/C: -Bus Coupler

TRF: -Transformer

SST: -Sub - Station Service Transformer

O/C: -Over Current

E/F: -Earth Fault

REF: -Restricted Earth Fault

TPF: -Total Power Failure

LV: -Low Voltage

HV: -High Voltage

MW: -Mega Watt

MVA: -Mega Volt Ampere

MWH: -Mega Watt Hour

KV: -Kilo Volt

S/D: -Shut Down

BDV: -Break Down Voltage

DGA: -Dissolve Gas Analysis

 CTR: -Connected CT Ratio

SLD: -Single Line Diagram

SF6: -Sulfur Hexafluoride

ONAN: -Oil Natural Air Natural

ONAF: -Oil Natural Air Forced

PSM: -Plug Setting Multiplier

TSM: -Time Setting Multiplier

DCDB: -Direct Current Distribution Board

ACDB: -Alternating Current Distribution

FINAL PROJECT REPORT

A CASE STUDY OF 132/33 KV GRID SUB STATION NIMIAGHAT
 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

There are various problems and faults persisting in switchyard equipments

and in transmission GSS observe NINIAGHAT G/S/S switchyard are as under-

Phase over Current, Earth Fault and Bus –Bar fault.

Total power failure at GSS

Leakage of SF6 gas of Circuit breaker installed in switchyard

Trip circuit healthy indication of circuit Breaker of disappeared during its

service condition.

DC supply failure.

Faults in 132/33 KV, 31.5 MVA Power transformer: Overheating problems

in Transformer, Over Current and Earth Fault, Low Insulation Resistance,
Gas Formation, Various Impurities in Transformer Oil, HV-LV Current
Imbalance, Restricted Earth Fault.

he objective of the study:-

 Analyze the above problems and faults persisting in equipments and in
GSS system.

Analyze the Protection System of various faults.

Apply useful suggestions for their remedies so that Power supply

interruption can be reduced at GSS level by reducing faults and
adopting corrective procedure at GSS.

STATEMENT OF THE POROBLEM

Supply of electricity comes under the emergency services i.e. it supplied for
24 x 7 hrs. Electricity is used in various fields of daily human activity.  In
present scenario, electricity is energy of infrastructure. To full-fill the demand
of electricity, GSS plays vital role.GSS avails power from other GSS and power
generating stations through 132 KV transmissions lines and supply to various
33/11KV PSS and HT consumers. It is observed that, there ismuch load
shedding and load restriction due to minor and major system faults such as-
Phase over Current, Earth Fault, Bus –Bar fault, Total power failure, Leakage
of SF6 gas of Circuit breaker, Trip circuit healthy indication of circuit Breaker
and DC supply failure…etc in GSS and due improper relay setting. Improper
relay setting make trip transmission lines even due to 33 KV feeders fault.Due
to this, system is unable to supply un-interrupted power to PSS/consumers.
By this project work, it is tried to find out problem and generalsystem faults of
GSS which are also the causes to interrupt the power supply. In this work,
these faults identified in day to day activity of operation, reviewed, analyzed
and find out solution or alternative course of action to control and to avoid
substantially un-necessary breakdown of system and equipments.Following
are the main purpose: -

Un-interrupted power can be supplied.

To find cost effective & time effective sustainable solutions.

System availability and reliability can be enhanced.

Maintenance expenditure can be reduced.

To develope the maintenance methodology to enhance the system

availability.

COMPANY PROFILE

The Damodar Valley Corporation(DVC) established under the Damodar Valley

Corporation Act,1948,(herein afer the act”) is major utility in the Eastern
Region of the country playing a key role in the unified development of the
Damodar Valley Area.Its main functions are flood control, irrigation,
generation, transmission and distribution of electricity, and general subsidiary
activities like soil conservation and afforestation, industrial, and other
development of the Damodar Valley area. DVC constituted power
infrastructure for core sector industries like coal, steel and railway in the
Eastern Region.

CAPACITY AND POWER PLANT OF DVC

The total install capacity of DVC is 7557.2 MW and having 49 sub-station and
spread across command area of 24,235 sq. kms in the state of West Bengal
and Jharkhand.

DVC Projects are mention below:-

1. Bokaro Thermal power station A (BTPS-B) (500MW)

2.Bokaro Thermal power station B (BTPS-B) (630MW)

3. Candrapuara Thermal power station(CTPS) (500MW)

4. Mejia Thermal power station(MTPS) (2340MW)

5. Raghunathpur Thermal power station(RTPS) (1200MW)

6. Maithan power Limited(MPL) (1050MW)

7. Koderma Thermal power station(KTPS) (1000MW)

8. Durgapur Steel Thermal power station(DSTPS) (1000MW)

9. Durgapur Thermal power station(DTPS) (21OMW)

10. Bokaro power supply corporation Limited(BPSCL) (338MW)

Hydel-Power Plants are:-

1. Panchet Dam (80MW)

2. Maithan Dam (63.2 MW)

 3. Tilaiya Dam (04 MW)

Presently DVC has 49 sub-station and more than 8900-circuit km of

transmission and distribution lines. DVC has also four dam.

OVERVIEW OF 132/33 KV GRID SUB-STATION NIMIAGHAT

132/33KV Grid sub-station NIMIAGHAT GOMD-IV,PUTKI, DHANBADis one of

the most important G/S/S of DAMODAR VALLEY CORPORATION to GIRIDIH
AND BAGODHAR city of Jharkhand state with 130 MVA installed capacity.
G/S/S NIMIAGHATcommissioned in 1964 with 40 MVA installed capacity. Due
to rapid growth and development, augmentation takes place and its capacity
enhanced to 120 MVA (2 x 31.5 + 2 x25 MVA+ 2 x10 MVA). At present, G/S/S
NIMIAGHAT feeds power to 04 nos. 33KV feeders of name BANASO and
BAGODHAR in the GIRIDIH and nearby rural areas, 02 no. 132KV Industrial
feeder and 02 no 132/25KV Railway feeder of E.C. Railway. Two 25KV feeders
of name CB/05 andCB/06 which gives direct power supply to railways traction
from HAZARIBAG TO DHANBAD PSS. 01 no. 33KV feeds power supply also to
ECR GOMOH COMPLEX for local and quarter of Railway’s Employee.In this
G/S/S, there are 02 no 132/33KV, 31.5MVA Power Transformer,02
no.132/25KV, 25MVA Transformer, 02 no 33/0.4KV, 10MVASub-Station
Service Transformer to meet auxiliary supply requirement, 01 no 132KV
switch yard containing one no 132 KV main-bus & one no 132 KV transfer-bus
and 01 no 33 KV Switch yard containing one no 33 KV main-bus and one no
33 KV transfer-bus. In 132 KV switch yard, there are 01 no 132 KV Bay
including Bus-coupler and in 33 KV switch yard, there are 05 no 33 KV Bay
including Bus-coupler.This GSS is connected through 132 KV Transmission
Lines to avail power from various Grid sub-stations of DVC as well as
generating stations of DVC and other sectors. There are 02 no132KV main
Line incoming name as L#47 &L#48 ( PUTKI TO NIMIAGHAT ) and 02 no
132KV main LINE are outgoing name as L#86 &L#87 (NIMAGHAT TO
GIRIDIH) .And hence NIMIAGHAT GSS interconnect two district DHANBAD TO
GIRIDIH.

Single Line Diagram (SLD) and connectivity diagram of GSS NINIAGHAT is

shown in figure and other details are as under

BATTERY BANK OF NIMIAGHAT;-

NIMIAGHAT S/S-

DATA COLLECTION

Before the data collection and analysis we should be understand the system
analysis. During system analysis some activities are carried out, such as
overview of existing system, problem definition, and their solution. Before
finding actual solution for the system/project, we should know.

What is the problem..?

 How to solve it..?

What are the technical factors required…?

So system analysis is necessary to find solution of faults for perfect and

accurate system. System analysis is central to the whole of system
development. It includes gathering the necessary data of GSS and its
equipments. In this analysis, day to day activity is monitored and noticed all
fault occurrences. To find out the complete structure and working principles,
circuit drawings, technical manuals and catalogs are studied. By following
above all process, complete task for the project work will be completed.

INPUT DATA:

SWITCH YARD:-132/33 KV Grid Sub-Station, NIMIAGHAT consist of three

switchyard and control room as under-

a) 132KV switchyard

b) 33 KV Switch yard

c) 25KV switch yard

d) Control room

e) Battery Bank

a.) 132 KV SwitchYard:132 KV Switch yard consists of main bus, transfer

bus, PT and 10 no 132 KV bay of transformers and feeders.
Bus: - Bus system consists of one Main - Bus and one Transfer - Bus. The
Main Bus is divided into two sections by 02 no 132 KV high level isolator
switches.

Bus coupler: - In middle section of 132 KV main bus, there is one no bus
coupler bay. This bay may be used as a tie breaker to couple transfer buses
with Main bus when a portion of any baywill go under shutdown andfor
diversion of a line, transformers, bay at the time of trouble developed in its
own breaker.There are one set 132 KV Potential Transformers, ratio of 132
KV/110 V with 132 KV Main bus for protection and metering purpose.Layout
may be seen in enclosed SLD of GSS.

Equipment in brief installed in 132 KV Bay:

132 KV PURPOSE CIRCUIT CURRENT PROTECTION
BAY No. BREAKER TRANSFORMER SCHEME
Bay no- 132KV PUTKI- 132KV SF6 Make – SCT Distance Protection-
1 NMG Feeder Gas CB, Ltd., CTR- 600/1 Alstom (Micom P
Make- BHEL A 441)
Ltd, 2001
Bay no- 132 KV allied 132KV SF6 Make – SCT O/C & E/F- English
2 bay of TRF. Gas Ltd., CTR- 600/1 Electric,
No-1 CB,BHELLtd, A
2005 Differential
Protection- English
Electric,
Bay no- 132 KV allied 132KV SF6 Make – SCT O/C & E/F- English
3 bay of TRF. Gas CB, Ltd., CTR- 300/1 Electric,
No-1 Make- BHEL A
Ltd, 2001 Differential
Protection- English
Electric,
Bay no- 132 KV Bus- 132KV SF6 Make – SCT Distance protection-
4 Coupler Gas CB, Ltd., CTR- QUADRAMHO, English
Make- BHEL 1200/1 A Electric.
Ltd, 2005
Bay no- 132KV allied 132KV SF6 Make – SCT O/C & E/F- English
5 bay of TRF. Gas CB, Ltd., CTR- 300/1 Electric,
No- 3 Make- BHEL A
Ltd, 2006 Differential
Protection- English
Electric,
Bay no- 132 KV, NMG- 132KV SF6 Make – SCT O/C & E/F- English
6 GRD Feed Gas CB, Ltd., CTR- 200/1 Electric
Make- BHEL A
Ltd, 1999
Bay no- 132 KV, 132KV MOG Make – SCT O/C & E/F- English
7 Railways CB, Make- Ltd., CTR- 200/1 Electric
Feeder 01 ABB Ltd, A
1999
Bay no- 132KV 132KV MOG Make – SCT O/C & E/F- English
8 Railways Make- ABB Ltd., CTR- 300/1 Electric, REF,
Feeder 1 Ltd, 2001 A Differential
Protection- English
Electric,

b.) 33 KV Switch Yard: -

33 KV Switch yard also consists of main bus, transfer bus, PT and 15 no

33 KV bay of transformers and feeders.

Bus: - Bus system consists of one Main - Bus and one Transfer - Bus. The
Main Bus is divided into two sections by 02 no 33 KV high level isolator
switches.

Bus coupler: - In middle section of 33 KV main bus, there is one no bus

coupler bay. This bay may be used as a tie breaker to couple transfer buses
with Main bus when a portion of any bay will go under shutdown and for
diversion of a line, transformers, bay at the time of trouble developed in its
own breaker.There are one set 33 KV Potential Transformers, ratio of 33
KV/110 V with 33 KV Main bus for protection and metering purpose.
Complete layout may be seen in SLD of GSS.

Equipment in brief installed in 33 KV Bay:

132KV PURPOSE CIRCUIT CURRENT PROTECTION SCHEME
BAY No. BREAKER TRANSFORMER
Bay no- 33 KV 33 KV VCB, Make – SCT Trip CktSupvn, O/C &
1 BANASO-1 Make- BHEL Ltd., CTR- 600/1 E/F of JVS, Type-
Feeder Ltd, 2015 A Electronic
Bay no- 33 KV 33 KV VCB, Make – SCT Trip CktSupvn, O/C &
2 BANASO-2 Make-BHEL Ltd., CTR- 600/1 E/F of
Feeder Ltd, 2013 A EasunReyrolle,Type-
electromechanical
Bay no- 33 KV 33 KV VCB, Make – SCT Trip CktSupvn, O/C &
3 BANASSO-03 Make- BHEL Ltd., CTR- 300/1 E/F of English Electric
Feeder Ltd, 2009 A
Bay no- 33KV 33 KV VCB, Make – SCT Trip CktSupvn, O/C &
4 PRATAPPUR Make- BHEL Ltd., CTR- E/F of EasunReyrolle,
Ltd, 2011 1200/1 A Type-
electromechanical
Bay no- 33 KV 33 KV VCB, Make – SCT Trip CktSupvn, O/C &
5 DUMARI Make- CGL Ltd., CTR- 600/1 E/F of English Electric
feeder Ltd, 2000 A
Bay no- 33 KV Bus- 33 KV VCB, Make – SCT Trip CktSupvn, O/C &
6 Coupler Make- CGL Ltd., CTR- E/F of English Electric
Feeder Ltd, 2015 1200/1 A
Bay no- 33 KV 33 KV VCB, Make – SCT Trip CktSupvn, O/C &
7 Railway Make- CGL Ltd., CTR- 600/1 E/F of English Electric
Gomoh Ltd, 2006 A
complex
Feeder
Bay no- 33 KV 33 KV VCB, Make – SCT Trip CktSupvn, O/C & E/F
08 Khelgaon Make- Areva Ltd., CTR- of EasunReyrolle, Type-
Feeder Ltd, 2012 600/1 A electromechanical
Bay no- 33 KV 33 KV VCB, Make – SCT Trip CktSupvn, O/C & E/F
O9 NIMIAGHAT Make- Areva Ltd., CTR- of JVS, Type- Electronic
ROAD Feeder Ltd, 2010 600/1 A
Bay no- 33 KV allied 33 KV VCB, Make – SCT Trip CktSupvn, O/C & E/F
10 bay of TRF. Make- Areva Ltd., CTR- of EasunReyrolle, Type-
No. – 2 Ltd, 2009 1200/1 A electromechanical
Bay no- 33 KV PMCH 33 KV VCB, Make – SCT Trip CktSupvn, O/C & E/F
11 Feeder Make- Areva Ltd., CTR- of English Electric
Ltd, 2009 400/1 A
Bay no- 33 KV allied 33 KV VCB, Make – SCT Trip CktSupvn, O/C & E/F
12 bay of TRF. Make- Ltd., CTR- of Schneider Electric,
No.- 4 Andrew Yule 1000/1 A Type- Micom
Ltd, 2013

Specification of switchyard equipments, controlling and protective devices

132KV SwitchYard

(1.) SF6 GAS BREAKER SPECIFICATION

Make B HEL
Type 120-SFM-32B
Rated Voltage 145 KV
Rated Normal Current 3150 A
Rated Short Current 40 KA
Frequency 50Hz
Rated Making Current 100 KAp
Rated short time current 40KA, 3Sec
First pole to clear factor 1.5
Rated making current 100KAp
Rated pressure of gas at 20 deg
7 Kg/cm²
C
Motor Voltage 230 V AC
Rated trip coil voltage 220 V DC
 Rated closing coil voltage 220 V DC
Total Weight 1550 Kg.

145 KV SF6 Circuit Breaker

GENERAL CONSTRUCTION:

This circuit breaker is of puffer type using SF6 gas as insulated and arc
quenching purposes. It is of the three poles outdoor design. The gas pressure
require for arc quenching is produced by puffer type device during opening.
Breaker has a hydraulic operating mechanism.Three breakers poles rest on a
common tight base tube is designed for monitoring on support structure.
Three breakers poles and common tight base tube are filled with SF6 gas. A
rupture diaphragm and filter for absorbing the decomposed SF6 as well as
moisture for keeping the gas within the breaker base

Arc quenching process in puffer type SF6circ it breaker:

Construction of a pole of puffer type circuit breaker:

Fig. shows a cross section of breaker pole in fully open position and in closed
position.The breaker is a sealed gas tight unit filled with SF6 gas at 6.0 kg/cm2
at 200C. The lower porcelain gives insulation betweethe interrupter and the
ground metal box. Insulating rod is pushed up for closed operation and pulled
down opening operation.

SF6 gas system:

It is equipped with density switch having contacts for low pressure alarm, low
pressure trip. Normal pressure is 6.0 kg/cm2 at 200C. Alarm is sounded at 5.4
kg/cm2 at 200C. Tripping of breaker operation occurs at 5.5 kg/cm2 at 200C.
SF6 gas is odorless, colorless, tasteless and nontoxic in pure state. It has
density about 5 times more than air in similar condition, dielectric strength 3
times more than air at same atmosphere and this is also 100 times more
effective than air in quenching spurious.

(2.) 132 KV CURRENT TRANSFORMER SPECIFICATION

Type- OD, DT Frequency- 50 Hz

Insulation Level- 275/650 KV HSV- 145 KV

Oil- 134 Ltrs Weight- 600 Kg

Make- SCT Limited, Ghaziabad

Core No. Core- I Core- II Core- III Core- IV
Purpose Metering Back upRelaying Relaying Relaying
(O/C & E/F)
Burden 30 VA 40 VA
Accuracy Class 0.5 5P PS PS
I.S.F. 2 TO 5 ----------------- --------------- ---------------
A.I.F. ------------------- 10 20 ----------------
Current Ratio 600-300-150/1 600-300-150/1
A 600-300-150/1
A 600-300-150/1
A A
Min KNEE Point Volt
------------------ ------------------ 200 V at Lowest 200 V at Lowest
tap tap
Short Time Current 17.71 KA (RMS) FOR 3 SEC.
30.5 KA (RMS) FOR 1 SEC.

(3.) POWER TRANSFORMER: - Fig. of 31.5MVA Power Transformer (Make-

CGL Ltd.)
SPECIFICATION OF TRANSFORMERS
No. of Taps.
SI. Cooling Vector
Transformer Make Capacity And Normal
No. Type Group
Tap
132/33 KV
Power CGL Ltd, 31.5
1 ONAF YNyn0d11 15, Nor. Tap- 9
Transformer No. 2001 MVA
-1
132/33 KV BHARAT
Power BIJLI
2 50 MVA ONAF YNyn0d11 15, Nor. Tap- 9
Transformer No. Ltd,
–2 2001
132/25 KV
Power CGL Ltd,
3 25MVA ONAF YNyn0d11 15, Nor. Tap- 3
Transformer No. 2000
–3
132/25 KV BHARAT
Power BIJLI
4 25 MVA ONAF YNyn0 15, Nor. Tap- 3
Transformer No. Ltd,
–4 2001
5 33/0.4 KV SST EIU Ltd, 315 KVA ONAN Dy 11 05, Nor. Tap- 3
 No. – 1 1993
33/0.4 KV SST EIU Ltd,
6 315 KVA ONAN Dy 11 05, Nor. Tap- 3
No. – 2 1993

33KV Switch Yard

(1.) VACUUM CIRCUIT BREAKER SPECIFICATION

Technical Specification: -

Make:-Alstom Year: -2008 Type: - PCOBRated Voltage: - 36 KV

Rated Current: - 1250 AmpNo of pole: - 3 No.Frequency: - 50 Hz, Motor Supply:

- 230 V ACTrip Coil: - 220 V ACClose Coil: - 220 V

36 KV Vacuum Circuit Breaker:

CONSTRUCTION:The breaker is normally

consists of two parts. The upper part consists of pole and operating
mechanism and the lower part is a fabricated structure to give required
ground clearance for live parts. The three phase poles of the breaker are
mounted on a strong Box steel frame, under which is mounted an operating
mechanism. These phase poles contain a vacuum interrupter, housed within
porcelain housing and immediately below the contact compression spring,
the whole of this assembly is connected to a linear drive flat by an insulated
rod. The drive flat is driven by the stored energy of the spring charged
mechanism. The operating mechanism, besides the manual and emergency
trip operation facilities, also has solenoid coils for remote operations through
protective relays. Two mechanically driven flags are provided for showing the
operating status of the breaker (i.e. ON/OFF), and the status of the closing
springs (i.e. Free/charged).

Fig. of 33 KV VCBFig. of Vacuum Interrupter

(2.) 33 KV
CURRENT TRANSFORMER SPECIFICATION

(3.)CONTROL ROOM OF NIMIAGHAT S/S

Control Room is the place where all indoor equipments& devices, all tools …
etc were installed to control and monitor the various activities of sub-station.
Following are the main equipments/devices of control room: -

1. Control and Relay Panels

2. Battery bank and Battery Charger

1. Control & Relay Panel: - Control and Relay panel consist of various
monitoring instruments, control devices, switches, indication system and
relays, connected to switch yard equipments through control cables for
monitoring and control purpose of the system. Following are the main
components of control & relay panel:

Wattmeter, Ammeter, Voltmeter, VAR meter, Energy meter

TNC Switch, rotary switches, selector switches, push buttons

Microprocessor based annunciation window, LED indicator, transducers

 Various type of protective relays (Digital/Numerical or electromechanical
type)

2. Battery Bank and Battery charger: - Battery bank is the heart of grid sub-
station. In GSS, 220 V DC systems are used to meet auxiliary supply of
monitoring and control equipments for which 238 V, 300 AH DC in float
modetubular type battery bank set is installed. 108 no battery cells of 2.2 V,
300AH capacity are connected in series to form complete set battery bank.
This battery bank is connected to all relay, meters, instruments, LEDs … etc for
auxiliary supply. Float mode and Float cum Boost mode thyristor based
Battery Charger is also installed in control room for battery bank charging DC
supply purpose

PROTECTION SCHEME OF G/S/S NIMIAGHAT

Followings are the different types of Protection scheme, performed by the

specific Relays are as under-

1. Transformer Protection

Relay used: - Differential Protection Relay, REF Relay, Buchholz Relayand

Over Current Relay & Earth Fault Relay.

2. Feeder Protection

Relay used: - IDMT over Current Relay and Earth Fault Relay.

3.Transmission Line Protection

Relay Used: - Distance Protection Relay, Back up Relaycurrentrealy

Description of Transformer Protection Relay

1. Differential Protection Relay: -A differential relay is defined as the relay

that operates when the phase difference of two or more similar electrical
quantities exceeds a predetermined amount. Almost any type of relay,
when connected in a certain way, can be made to operate as differential
relay. Most differential relays are of the current differential type.

2. REF Protection Relay: - Restricted earth fault protection is provided in

electrical power transformer for sensing internal earth fault of the
transformer. In this scheme the CT secondary of each phase of electrical
power transformer are connected together as shown in the figure. Then
common terminals are connected to the secondary of a Neutral Current
Transformer or NCT.

3. Buchholz relay: - Buchholz relay in transformer is an oil container housed

the connecting pipe from main tank to conservator tank. It has mainly two
elements. The upper element consists of a float. The float is attached to a
hinge in such a way that it can move up and down depending upon the oil
level in the Buchholz relay Container. One mercury switch is fixed on the
float. The alignment of mercury switch hence depends upon the position of
the float. The lower element consists of a baffle plate and mercury switch.
This plate is fitted on a hinge just in front of the inlet (main tank side) of
Buchholz relay in transformer in such a way that when oil enters in the relay
from that inlet in high pressure the alignment of the baffle plate along with
the mercury switch attached to it, will change. [null img]

4. Over Current &Earth fault relay: - Backup protection of electrical

transformerissimpleOver Current and Earth Fault protection applied
against external short circuit and excessive over loads. These over
current and earth Fault relays may be of Inverse Definite Minimum Time
(IDMT) or Definite Time type relays. Generally IDMT relays are connected
to the in-feed side of the transformer. The over current relays cannot
distinguish between external short circuit, over load and internal faults of
the transformer. For any of the above fault, backup protectioni.e.over
current and earth fault protection connected to in-feed side of the
transformer will opera

Over Current and Earth Fault Protection of Feeder

1. IDMT over Current Relay and Earth Fault Relay: - A normal practice is to
have two over current relays and one earth fault relay for protection of
feeders.
 The connections are shown in figure below. The CT for earth fault
protection is connected in residual circuit. During no earth fault
condition, the current in residual current is zero. Hence earth fault does
not operate. During earth fault the residual current flow initiating
operation of earth fault relay.

2. Directional over current protection: - The over current protection can be

given directional feature by adding directional element in the protection
system. Directional over current protection responds to over current for a
particular direction flow. If the power flow is in the opposite direction, the
directional over current protection remains inoperative.

Directional over current protection comprises over current relay and power
directional relay in single casing. The power directional relay does not
measure the power but is arrange to respond to the direction of power flow.
The directional relay recognizes the direction in whi

ch fault occurs, relative to the location of the relay. It is set such that it
actuates for fault occurring in one direction only.

3. Directional Earth- Fault protection: - In directional over current protection

the current of relay is accurate from secondary current of line CT, Where the
current coil of directional earth fault relay is actuated by residual current.

In directional over current protection, the voltage coil is actuated by

secondary of line VT. In directional earth fault relay, the voltage coil is
actuated by the residual voltage.
Directional Earth- Fault relays sense the direction in which earth fault
occurs with respect to the relay location, and it operate for fault in a
particular direction

Description of Transmission Line Protection Relay

1. Over current relay: - Over current relays in which operation takes place
when the current rises above a specified value. Whenever O/C flows due
to fault then this relay operates

2. Distance relay: - Distance relays differ in principle from other forms of

protection in that their performance is not govern by magnitude of
current or the voltage in the protected circuit but rather on the ratio of
these two quantities. In Distance relays, there is balance between
voltage and current the ratio of which can be expressed in terms of
impedance. The relay operates when the ratio V/I areless than a
predetermined value.

Connection of distance relay for phase fault:

Fig. explaining distance protection

3. Numerical Relay: -
 Application and scope: - The
Numerical distance protection device is used for selective short circuit,
ground fault and over load protection in high voltage system. The system can
be operate with impedance grounding with ground fault compensation or with
isolated neutral.

Fig. of Numerical type Distance Protection Relay, Make- Areva.

Main function: Among Main functions, the following functions are in

service:-

1) Over current fault detection logic

2) Under voltage fault detection logic

3) Under impedance fault detection logic

4) Ground fault detection logic

5) Distance measurement polygonal or circuit tripping characteristics

6) Four distance stages, including one can be used as a special stage

7) Directional voltage memory

8) Power swing blocking

9) Measuring circuit monitoring

10) Auto-reclosing control

11) Auto synchronizing check

12) Switch on to fault detection

All the main functions are individually configurable and can be disable or
enable by the user as desired. By means of straight forward configuration
procedure, the user can adopt the device flexibility to the scope of the
protection in each particular application. Due to the powerful programmable
logic of the device, special application can be accommodated.

STATEMENT, ANALYSIS AND SOLUTION OF PROBLEMS

The study is limited to analyze the reasons of mal-functioning ofequipments

and system faults. The details of equipments mal-functioning, system faults,
their analysis and solutions are as below:

CASE-I

A) PROBLEM: - Phase to ground fault / Phase over current.

B) ANALYSIS:
 This fault is generally single line to ground fault and line to line over
current.The causes of this fault can be the following:

1. Failure of support insulator.

2. Direct earth by tree or due to conductor/jumper cut

3. Flashover across support insulator during overvoltage.

C)SOLUTION:

To minimize thisproblem following steps are being taken.

1. To avoid the failure of support insulator resulting earth fault and flash
over across support insulator during over voltage, we check switchyard
once in a day and replaced the insulator whenever it was seen any type
of crack. It also be noted that at the time of erection of insulator proper
cleanness should be done and also Megger value should be within
specified limit.

2. All the trees near the transmission line should be cut, i.e. transmission
line should be sufficient clearance from the tree or other earth
equipment.

3. Do patrolling of transmission lines regularly and periodically and check

status of each insulator of string, check conductor, check guard wire and
take appropriate corrective action.
CASE- II

(A) PROBLEM: - Bus –Bar Fault.

(B) ANALYSIS:

The bus fault is generally single

line to ground faults. However phase to phase faults can occur in medium
and high voltage buses.The causes of bus zone faults can be the following:-

Failure of support insulator resulting earth fault.

Flash over across sup

port insulator during over voltages.

Failure of connected equipment.

Whenever bus fault arise in any of the bus section that bus section
automatically isolate and dead by local breaker backup protection scheme in
which the faulty breaker is persisting.

(C) SOLUTION:
 To minimize this problem following steps are being taken:

(a) To avoid the failure of support insulator resulting earth fault and flash
over across support insulator during over voltage , we check switch
switchyard once in a day and replaced the insulator whenever it was seen
any type of crack.

(b) To avoid the failure of connected equipment such as jumpers swing bus
etc, we checked the connecting points properly by thermography by
thermo vision camera in a week , whether there is any heating at
connecting points Whether any type of spot found at connecting point ,
we checked the fastening of the joints and it was adjusted properly.

CASE- III

(A) PROBLEM: - Leakage of 132 KV SF6 gas of Circuit breaker.

(B) ANALYSIS:

In switch yard, CGL make SF6 Circuit breaker is installed and is in service. The
permissible limit for SF6 gas pressure is 6.5 to 7.8 Kg/ Sq Cm in this circuit-
breaker. The reading of SF6 gas pressure for every circuit-breaker is being

aken once in a day by operation staff.

In operation log-book for circuit-breakers, the SF6 gas pressure of 132 KV

NIMIAGHAT-GIRIDIH line feeder circuit breaker is 5.6 Kg/Sqcm on dated
05.07.2016 and C&R Panel also announced low gas presser alarm, breaker
lock-out and facia indication. As per History Register of Circuit Breakers it is
found that the SF6 gas has been filled up to pressure 7.5 Kg/Sqcm in circuit-
breaker 01 week before after observation of low pressure. It shows that there
is some minor leakage in the above pole of circuit-breaker.The probable cause
of leakage of SF6 gas may be:

a) Leakage is at any joint or nut-bolt.

b) The cause of leakage is any minor crack in porcelain.

(C) SOLUTION:

The useful suggestions for the remedy of above problems are as follows:

For the permanent rectification of the above problem, first of all we identified
the point of leakage with the help of SF6 leakage detector. After identifying the
leakage point the following process were adopted to rectify the leakage
problem:

1) Circuit breaker was taken in shut down.

2) Complete SF6 gas was taken out with the help of gas evacuation trolley in
SF6 cylinders.

3) Since the point of leakage was found at joint near nut- bolt. So we replaced
the O-ring of required size with new one. We ensured tightness of all the
bolts with torque wrench.

CASE-IV

(A) PROBLEM: - Total Power Failure at GSS.

(B) ANALYSIS:

Total power failure means there is no power at GSS buses i.e. Power
supply completely interrupted of all 33 KV and 132 KV feeders.

a.) Once when GSS was running with 105MW with low system voltage
around 118 KV, it occurred. There are two no 132KV lines - 132KV PUTKI-
NIMIAGHAT and 132KV NIMAIGHAT-GIARIDIH transmission line. 132KV
PUTKI-NIMIAGHAT tripped with 86A, Micom “V<1” from NMG-II GSS end
and 132KV PUTKI-NIMIAGHAT line with 86, distance protection at Hatia-I
end. Since M/S IPL was already in S/D, result cause to total power failure
at GSS. After getting clearance from another end, line was charged and
found OK.

b.) 132 KV NIMIAGHAT-GRD Line tripped from NMG end with 86 and
distance protection Z-4 indication at same time when 33KV Dumari
feeder tripped from E/F. After getting clearance from both end, line
charged.

c.) It is also found from interruption book of transmission line that TPF at
GSS also happened due to 33 KV feeder fault i.e., both source
transmission line tripped with distance protection ‘Zone-4’ indication at
 same time with tripping of 33 KV Feeder E/F or O/C. This occurrence is
due to improper relay coordination of 33 KV and 132KV Feeders at GSS.

(C) SOLUTION:

a.) Total power failure can be minimize by making preventive maintenance

of switchyard equipments line patrolling.

b.) Total power failure can be minimize by Proper relay coordination. 33 KV

Feeder time setting must be less than 132 KV Feeders. As per relay co-
ordination guideline of ALSTOM T&D India Limited (ALSTOM) for DVC,
Ranchi, O/C TMS setting of all 33 KV feeders changed from 0.150 to
0.100 sec and for E/F TMS changed from 0.100 to 0.050 second. Current
setting also changed.

Immediately after detection of power failure (glowing off PT indications on

both sides) the following operations are needed at the substation control
room:

1) Switch OFF the breaker of all incoming and outgoing lines, transformers.

2) Make contact with other adjoining substation/PowerStation and ask

whether power is available at their end or not.

3) Restore the system whenever system became normal.

CASE -V
 (A) PROBLEM:

Trip circuit healthy indication of circuit breaker of disappeared during

service.

(B) ANALYSIS:

The trip circuit healthy indication of 33 KV GOMOH Feeder disappeared during

service condition. After inspection it was found that its trip circuit was
unhealthy. So, when it was tried to trip the line electrically it did not trip.

It was very dangerous to keep the line on service condition because if any
fault arose on the line it would not trip and it would feed the fault on bus and
bus fault or TPF might be occur. So, the line should be isolated but we
couldn’t open the isolator without make OFF the breaker. This unhealthy
indication may be due to one of the following reason:

Defect in Tripping coil of circuit breaker

Defect in auxiliary switch or contactor of tripping circuit of circuit breaker

Due to burning of DC supply fuse in control panel

(C) SOLUTION:

Since, it is very dangerous to keep the line in service in such conditionwithout

healthy trip circuit of circuit breaker as stated above.Following steps are
suggested to rectify the above said problem i.e. isolate the 33 KV Faulty
 Feeders while breaker is in “ON” condition by operating manually the circuit
breaker to make to OFF and put in S/D by taking it in service through 33KV
Bus-coupler bay and keeping all other lines in service. After check the circuit
of breaker it was found that tripping coil of VCB has been burnt, then this coil
replaced and fault rectified.

CASE- VI

(A) PROBLEM: DC Supply failure of DC distribution at GSS.

B) ANALYSIS:

220 V, 300 AH DC Battery bank in stand by and battery charger installed to

220 V DC supply, provided at GSS to meet auxiliary supply of complete
protection system, all protective relay, meters, LED indication for
monitoring and control of system, connected to all through power and
control cable. DC system is heart of Grid sub- station. During monthly
maintenance of DC system on dated- 09/07/16 measurement taken it is
found as under:

Between (+ Ve) to (- Ve) terminal: -220 V DC

Between (+ Ve) to Earth terminal: -90 V DC

Between Earth to (- Ve) terminal: -130 V DC

(C) SOLUTION:
 DC system must be healthy otherwise DC failure mean GSS failure. From
above reading it is observed that (+Ve) terminal of DC system is being
short circuited with earth at any point of distribution circuit. This may be
due to moisture or short circuited with earth at any cut point of distribution
circuit/cable or open terminal. After testing any analyzing the circuit step
by step and it is found that + Ve terminal cable lug of Chutia breaker
outgoing feeder of DCDB is badly rusted and became loose due to aging
problem. This lug is replaced and fault rectified. It is suggested that
complete DC system, its battery bank, charger, network and switches… etc
must maintained properly every month. Great care must be given to
maintain complete DC system.

CASE- VII

(A) PROBLEM: - Overheating problem in 31.5 MVA, 132/33KV Power

Transformer.

(B) ANALYSIS:

The overheating problems are being faced in Transformer, as observed in log-

book readingfor oil temperature and winding temperature of transformer.
Following readings are the noticed maximum temperature of transformer.
Transformer Temperature (ºC)
OTI WTI
Transformer No.- 1 78 79
Transformer No.- 2 81 84
Transformer No.- 3 76 77
 Transformer No.- 4 72 76

Max permissible temperature, For OTI =70 °C and For WTI = 75 °C (Since 3
no transformer are old transformer).

The above high temperature rise will affect the overall performance and
useful life of the Transformer. The OTI and WTI protection tripping may occur
in Transformer which will cause interruption of power supply.

Since, the transformer is oil natural air forced cooled transformer, so one of
the reason of overheating may be the forced air supplied to transformer by
fan is not sufficient or the oil temperature indicator (OTI) and winding
temperature indicator (WTI) are not calibrated properly.

(C) SOLUTION:

To rectify this problem following steps were taken:

(a) First of all we installed two nos. additional fans in transformer in

addition to existing six fans already installed. The design and space permit
the installation two no additional fans in Transformer.

(b) Since the temperature rise was still persisting, so calibrated the oil
temperature indicator (OTI) and winding temperature indicator (WTI) with
standard instrument and found defective. So, we replace the oil
temperature indicator (OTI) and winding temperature indicator (WTI) with
new calibrated indicators.
CASE- VIII

(A) PROBLEM:Over Current and Earth Fault in 31.5 MVA, 132/33KV Power
Transformer.

(B) ANALYSIS:

When any Transformer trips with O/C or E/F relay indication, special care
should be taken before taking first attempt of charging. It may be due to
any reason one of the following:

a) May trip due to any heavy external fault of transmission line.

b) May trip due to broken conductor in Switchyard.

c) May trip due to internal fault in transformer.

(C) SOLUTION:

To overcome this problem following steps are taken-

1. First of all we checked status of occurrence, whether any transmission

line tripped or not.

2. If line is Ok, Check Switch equipments, jumpers/conductors.

3. Isolate the faulty parts of the system before charging and putting on
load.

4. If it is observed that, it seems there is fault inside transformer then check

and do all kind of routine tests to find the fault and do needful.
5. Transformer tripping circuit should be healthy so that it can trip on any
external and internal fault. If transformer trips with fault then it good
for safety purpose of transformer.

CASE- IX

(A) PROBLEM: HV-LV Current Imbalance in 31.5 MVA, Power Transformer.

(B) ANALYSIS:

Current in HV and LV both sides must be in balance i.e. differential

current of transformer must be at minimum level in few mA. It is to be
considered that whenever one phase current in any side goes low due to
conductor cut or any reason then differential relay show flowing
differential current and if this is beyond predetermined value then
transformer trips with differential protection. After analysis of equipment
history, it is found that

31.5 MVA transformer no- 3 frequently tripped at same time with tripping
of transmission line with differential relay indication.

(C) SOLUTION:

If it trips on actual fault then it is good and safe, but if it persists again
and again, then this is malfunctioning. It may be due to one of the
following reason: -

Wrong differential circuit connection

Loose connection at any point of differential circuit

 Loose hardware fitting in its allied bay isolators switch.

After testing complete differential protection circuit of power transformer and

physical inspection, it is found that differential current is flowing near to
setting value. After checking its complete HV and LV side allied bay, it is found
that its B-Phase LV side line isolator switch is not closed properly. Isolator
Switch connector changed with new one and fault rectified.

CASE- X

(A) PROBLEM:

Various Impurities in Transformer Oil 31.5 MVA, 132/33KV Power

Transformer.

(B) ANALYSIS:

Once Transformer Oil filled in transformer tank then it works for long life.
Inside the tank of power transformer, various activities happened on fault.
Whenever transformer tripping takes place, theninside transformer tank,
winding and core has to face various type of jurk& spark at large MVA level
with axial and radial forces. In this situation, various type of gas formed and
dissolved in oil. It is also observed that after long life of transformer,
dielectric strength of oil degraded. Due to this BDV value of Oil became low.

(C) SOLUTION:
It is good practice to do preventive and routine checking and testing of
transformer and its oil by taking sample from sampling valve of tank. To
overcome this problem, various type routine testing of Oil must be done time-
to-time and keep its record to analyze the status of oil. These tests are BDV,
DGA, water content/PPM…etc and its test value must be within limit. BDV
should be > 50 KV, water content < 15 mg/kg, For DGA, total gas content
must be < 10

FINAL RESULT

The premedical action taken above improved the functioning of the

equipments and their availability& reliability. After changing relay TSM &
current setting, un-necessary tripping of 132 KV Transmission lines due to 33
KV feeders fault reduced.Day to day supervision, preventive and predictive
maintenance reduced the down time in maintenance and thus increase the
system stability and reliability of uninterrupted power supply.

CONCLUSION

This sub-station is a very important source to supply power to E.C. Railway

and Dhanbad&Giridih City including nearby rural area. The functioning of this
sub-station for stability of power transmission is of prime importance. All
equipments of this Sub-Station have an important function and it must be
reliability for trouble free operation of each equipment is an important
ingredient in the functioning of the Sub-Station and ultimately in achieving its
purpose of uninterrupted power supply. The remedial measures suggested for
various equipments will help in achieving the above goals of NIMIAGHAT GSS

SCOPE FOR FUTURE STUDY

GSS NIMIAGHAT is avery important sub-station and there is ample scope of

study and improvement in functioning of the various other equipments
installed in Sub-Station for proper functioning in future.In GSSNIMIAGHAT ,
the future scope of work is as under: -

The QUADRAMHO type distance protection relay of 132 KV Bus-coupler

bay should be replaced by numerical, Micom type distance protection
relay.

The entire electromechanical type relay of all 33 KV Feeders and

Transformers should be replaced by digital Micom relay to enhance the
reliability of protection system.

Relay time and current setting should be reviewed; co-ordination should

be done by collecting data from all GSS.

220V DC Battery and DC Distribution system should be maintained

properly.

Earthing system of GSS should be improved. All conventional type earth

pits should be replaced with chemical earthing.
 One set more 33 KV and 132 KV Potential Transformer should be
installed for the provision of second se PT in both sides.

Finally, we should be aware of advance technology for protection system,

monitoring & control so that we can use them for restrict the faults to a
minimum level.

REFERENCES

NIMIAGHAT Grid Sub - Station operation manual

Equipments Catalog and Circuit Drawings

Equipment History Book and Feeder Interruption Book

Daily Log book

www.electrical4u.com

www.electrical-engineering-portal.com

Operation personnel, Engineer in-charge and Testing & Commissioning

Team.

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