Professional Documents
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Future Value
Present Value
Annuities
Time Value of Money
A sum of money in hand today is worth more than the
same sum promised with certainty in the future.
Think in terms of money in the bank
The value today of a sum promised in a year is the amount
you'd have to put in the bank today to have that sum in a
year.
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Time Value of Money
• Present Value
• The amount that must be deposited today to have a future sum at a certain
interest rate
• Terminology
• The discounted value of a future sum is its present value
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Outline of Approach
Four different types of problem
• Amounts • Annuities
• Present value • Present value
• Future value • Future value
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Outline of Approach
• Develop an equation for each
• Time lines ‐ Graphic portrayals
• Place information on the time line
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Time Lines
• Show the timing of cash flows.
• Tick marks occur at the end of periods, so Time 0
is today; Time 1 is the end of the first period
(year, month, etc.) or the beginning of the second
period.
0 1 2 3
I%
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Drawing Time Lines
100
0 1 2 3
I%
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Drawing Time Lines
0 1 2 3
I%
-50 100 75 50
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The Future Value of an Amount
• How much will a sum deposited at interest rate k
grow into over some period of time
If the time period is one year:
FV1 = PV(1 + k)
If leave in bank for a second year:
FV2 = PV(1 + k)(1 + k)
FV2 = PV(1 + k)2
Generalized:
FVn = PV(1 + k)n
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The Future Value of an Amount
(1 + k)n depends only on k and n
Define Future Value Factor for k,n as:
FVFk,n = (1 + k)n
Substitute for:
FVn = PV[FVFk,n]
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The Future Value of an Amount
• Problem‐Solving Techniques
• All time value equations contain four variables
• In this case PV, FVn, k, and n
• Every problem will give you three and ask for the fourth.
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Concept Connection Example 6‐1
Future Value of an Amount
How much will $850 be worth in three years at 5% interest?
Write Equation 6.4 and substitute the amounts given.
FVn = PV [FVFk,n ]
FV3 = $850 [FVF5,3]
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Concept Connection Example 6‐1
Future Value of an Amount
Look up FVF5,3 in the three‐year row under the 5%
column of Table 6‐1, getting 1.1576
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Concept Connection Example 6‐1
Future Value of an Amount
Substitute the future value factor of 1.1576 for FVF5,3
FV3 = $850 [FVF5,3]
FV3 = $850 [1.1576]
= $983.96
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The Present Value of an Amount
F V n P V 1 + k
n
S o lv e fo r P V
1
P V = F Vn
1 k
n
In te re s t F a c to r
1
FVFk,n
PVFk,n
PV= FVn [PVFk,n ]
Future and present value factors are reciprocals
• Use either equation to solve any amount problems
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Concept Connection Example 6‐3 Finding the
Interest Rate
Finding the Interest Rate
what interest rate will grow $850 into $983.96 in three
years. Here we have FV3, PV, and n, but not k.
Use Equation 6.7
PV= FVn [PVFk,n ]
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Concept Connector Example 6‐3
PV= FVn [PVFk,n ]
Substitute for what’s known
$850= $983.96 [PVFk,n ]
Solve for [PVFk,n ]
[PVFk,n ] = $850/ $983.96
[PVFk,n ] = .8639
Find .8639 in Appendix A (Table A‐2). Since n=3 search only row 3,
and find the answer to the problem is (5% ) at top of column.
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Annuity Problems
• Annuities
• A finite series of equal payments separated by equal time
intervals
• Ordinary annuities
• Annuities due
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What is the difference between an ordinary
annuity and an annuity due?
Ordinary Annuity
0 1 2 3
I%
Annuity Due
0 1 2 3
I%
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Figure 6‐1 Future Value: Ordinary Annuity
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Figure 6‐2 Future Value: Annuity Due
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The Future Value of an Annuity—Developing a
Formula
• Future value of an annuity
• The sum, at its end, of all payments and all interest if each
payment is deposited when received
• Figure 6‐3 Time Line Portrayal of an Ordinary Annuity
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Figure 6‐4 Future Value of a Three‐Year
Ordinary Annuity
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For a 3‐year annuity, the formula is:
i=1
1+k
ni
FVAn PMT
i=1
FVFAk,n
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The Future Value of an Annuity—Solving
Problems
• Four variables in the future value of an annuity equation
• FVAn future value of the annuity
• PMT payment
• k interest rate
• n number of periods
• Helps to draw a time line
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Concept Connection Example 6‐5 The Future
Value of an Annuity
Brock Corp. will receive $100K per year for 10 years
and will invest each payment at 7% until the end of
the last year.
How much will Brock have after the last payment is
received?
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Concept Connection Example 6‐5 The Future
Value of an Annuity
• FVAn = PMT[FVFAk,n]
• FVFA 7,10 = 13.8164
• FVA10 = $100,000[13.8164] = $1,381,640
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Compounding Periods and the
Time Value Formulas
• n must be compounding periods
• k must be the rate for a single
• E.g. for quarterly compounding
• k = knom divided by 4, and
• n = years multiplied by 4
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Concept Connection Example 6‐7
Compounding periods and Time Value Formulas
Save up to buy a $15,000 car in 2½ years.
Make equal monthly deposits in a bank account which
pays 12% compounded monthly
How much must be deposited each month?
A “Save Up” problem
Payments plus interest accumulates to a known amount
Save ups are always FVA problems
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Concept Connection Example 6‐7
Compounding periods and Time Value Formulas
Calculate k and n for monthly compounding,
k nom 12%
k 1%
12 12
and
n = 2.5 years x 12 months/year = 30 months.
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Concept Connection Example 6‐7
Compounding periods and Time Value Formulas
Write the future value of an annuity expression and substitute.
FVAN = PMT [FVFAk,n ]
$15,000 = PMT [FVFA1,30 ]
From Appendix A (Table A‐3) FVFA1,30 = 34.7849 substituting
$15,000 = PMT [34.7849]
Solve for PMT
PMT = $431.22
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Figure 6‐6 Present Value of a Three‐period
Ordinary Annuity
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The Present Value of an Annuity
Developing a Formula
• Present value of an annuity
• Sum of the present values of all of the annuity’s payments
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Concept Connection Example 6.9
PVA ‐ Discounting a Note
Shipson Co. will receive $5,000 every six months (semiannually) for 10
years. The firm needs cash now and asks its bank to discount the
contract and pay Shipson the present value of the expected annuity.
This is a common banking service called discounting.
If the payer has good credit, the bank will discount the contract at the
current rate of interest, 14% compounded semiannually and pay
Shipson the present value of the annuity of the expected payments.
How much should Shipson receive?
Solution:
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The Annuity Due
• Payments occur at beginning of periods
• The future value of an annuity due
• Each PMT earns interest one period longer
• Formulas adjusted by multiplying by(1+k)
• FVAdn = PMT [FVFAk,n](1+k)
• PVAdn = PMT [PVFAk,n](1+k)
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Figure 6‐7 Future Value of a
Three‐Period Annuity Due
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Concept Connection Example 6‐17
Annuity Due
Baxter Corp started 10 years of $50,000 quarterly
sinking fund deposits today at 8% compounded
quarterly. What will the fund be worth in 10 years?
Solution:
k = 8%/4 = 2%
n = 10 years x 4 quarters/year x 40 quarters
FVAd40 = $50,000[60.4020](1.02)
=$3,080,502
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Recognizing Types of Annuity Problems
• Annuity problems always involve a stream of equal
payments with a transaction at either the end or the
beginning
• End — future value of an annuity
• Beginning — present value of an annuity
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Perpetuities
• A stream of regular payments goes on forever
• An infinite annuity
• Future value of a perpetuity
• Makes no sense because there is no end point
• Present value of a perpetuity
• The present value of payments is a diminishing series
• Results in a very simple formula
PMT
PVp
k
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Example 6‐18 Perpetuities – Preferred Stock
Longhorn Corp issues a security that pays $5 per quarter
indefinitely. Similar issues earn 8% compounded. How
much can Longhorn sell this security for?
k = .08 / 4 = .02
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Continuous Compounding
• Compounding periods can be any length
• As the time periods become infinitesimally short, interest is
compounded continuously
• To determine the future value of a continuously
compounded value:
FVn PV e kn
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Example 6‐20 Continuous Compounding
Solution:
FVn PV ekn $5,000 e .0653.5
$5,0001.2255457 $6,277.29
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Uneven Streams and Imbedded Annuities
• Many real problems have uneven cash flows
• These are NOT annuities
• For example, determine the present value of the following stream of cash flows
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Example 6‐23 Present Value of an Uneven
Stream of Payments
Calculate the interest rate at which the present value
of the stream of payments shown below is $500.
This value is too low, so we need to select a lower
interest rate. Using 11% gives us $471.77. The
answer is between 8% and 9%.
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What is the PV of this uneven cash flow
stream?
0 1 2 3 4
4%
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Imbedded Annuities
• Sometimes uneven streams cash have annuities embedded within
them
• Use the annuity formula to calculate the present or future value of that
portion of the problem
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Present Value of an Uneven Stream
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