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Course: MCAT PREPARATION Delivered: Thursday, May 23, 2019 happen to you before
Instructor: Mr. Carlos Ortiz TBCB: Next Session something occurs to you?
Student: CARLOS ORTIZ/VIC POPP ETC: 60-90 Robert Frost
PP
Victoria, this PrePacket 2.2 continues with the information bulk properties of gases,
liquids, and solids. We will conclude with Fluidity & Rigidity, Diffusion, and Surface
Tension. We will then begin our study of INTERMOLECULAR FORCES, the strongest
of which will be the HYDROGEN BOND!
NOTA BENE (NB): While the HYDROGEN BOND may be the strongest of the
2.2
INTERMOLECULAR FORCES, it is still very weak when compared to
INTRAMOLECULAR COVALENT BONDS which require a decent amount of energy to
break. We’ll see that ENERGY is a guiding principle to our understanding of not only the
explicit BOND STRENGTHS that exist INSIDE and BETWEEN MOLECULES, but also to
our understanding of molecular behavior. READ ON, SCHOLAR!
# of Questions: 11
Topics: CHEMISTRY
Time: Will vary: Anywhere from 60-90 minutes
TBCB: NEXT SESSION
Notes/Instructions: CHEMISTRY: Bulk Properties of Gases,
Check these off as we Liquids, and Solids: A Molecular Interpretation
complete them. for the MCAT
PrePacket 2.2
V
1 V −
=− =
V
P
V P
Surface tension, as we’ve noted, gives water
The idea is that a sample with a volume V is droplets their spherical shape especially in
subjected to some change in pressure, P , the presence of air. One way to further
and the resulting change in volume, V , is understand this is that surface tension causes
measured. the SURFACE OF THE WATER DROPLET to
behave like a weak, elastic skin.
5 Compressibility
a What is the magnitude of the compressibility of a If we ELIMINATE GRAVITY (think
substance that experiences a drop in volume from 2 astronauts in a space craft floating
volume units to 1 volume unit because of an around), we observe that liquids FLOAT
increase in pressure of 5 units?
AROUND as spherical drops.
A. 1 V 1− 2
− − 7 Surface Tension
` B. 0.1 K= V = 2 = 1 = 0.1 P −1
P +5
C. 0.2
10 a Why are spheres the natural shape for liquid
droplets that experience “internal surface tension?”
D. 0.05
A. Surface tension is not sufficient to create
E. 0.5
“cubes” of liquid which are actually more natural
V 1 − 4 than spheres.
= = 0.75
True or False B. Spheres contain the smallest volume for the
V 4 `
T The fractional decrease in volume for smallest surface area of any geometric shape.
compressibility in which a volume drops from 4 to 1 C. Spheres contain the smallest volume for the
is 0.75 largest surface area of any geometric shape.
D. Spheres contain the largest surface tension for
6 Compressibility the smallest surface area of any geometric
a If L, G, and S represent the compressibilities of shape.
liquids, gases, and solids, respectively, which of the
following is most accurate? E. Spheres contain the largest volume for the
smallest surface area of any geometric shape.
The only choice that makes sense
A. L > G = S is D. Gases are the MOST
` B. L > S = G COMPRESSIBLE and while liquids True or False
(L) and solids (S) might not have
C. G > S > L identical compressibilities, they T Surface tension explains why water drops do not
are close enough for D to be the completely “spread out” or “flatten” on a surface.
D. G > L = S only choice that makes sense.
E. S > L = G
True or False
T Liquids and solids are basically incompressible.
WORD BANK a “multiplier” indicates the word is used THAT MANY TIMES throughout the paragraph.
Thermal expansion coefficients of liquids and solids are much smaller than those for gases.
For example, heating water from 20 oC to 21 oC increases its volume by only 0.0212%. This
SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCE in thermal expansion between condensed states (solids and
liquids) and gases is justified by strong intermolecular forces in condensed states.
With gases, the MUCH GREATER INTERMOLECULAR SEPARATIONS lead to much weaker
forces (in fact, the gas molecules are so far apart that attractive forces are essentially
negligible). In contrast, INCREASING the volume in a solid or a liquid requires that attractive
forces between each molecule and its neighbors be overcome. Because the intermolecular
distances in a solid or a liquid fall in the range where the intermolecular attractive forces are
STRONGEST, relatively small thermal expansion occurs when the temperature of a solid or
liquid is increased.
CONCLUSION: The SAME temperature increase produces much GREATER EXPANSION in a
gas than in any condensed phase.
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In liquids, molecules are free to travel through the sample, changing neighbors constantly in the
course of their diffusive motion. This “freedom of movement” suggests that liquids have low
shear viscosity, so its molecules can quickly “change neighbors” as the liquid FLOWS in
response to an external stress.
In solids, the molecules do not freely move as they do in liquids but they do constantly
vibrate about their equilibrium positions – they remain quite close to each other. This rigidity of
the solid suggests, in contrast to liquids, that a durable arrangement of neighbors about any
given molecule exists most of the time in the solid phase.
This durable arrangement of molecules in a solid, as opposed to the FREEDOM OF
MOLECULES to diffuse more readily in a liquid, is the critical difference between the solid and
liquid states. In the end, as far as STRUCTURE goes, a liquid is essentially an intermediate
between a gas and a solid.
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Surface tension and its NATURAL EXISTENCE is somewhat of a surprise to the student of
chemistry (and biology and physics). Consider this:
Phases (gases, liquids, solids) often co-exist. The boundaries between these phases is of
special importance in chemistry and biology. Each boundary has its own UNIQUE
characteristics.
It turns out that the SURFACE OF THE LIQUID resists attempts to increase its area (it just
does NOT want to increase).
The spherical shape of the water droplets is caused by surface tension. We will soon
understand more intimately that surface tension is caused by the intermolecular attractions
among the molecules in the liquid and that the surface tension of water is larger than that of
most other liquids at room temperature.