Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Digital Signal Processing Tarun Rawat Copyright © 2017 by Oxford University Press, Inc.
Signals: A signal is defined as any physical quantity that varies with time, space, or
any other independent variable or variables. By a signal we mean any variable that
carries or contains some kind of information that can, for example, be conveyed,
displayed or manipulated.
speech, which we encounter for example in telephony, radio and everyday life,
biomedical signals, such as electrocardiogram and electroencephalogram (brain
signals),
sound and music, such as reproduced by the compact disc player,
video and image, which most people watch on the television, and
radar signals,which are used to determine the range and bearing of distant
targets.
Digital Signal Processing Tarun Rawat Copyright © 2017 by Oxford University Press, Inc.
Signals: A signal is defined as any physical quantity that varies with time, space, or
any other independent variable or variables. By a signal we mean any variable that
carries or contains some kind of information that can, for example, be conveyed,
displayed or manipulated.
speech, which we encounter for example in telephony, radio and everyday life,
biomedical signals, such as electrocardiogram and electroencephalogram (brain
signals),
sound and music, such as reproduced by the compact disc player,
video and image, which most people watch on the television, and
radar signals,which are used to determine the range and bearing of distant
targets.
Systems: Signals may be processed further by systems, which may modify them or
extract additional information from them. A system is an entity that processes a set of
input signals to yield another set of output signals.
Digital Signal Processing Tarun Rawat Copyright © 2017 by Oxford University Press, Inc.
Digital Signal Processing Tarun Rawat Copyright © 2017 by Oxford University Press, Inc.
Analog signal processing: ASP is concerned with the use of analog signal
processors (such as filter or frequency analyzers or frequency multipliers) to analyze,
modify, or extract information from analog signals.
Digital Signal Processing Tarun Rawat Copyright © 2017 by Oxford University Press, Inc.
Analog signal processing: ASP is concerned with the use of analog signal
processors (such as filter or frequency analyzers or frequency multipliers) to analyze,
modify, or extract information from analog signals.
Digital Signal Processing Tarun Rawat Copyright © 2017 by Oxford University Press, Inc.
Analog signal processing: ASP is concerned with the use of analog signal
processors (such as filter or frequency analyzers or frequency multipliers) to analyze,
modify, or extract information from analog signals.
Advantages of DSP:
Guaranteed accuracy
Flexibility
Superior performance
Adaptability
Perfect reproducibility
Multiplexing
Data logging
Digital Signal Processing Tarun Rawat Copyright © 2017 by Oxford University Press, Inc.
Digital Signal Processing Tarun Rawat Copyright © 2017 by Oxford University Press, Inc.
Digital Signal Processing Tarun Rawat Copyright © 2017 by Oxford University Press, Inc.
Digital Signal Processing Tarun Rawat Copyright © 2017 by Oxford University Press, Inc.
x(n)
n
−2 −1 0 1 2 3 4
x(n) = {· · · , x(−3), x(−2), x(−1), x(0), x(1), x(2), x(3), x(4), ···}
↑
Digital Signal Processing Tarun Rawat Copyright © 2017 by Oxford University Press, Inc.
x(n)
n
−2 −1 0 1 2 3 4
x(n) = {· · · , x(−3), x(−2), x(−1), x(0), x(1), x(2), x(3), x(4), ···}
↑
Determine the following new signals: (a) y1 (n) = w(n) + x(n), (b) y2 (n) = 3 + x(n),
(c) y3 (n) = w(n)x(n), (d) y4 (n) = 32 x(n).
Digital Signal Processing Tarun Rawat Copyright © 2017 by Oxford University Press, Inc.
Determine the following new signals: (a) y1 (n) = w(n) + x(n), (b) y2 (n) = 3 + x(n),
(c) y3 (n) = w(n)x(n), (d) y4 (n) = 32 x(n).
Solution: (a) Adding the sample values of two signals w(n) and x(n) to form a new
signal y1 (n).
y2 (n) = 3 + x(n)
y2 (n) = {3 + 2.2, 3 + 3, 3 + 2, 3 + 4.2, 3 + 8}
↑
(c)
y3 (n) = w(n)x(n)
y3 (−1) = w(−1)x(−1) = 1.5 × 2.2 = 3.3
y3 (0) = w(0)x(0) = 2 × 3 = 6
y3 (1) = w(1)x(1) = 3.4 × 2 = 6.8
y3 (2) = w(2)x(2) = −5 × 4.2 = −21
y3 (3) = w(3)x(3) = 10 × 8 = 80
Digital Signal Processing Tarun Rawat Copyright © 2017 by Oxford University Press, Inc.
therefore,
3
(d) Multiplying a scalar value 2
to each sample of a signal x(n) to form a new signal
y4 (n).
3
y4 (n) = x(n)
2
3 3 3 3 3
y4 (n) = {2.2 × , 3 × , 2 × , 4.2 × , 8× }
2 ↑ 2 2 2 2
= {3.3, 4. 5, 3, 6.3, 12}
↑
Digital Signal Processing Tarun Rawat Copyright © 2017 by Oxford University Press, Inc.
Digital Signal Processing Tarun Rawat Copyright © 2017 by Oxford University Press, Inc.
Time-shifting:
Time Delay (Shift-right): x(n) −→ x(n − n0 )
Time Advance (Shift-left): x(n) −→ x(n + n0 )
x(n) x(n − no)
x(o) x(o)
n n
0 0
(a) (b)
x(n + no)
x(o)
no n
(c)
Digital Signal Processing Tarun Rawat Copyright © 2017 by Oxford University Press, Inc.
y(n) = x(M n)
x(n)
x(o)
x(n) y(n) = x(3n)
x(−3) M=3
x(3)
n
−8−7 −6 −5−4−3−2−1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
y(n)
x(o)
x(−3) x(3)
n
−2 −1 0 1 2
Digital Signal Processing Tarun Rawat Copyright © 2017 by Oxford University Press, Inc.
y(n)
x(n)
x(o)
x(o) x(n) y(n) x(1)
x(1) L=3
x(2)
x(2)
n n
−2−1 0 1 2 3 −6 −3 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 ⋅⋅⋅
Digital Signal Processing Tarun Rawat Copyright © 2017 by Oxford University Press, Inc.
x(n) x(n)
⋅⋅⋅ ⋅⋅⋅
⋅⋅⋅ n
n
−2 −1 0 1 2 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3
(a) (b)
Digital Signal Processing Tarun Rawat Copyright © 2017 by Oxford University Press, Inc.
1 n≥0
Unit Step Signal: u(n) =
0 n<0
Digital Signal Processing Tarun Rawat Copyright © 2017 by Oxford University Press, Inc.
1 n≥0
Unit Step Signal: u(n) =
0 n<0
1 n=0
Unit Impulse Signal (or Unit Sample Signal): δ(n) =
0 n 6= 0
Digital Signal Processing Tarun Rawat Copyright © 2017 by Oxford University Press, Inc.
1 n≥0
Unit Step Signal: u(n) =
0 n<0
1 n=0
Unit Impulse Signal (or Unit Sample Signal): δ(n) =
0 n 6= 0
n n ≥ 0
Unit Ramp Signal: r(n) = nu(n) =
0 n < 0
u(n) d (n)
1 1
n n
−2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0
(a) (b)
r(n)
n
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
(c)
Digital Signal Processing Tarun Rawat Copyright © 2017 by Oxford University Press, Inc.
Digital Signal Processing Tarun Rawat Copyright © 2017 by Oxford University Press, Inc.
cos(ωn) = cos(2πfd n)
= cos[2πfd (n + N )]
cos(ωn) = cos[2πfd n + 2πfd N ]
Digital Signal Processing Tarun Rawat Copyright © 2017 by Oxford University Press, Inc.
fd N = k
k
fd = rational number (ratio of integers)
N
Digital Signal Processing Tarun Rawat Copyright © 2017 by Oxford University Press, Inc.
N
1 X
Px = lim |x(n)|2 .
N →∞ 2N + 1
n=−N
Digital Signal Processing Tarun Rawat Copyright © 2017 by Oxford University Press, Inc.
An odd signal is antisymmetric about the vertical axis. An odd signal must
necessarily be 0 at n = 0.
Digital Signal Processing Tarun Rawat Copyright © 2017 by Oxford University Press, Inc.
Digital Signal Processing Tarun Rawat Copyright © 2017 by Oxford University Press, Inc.
System Properties:
Linear or nonlinear
Time-invariant or time- varying
Memoryless or with memory
Causal or noncausal
Stable or unstable.
Digital Signal Processing Tarun Rawat Copyright © 2017 by Oxford University Press, Inc.
Digital Signal Processing Tarun Rawat Copyright © 2017 by Oxford University Press, Inc.
Digital Signal Processing Tarun Rawat Copyright © 2017 by Oxford University Press, Inc.
Solution: Let y1 (n) and y2 (n) be the outputs corresponding to the inputs x1 (n),
and x2 (n) respectively. Then
Digital Signal Processing Tarun Rawat Copyright © 2017 by Oxford University Press, Inc.
y2 (n) = y1 (n − no )
Now, consider
Causal Systems: A system is causal if the present value of the output depends
only on the present and past values of the input signal, or
A system is causal or nonanticipatory (also known as physically realizable), if the
output at any time no depends only on values of the input at the present time and
in the past i.e., for n ≤ no .
Mathematically, if
x1 (n) = x2 (n) n ≤ no
y1 (n) = y2 (n) n ≤ no
All memoryless systems are causal systems, since the output responds only to
the current value of the input.
Example: For the following input-output relationships, determine whether the
system is causal.
y(n) = nx(n)
Digital Signal Processing Tarun Rawat Copyright © 2017 by Oxford University Press, Inc.
In both the cases the present output depends upon the present input, hence, the
system is causal.
Digital Signal Processing Tarun Rawat Copyright © 2017 by Oxford University Press, Inc.
A system is BIBO stable if, for any bounded input x(n), the response y(n) is also
bounded. That is,
Digital Signal Processing Tarun Rawat Copyright © 2017 by Oxford University Press, Inc.
y(n) = nx(n),
we can write
Digital Signal Processing Tarun Rawat Copyright © 2017 by Oxford University Press, Inc.
Digital Signal Processing Tarun Rawat Copyright © 2017 by Oxford University Press, Inc.
is memoryless, as the value of y(n) at any particular time no depends only on the
value of x(n) at that time.
An example of a discrete-time system with memory is an accumulator or summer
n
X
y(n) = x(k)
k=−∞
Digital Signal Processing Tarun Rawat Copyright © 2017 by Oxford University Press, Inc.
y(n) = x(n − 1)
Digital Signal Processing Tarun Rawat Copyright
c 2017 by Oxford University Press, Inc. – p. 27/29
System Properties contd...
Digital Signal Processing Tarun Rawat Copyright © 2017 by Oxford University Press, Inc.
we can construct an inverse system that when cascaded with the given system yields
an output equal to the original input to the given system.
For a system to have an inverse (or be invertible) distinct inputs must lead to
distinct outputs (one-to-one mapping between an input and the corresponding
output).
If a system produces an identical output for two different inputs, it does not have
an inverse.
For example, a rectifier, specified by an equation y(n) = |x(n)| is noninvertible
because the rectification operation can not be undone.
The system described by
y(n) = cos[x(n)]
Digital Signal Processing Tarun Rawat Copyright © 2017 by Oxford University Press, Inc.
Thank You!
Digital Signal Processing Tarun Rawat Copyright © 2017 by Oxford University Press, Inc.